Exam #2

Question 0

Pitch

Answer 0

(Frequency) The number of vibrations/cycles per second of a note.

Question 1

Amplitude

Answer 1

Volume

Question 2

Quality

Answer 2

(Timbre) A subjective difference in a sound due to the sounds distinctive overtones.

Question 3

Resonance

Answer 3

The low pitched, clear, hollow sound that predominates in healthy lung tissue in the adult. It is a relative term and has no constant standard.

Question 4

Hyperresonance

Answer 4

A lower pitch booming sound found when too much air is present, such as in emphysema & pneumothorax.

Question 5

Tympany

Answer 5

A high-pitched, resonant, drum like note obtained by percussing over an air-filled viscus/organ. (Intestines & Pneumothorax)

Question 6

Blood pressure is?

Answer 6

The force exerted by blood against vessel walls.

Question 7

Normal BP for adults 18 & over?

Answer 7

120/80 mm Hg

Question 8

Endogenous obesity is caused by?

Answer 8

Excesses adrenocorticotropin production by the pituitary gland.

Question 9

The general survey consists of 4 distinct areas.?

Answer 9

Physical appearance, body structure, mobility, & behavior.

Question 10

Tachycardia

Answer 10

Adult HR of >50 bpm.

Question 11

Bradycardia

Answer 11

Adult HR of <50 bpm.

Question 12

A weak & thready pulse reflects?

Answer 12

A decreased stroke volume, as with bleeding, shock, & dehydration.

Question 13

Sinus arrhythmia is a pulse that is?

Answer 13

Irregular; the HR varies with respiratory cycle.

Question 14

A full, bounding pulse (3+) reflects?

Answer 14

An increased stroke volume, as with anxiety & exercise.

Question 15

Pain signals are carried to the CNS by way of?

Answer 15

Afferent fibers.

Question 16

What are nociceptors?

Answer 16

Nerve endings that detect painful sensation from the periphery and transmit them to the central nervous system.

Question 17

Nociception

Answer 17

Process whereby noxious stimuli are perceived as pain; central & peripheral nervous systems are intact.

Question 18

The 4 phases of nociceptive pain are?

Answer 18

Transduction, Transmission, Perception, Modulation.

Question 19

What occurs during transduction (the 1st phase of nociceptive pain)?

Answer 19

Pain signals move from the site of origin to the spinal cord.

Question 20

What occurs during transmission (The 2nd phase of nociceptive pain)?

Answer 20

The pain impulse moves from the level of the spinal cord to the brain.

Question 21

What happens during perception (The 3rd level of nociceptive pain)?

Answer 21

Interpretation of the pain signal by the brain.

Question 22

What happens during modulation (The 4th phase of nociceptive pain)?

Answer 22

Neutralization of chemical mediators to decrease the perception of pain.

Question 23

Neuropathic results from?

Answer 23

Abnormal processing of the pain message.

Question 24

What is the source of deep somatic pain?

Answer 24

Muscles, bones, joints, tendons, or blood vessels.

Question 25

What is the source of visceral pain?

Answer 25

Larger interior organs such as the pancreas & intestines.

Question 26

What is hemoglobin (Hb) level used to detect?

Answer 26

Iron deficiency anemia.

Question 27

What are the normal hemoglobin (Hb) values for an infant?

Answer 27

1-3 days old = 14.5-22.5 g/dL | 2 months = 9.0–14.0 g/ dL

Question 28

What are the normal hemoglobin (Hb) values for children?

Answer 28

6 - 12 years old = 11.5–15.5 g/dL

Question 29

What are the normal hemoglobin (Hb) values for an adult?

Answer 29

Adult males = 14-18 g/dL | Females = 12–16 g/dL

Question 30

What does an abnormal hemoglobin (Hb) value suggest?

Answer 30

Increased hemoglobin levels suggest hemoconcentration due to polycythemia vera for dehydration. Decreased hemoglobin levels may indicate anemia, recent hemorrhage, or hemodilution caused by fluid retention.

Question 31

What does a hematocrit (HCT) value measure?

Answer 31

Cell volume and iron status.

Question 32

What is the normal hematocrit (HCT) value and infants?

Answer 32

1-3 days old = 44% – 72% | Two months old = 28% – 42%

Question 33

What is the normal hematocrit (HCT) value for children?

Answer 33

6–12 years old = 35% – 45%

Question 34

What is the normal hematocrit (HCT) value in adults?

Answer 34

``` Males = 37% – 49% Females = 36% – 46% ```

Question 35

What does a low hematocrit (HCT) value indicate?

Answer 35

Insufficient hemoglobin formation ** hematocrit (HCT) and hemoglobin (Hb) value should be interpreted together** (Order an H & H)

Question 36

When are lab tests performed in infants and children?

Answer 36

Only when undernutrition is suspected or the child has acute or chronic illnesses that affect nutritional status. In children ages 9–12 months iron and lead levels should be assessed.

Question 37

What is a total cholesterol level evaluate?

Answer 37

Fat metabolism, the risk for cardiovascular disease, heart attack, stroke, and peripheral vascular disease.

Question 38

Normal cholesterol concentrations vary with age and gender and ranges from?

Answer 38

120-200 mg/dL.

Question 39

What disease risk increases with serum cholesterol level?

Answer 39

Coronary artery disease

Question 40

What is a borderline high/moderate risk serum cholesterol level?

Answer 40

200-239 mg/dL

Question 41

What is a high-risk serum cholesterol level? What level reflects obesity?

Answer 41

240 mg/dL / >200 mg/dL

Question 42

Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) is considered the? And is closely associated with what disease?

Answer 42

"Bad cholesterol." Arthrosclerosis and coronary artery disease.

Question 43

What is a desirable LDL-C value in children and adolescents?

Answer 43

<110 mg/dL

Question 44

What is the desirable LDL-C value in adults?

Answer 44

<130 mg/dL

Question 45

High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) is the?

Answer 45

"Good cholesterol"

Question 46

HDL-C is inversely related to?

Answer 46

Coronary artery disease

Question 47

What are normal values for HDL-C?

Answer 47

Men 35-65 mg/dL | Women 35-80 mg/dL

Question 48

Serum triglyceride (TG) values or blood fats are used to screen for what?

Answer 48

Hyperlipidemia and the risk for coronary artery disease

Question 49

What fasting levels of serum triglycerides are fairly widely excepted?

Answer 49

Ages 0-19 equals 10-100 mg/dL Ages 20-65 = <150 mg/dL