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Endocrinology > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the site of synthesis of Calcitonin including type of cells

A

“C” cells of the thyroid gland

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2
Q

Chemical class of calcitonin

A

PPP

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3
Q

2 primary functions of calcitonin

A

Decrease plasma calcium and decrease osteoclast cell synthesis and activity

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4
Q

3 secondary functions of calcitonin

A

Decrease digestion, plasma phosphorus, and plasma sodium

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5
Q

True of false calcitonin lowers phosphate in plasma

A

true

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6
Q

True or false calcitonin increases bone reabsorption

A

False, it inhibits it

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7
Q

Name two clinical uses for calcitonin

A

Osteoporosis and Paget’s disease

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8
Q

What is osteoporosis

A

Bone mass and strength decreased

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9
Q

What is Paget’s disease?

A

Disorder of the normal bone remodeling (example of old men talking about their hats not fitting because they’re getting smarter)

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10
Q

True or false the bone that develops from Paget’s disease is strong and normal

A

False, it is weak, abnormal and enlarged

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11
Q

What is the site of synthesis for Erythropoietin in adult

A

Kidney

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12
Q

What is the site of synthesis for Erythropoietin in a fetus

A

Liver

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13
Q

What is the chemical class of Erythropoietin

A

PPP

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14
Q

What is the function of Erythropoietin

A

Stimulate the development of RBC

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15
Q

Name 3 hormones that control the secretion of Erythropoietin

A

STH, Substance P, and Thyroxine

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16
Q

What is Erythropoietin EPO and what produces it

A

A hormone produced by the kidney

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17
Q

What does Erythropoietin EPO do?

A

promotes the formation of red blood cells by the bone marrow

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18
Q

What clinical treatment would Erythropoietin EPO be used for

A

Patients with amenia

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19
Q

What famous athlete used Erythropoietin EPO and why was it beneficial

A

Lance Armstrong, using the drug in a healthy body increases the RBC count and thus can increase an athletes VoMax

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20
Q

Name three things that can cause an increase in Erythropoietin

A

Performance enhancing drugs, heart attack or stroke, and thickening of the blood

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21
Q

True or false you would never prescribe Erythropoietin EPO to a patient with improperly functioning Kidneys

A

False, you WOULD prescribe Erythropoietin EPO (well…not you because you won’t prescribe drugs)

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22
Q

Name the 2 sites of synthesis for Vitamin D

A

Liver and Kidney

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23
Q

Name the chemical class of vitamin D

A

Seco-steroid

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24
Q

What is the name of Vitamin D after hydroxylation in liver

A

25-hydroxcholecalciferol

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25
Q

What is the name of Vitamin D after hydroxylation in kidney

A

1, 25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol

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26
Q

What is the name of the form of Vitamin D in the kidney before it becomes hydroxylated again

A

1, 25-OH2D3

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27
Q

1-alpha-hydroxylase in the kidneys tightly regulates Vitamin D, what hormone controls 1-alpha-hydroxylase

A

Parathyroid hormone

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28
Q

What is the name of fully active form of vitamin D?

A

1, 25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol

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29
Q

Name the two primary functions of Vitamin D

A

Increase linear height, and increase plasma calcium

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30
Q

What is the secondary function of Vitamin D

A

Stimulate the integumentary system

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31
Q

Name two things that control secretion of Vitamin D

A

Plasma calcium and Sunlight

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32
Q

Name two things that can cause vitamin D deficiencies

A

not going in the sun, and strict vegetarian diet

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33
Q

Name four symptoms when a patient is vitamin D deficient

A

Increase cardiovascular disease, cognitive impairment, severe asthma (in children), and some cancers

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34
Q

What is the test for Vitamin D deficiency and what levels are normal compared to deficient

A

Blood test for 25-hydroxy, normal 20-50 nanograms/mL, deficient 12 ng/mL

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35
Q

What is the site of synthesis of Parathyroid hormone

A

Dark chief cells in parathyroid gland

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36
Q

True or false, parathyroid hormone is intimately linked to Vitamin D

A

True, both the primary function and secondary function are linked to the secretion of 1-hydroxlase

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37
Q

What is the most powerful hormone to increase plasma calcium

A

Parathyroid hormone

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38
Q

Other than controlling secretion of 1-hydroxlase for Vitamin D what are the other two main functions of parathyroid hormone

A

Increase plasma calcium and decrease plasma phosphorus

39
Q

What is known as the “big 4” in functions of endocrinology

A

Increase metabolism, increase plasma glucose, increase blood pressure, increase immune response.

40
Q

What is the secondary function of parathyroid hormone?

A

“big 4” Increase metabolism, increase plasma glucose, increase blood pressure, increase immune response.

41
Q

True or false parathyroid hormone does not control plasma calcium

A

false, it does

42
Q

How does parathyroid hormone increase plasma calcium

A

dissolves bone into the blood

43
Q

How does Vitamin D increase plasma calcium

A

absorption from intestines

44
Q

How do T4 (thyroxine) and calcitonin increase plasma calcium?

A

They prevent bone reabsorption

45
Q

True or false parathyroid hormone maintained calcium and phosphorus in plasma?

A

True

46
Q

What kind of cells make up the thyroid gland

A

Follicle cells

47
Q

What is iodide trapping?

A

Process of concentrating iodide

48
Q

Why is iodide a essential nutrient

A

Iodide is used to synthesize thyroid hormones

49
Q

What hormone controls the rate of iodide trapping?

A

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

50
Q

How is the thyroid gland unique compared to other endocrine organs?

A

Only one that stores large amounts of hormones

51
Q

What is stored in the follicles of the thyroid

A

thyroid hormone (T3) and triiodothyronine (T4)

52
Q

How much of a supply does your thyroid gland store in hormones

A

2-3 months

53
Q

What causes release of thyroxine and triiodothyronine from thyroid

A

thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

54
Q

What is the percentage of both thyroid hormones released?

A

97% of thyroxine and 3% triiodothyronine

55
Q

True or false thyroid hormones have fast onset effects

A

false, slow

56
Q

When does T3 (thyroxine) reach maximum strength

A

10 to 12 days

57
Q

What is the latency period of T4

A

6 to 12 hours

58
Q

True or false thyroid hormones activate nuclear transcription of genes

A

true

59
Q

What is the primary function of thyroid hormones in children

A

Increase linear height

60
Q

How do thyroid hormones increase linear height in children

A

Stimulate protein anabolism, osteoblast cell activity and secretion of somatotropin hormone

61
Q

What is the primary function of thyroid hormone in adults

A

Increase metabolism

62
Q

What is the secondary function of thyroid hormone in adults

A

stimulate neuromuscular system

63
Q

How do thyroid hormones effect skeletal and smooth muscle

A

release calcium along T-tubles

64
Q

How do thyroid hormones effect cardiac muscle

A

Stimulate myosin heavy alpha chains and inhibit beta

65
Q

What can an increase or decrease of thyroxine do respiratory system

A

cause difficulty breathing

66
Q

True or false thyroid hormones decrease blood glucose

A

false, they increase it

67
Q

Thyroid hormones increase plasma calcium by doing what?

A

Increasing osteoclast activity

68
Q

What is thyroid storm? Is the condition serious?

A

Too much hormone and yes life threatening

69
Q

What is the cause of thyroid storm?

A

stress or untreated graves disease

70
Q

What is graves disease

A

autoimmune disease, that causes increase thyroid hormone

71
Q

How does graves disease cause increase in thyroid hormones

A

Immune system makes antibodies that act as TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone)

72
Q

Graves disease can often lead to what other condition

A

Hyperthyroidism

73
Q

Symptoms of graves disease

A

bulging eyes, rapid heart

74
Q

Symptoms of hyperthyroidism

A

hot, sweaty, weight changes, moody, weak

75
Q

Name two complications of Graves disease

A

brittle bones and eye problems

76
Q

Treatment of graves disease and what does it do

A

Radioactive iodide destroys part of the thyroid

77
Q

Name 3 diseases associated with graves

A

Vitiligo (destroy skin color) rheumatoid arthritis, and addisons (adrenal disease)

78
Q

Symptoms of thyroid storm

A

systolic BP (180/60), shock, confusion

79
Q

What is Hashimoto’s disease

A

Inflammation of thyroid gland, autoimmune disease

80
Q

Due to Hashimoto’s autoimmune functions what does that do to thyroid hormones

A

Causes increase in secretion to make up for destroying of thyroid

81
Q

What is cretinism

A

Congenital (maternal) hypothyroidism

82
Q

What are the two kinds of cretinism

A

Athyrotic and Endemic

83
Q

Symptoms of cretinism

A

Puffy face, large anterior fontanelle, choking, jaundice

84
Q

What is myxedema

A

Adult form of cretinism

85
Q

What cells are effected in papillary thyroid cancer, how fast growing is it, and what demographic is typically affected

A

follicular cells, slow, and young women

86
Q

What is being tested in T4, T3 blood test

A

Amount of free “unbound” T3 and T4 in blood

87
Q

What cells are effect in Follicular thyroid cancer, how fast growing is it, and what demographic is typically affected

A

follicular cells, slow, and older women

88
Q

What cells are effected in medullary thyroid cancer, how fast growing is it, what symptoms associated, and is it genetic?

A

“C” cells, slow, high levels calcitonin, and yes

89
Q

What cells are effected in anapestic thyroid cancer, how fast growing is it, what demographic typically affected

A

Follicular cells, Fast, older population

90
Q

What group of endocrine disorders is 2nd most common

A

Thyroid disorders

91
Q

What is the most powerful hormone to increase plasma calcium

A

parathyroid hormone

92
Q

What is the most powerful hormone to decrease phosphorous

A

parathyroid hormone

93
Q

The autoimmune disorder Hashimoto’s is often associated with what two autoimmune disorders

A

Celiac and Type 1 Diabetes

Endocrinology (2 decks)

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