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Endocrinology > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

(93 cards)

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1
Q

What is the site of synthesis of Calcitonin including type of cells

A

“C” cells of the thyroid gland

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2
Q

Chemical class of calcitonin

A

PPP

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3
Q

2 primary functions of calcitonin

A

Decrease plasma calcium and decrease osteoclast cell synthesis and activity

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4
Q

3 secondary functions of calcitonin

A

Decrease digestion, plasma phosphorus, and plasma sodium

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5
Q

True of false calcitonin lowers phosphate in plasma

A

true

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6
Q

True or false calcitonin increases bone reabsorption

A

False, it inhibits it

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7
Q

Name two clinical uses for calcitonin

A

Osteoporosis and Paget’s disease

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8
Q

What is osteoporosis

A

Bone mass and strength decreased

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9
Q

What is Paget’s disease?

A

Disorder of the normal bone remodeling (example of old men talking about their hats not fitting because they’re getting smarter)

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10
Q

True or false the bone that develops from Paget’s disease is strong and normal

A

False, it is weak, abnormal and enlarged

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11
Q

What is the site of synthesis for Erythropoietin in adult

A

Kidney

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12
Q

What is the site of synthesis for Erythropoietin in a fetus

A

Liver

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13
Q

What is the chemical class of Erythropoietin

A

PPP

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14
Q

What is the function of Erythropoietin

A

Stimulate the development of RBC

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15
Q

Name 3 hormones that control the secretion of Erythropoietin

A

STH, Substance P, and Thyroxine

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16
Q

What is Erythropoietin EPO and what produces it

A

A hormone produced by the kidney

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17
Q

What does Erythropoietin EPO do?

A

promotes the formation of red blood cells by the bone marrow

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18
Q

What clinical treatment would Erythropoietin EPO be used for

A

Patients with amenia

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19
Q

What famous athlete used Erythropoietin EPO and why was it beneficial

A

Lance Armstrong, using the drug in a healthy body increases the RBC count and thus can increase an athletes VoMax

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20
Q

Name three things that can cause an increase in Erythropoietin

A

Performance enhancing drugs, heart attack or stroke, and thickening of the blood

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21
Q

True or false you would never prescribe Erythropoietin EPO to a patient with improperly functioning Kidneys

A

False, you WOULD prescribe Erythropoietin EPO (well…not you because you won’t prescribe drugs)

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22
Q

Name the 2 sites of synthesis for Vitamin D

A

Liver and Kidney

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23
Q

Name the chemical class of vitamin D

A

Seco-steroid

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24
Q

What is the name of Vitamin D after hydroxylation in liver

A

25-hydroxcholecalciferol

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25
What is the name of Vitamin D after hydroxylation in kidney
1, 25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol
26
What is the name of the form of Vitamin D in the kidney before it becomes hydroxylated again
1, 25-OH2D3
27
1-alpha-hydroxylase in the kidneys tightly regulates Vitamin D, what hormone controls 1-alpha-hydroxylase
Parathyroid hormone
28
What is the name of fully active form of vitamin D?
1, 25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol
29
Name the two primary functions of Vitamin D
Increase linear height, and increase plasma calcium
30
What is the secondary function of Vitamin D
Stimulate the integumentary system
31
Name two things that control secretion of Vitamin D
Plasma calcium and Sunlight
32
Name two things that can cause vitamin D deficiencies
not going in the sun, and strict vegetarian diet
33
Name four symptoms when a patient is vitamin D deficient
Increase cardiovascular disease, cognitive impairment, severe asthma (in children), and some cancers
34
What is the test for Vitamin D deficiency and what levels are normal compared to deficient
Blood test for 25-hydroxy, normal 20-50 nanograms/mL, deficient 12 ng/mL
35
What is the site of synthesis of Parathyroid hormone
Dark chief cells in parathyroid gland
36
True or false, parathyroid hormone is intimately linked to Vitamin D
True, both the primary function and secondary function are linked to the secretion of 1-hydroxlase
37
What is the most powerful hormone to increase plasma calcium
Parathyroid hormone
38
Other than controlling secretion of 1-hydroxlase for Vitamin D what are the other two main functions of parathyroid hormone
Increase plasma calcium and decrease plasma phosphorus
39
What is known as the "big 4" in functions of endocrinology
Increase metabolism, increase plasma glucose, increase blood pressure, increase immune response.
40
What is the secondary function of parathyroid hormone?
"big 4" Increase metabolism, increase plasma glucose, increase blood pressure, increase immune response.
41
True or false parathyroid hormone does not control plasma calcium
false, it does
42
How does parathyroid hormone increase plasma calcium
dissolves bone into the blood
43
How does Vitamin D increase plasma calcium
absorption from intestines
44
How do T4 (thyroxine) and calcitonin increase plasma calcium?
They prevent bone reabsorption
45
True or false parathyroid hormone maintained calcium and phosphorus in plasma?
True
46
What kind of cells make up the thyroid gland
Follicle cells
47
What is iodide trapping?
Process of concentrating iodide
48
Why is iodide a essential nutrient
Iodide is used to synthesize thyroid hormones
49
What hormone controls the rate of iodide trapping?
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
50
How is the thyroid gland unique compared to other endocrine organs?
Only one that stores large amounts of hormones
51
What is stored in the follicles of the thyroid
thyroid hormone (T3) and triiodothyronine (T4)
52
How much of a supply does your thyroid gland store in hormones
2-3 months
53
What causes release of thyroxine and triiodothyronine from thyroid
thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
54
What is the percentage of both thyroid hormones released?
97% of thyroxine and 3% triiodothyronine
55
True or false thyroid hormones have fast onset effects
false, slow
56
When does T3 (thyroxine) reach maximum strength
10 to 12 days
57
What is the latency period of T4
6 to 12 hours
58
True or false thyroid hormones activate nuclear transcription of genes
true
59
What is the primary function of thyroid hormones in children
Increase linear height
60
How do thyroid hormones increase linear height in children
Stimulate protein anabolism, osteoblast cell activity and secretion of somatotropin hormone
61
What is the primary function of thyroid hormone in adults
Increase metabolism
62
What is the secondary function of thyroid hormone in adults
stimulate neuromuscular system
63
How do thyroid hormones effect skeletal and smooth muscle
release calcium along T-tubles
64
How do thyroid hormones effect cardiac muscle
Stimulate myosin heavy alpha chains and inhibit beta
65
What can an increase or decrease of thyroxine do respiratory system
cause difficulty breathing
66
True or false thyroid hormones decrease blood glucose
false, they increase it
67
Thyroid hormones increase plasma calcium by doing what?
Increasing osteoclast activity
68
What is thyroid storm? Is the condition serious?
Too much hormone and yes life threatening
69
What is the cause of thyroid storm?
stress or untreated graves disease
70
What is graves disease
autoimmune disease, that causes increase thyroid hormone
71
How does graves disease cause increase in thyroid hormones
Immune system makes antibodies that act as TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone)
72
Graves disease can often lead to what other condition
Hyperthyroidism
73
Symptoms of graves disease
bulging eyes, rapid heart
74
Symptoms of hyperthyroidism
hot, sweaty, weight changes, moody, weak
75
Name two complications of Graves disease
brittle bones and eye problems
76
Treatment of graves disease and what does it do
Radioactive iodide destroys part of the thyroid
77
Name 3 diseases associated with graves
Vitiligo (destroy skin color) rheumatoid arthritis, and addisons (adrenal disease)
78
Symptoms of thyroid storm
systolic BP (180/60), shock, confusion
79
What is Hashimoto's disease
Inflammation of thyroid gland, autoimmune disease
80
Due to Hashimoto's autoimmune functions what does that do to thyroid hormones
Causes increase in secretion to make up for destroying of thyroid
81
What is cretinism
Congenital (maternal) hypothyroidism
82
What are the two kinds of cretinism
Athyrotic and Endemic
83
Symptoms of cretinism
Puffy face, large anterior fontanelle, choking, jaundice
84
What is myxedema
Adult form of cretinism
85
What cells are effected in papillary thyroid cancer, how fast growing is it, and what demographic is typically affected
follicular cells, slow, and young women
86
What is being tested in T4, T3 blood test
Amount of free "unbound" T3 and T4 in blood
87
What cells are effect in Follicular thyroid cancer, how fast growing is it, and what demographic is typically affected
follicular cells, slow, and older women
88
What cells are effected in medullary thyroid cancer, how fast growing is it, what symptoms associated, and is it genetic?
"C" cells, slow, high levels calcitonin, and yes
89
What cells are effected in anapestic thyroid cancer, how fast growing is it, what demographic typically affected
Follicular cells, Fast, older population
90
What group of endocrine disorders is 2nd most common
Thyroid disorders
91
What is the most powerful hormone to increase plasma calcium
parathyroid hormone
92
What is the most powerful hormone to decrease phosphorous
parathyroid hormone
93
The autoimmune disorder Hashimoto's is often associated with what two autoimmune disorders
Celiac and Type 1 Diabetes

Endocrinology (2 decks)

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