EXAM 2: 2.8 Motor Control

Question 1

What is motor control?

Answer 1

the ability to regulate or direct the mechanisms that control movement

Question 2

How is motor control regulated?

Answer 2

by the CNS through the PNS

Question 3

What does the body take into account with motor control?

Answer 3

• individual
• task
• environment

Question 4

motor control (individual) and action

Answer 4

the individual usually has the activity within them to do it

Question 5

motor control (individual) and perception

Answer 5

sensory info while we’re doing the task (i.e. proprioception) allows us to perceive what’s happening

Question 6

motor control (individual) and cognition

Answer 6

must have cognitive ability and an intent to do the motion

Question 7

What is taken into account with motor control and the task at hand?

Answer 7

• mobility
• stability
• manipulation

Question 8

motor control (task): mobility

Answer 8

• ability to move
• ROM
• strength to make things move

Question 9

motor control (task): stability

Answer 9

most tasks require some base of support

Question 10

motor control (task): manipulation

Answer 10

can manipulate ourselves (mobility/stability) to make quick changes

Question 11

motor control and environment

Answer 11

• regulatory

- nonregulatory

Question 12

motor control (environment): regulatory

Answer 12

• task must conform to features of the environment

- think styrofoam death gripping

Question 13

motor control (environment): nonregulatory

Answer 13

• movement does not have to conform to the environment

- think fans, free throws, etc.

Question 14

motor learning: time frame

Answer 14

• hours, days, weeks
• depends on what you’re learning
• motor control is constantly happening here

Question 15

motor development: time frame

Answer 15

• months, years

- motor control also constantly happening here

Question 16

What are the theories on motor control?

Answer 16

• hierarchical
• reflex
• systems

Question 17

motor control theory: hierarchical

Answer 17

• ranked from top down
• most important is the brain
• making a movement comes from the brain

Question 18

What is the limitation to the hierarchical motor control theory?

Answer 18

reflex arcs:

• goes to spinal cord and right back out
• doesn’t prove everything

Question 19

motor control theory: reflex

Answer 19

• complex movements can be explained by a series of reflexes that come together to make a movement
• reflexes must have some sort of external stimuli
• theory doesn’t hold up

Question 20

motor control theory: systems

- based on:

Answer 20

feedback loops

Question 21

types of feedback loops

Answer 21

• closed loop

- open loop

Question 22

motor control theory: systems

closed loop

Answer 22

continuous feedback to allow movement to continue in a controlled manner

• detect and correct errors in movement
• task completed and repeated
• activity occurring at a slow enough rate to be able to change

Question 23

motor control theory: systems

open loop

Answer 23

• quick movements that are too fast to allow the CNS to interpret feedback
• only get feedback after the movement is completed

**the next time you do the task, you make the adjustment

Question 24

What is motor learning?

Answer 24

• process of acquiring the capability for skilled action

- results from experience and/or practice

Question 25

How do we measure learning?

Answer 25

- can't measure directly | - inferred based on behavior

Question 26

learning and behavior changes

Answer 26

learning produces relatively permanent changes in behavior

Question 27

learning: short or long term

Answer 27

Learning is a long term change. Short term alterations are not thought of as learning

Question 28

short term changes seen in a practice session

Answer 28

performance

Question 29

phases of learning

Answer 29

- cognitive - associative - autonomous

Question 30

phases of learning: cognitive

Answer 30

- task is new, and the learner must think about it in great detail - trying to learn what to do - visual aids are helpful here

Question 31

cognitive phase: what type of loop?

Answer 31

- typically closed loop | - while you're doing it, you're still trying to change things

Question 32

phases of learning: associative

Answer 32

- learning HOW to do the task | - error detection in each trial allows for fine tuning in the task

Question 33

phases of learning: autonomous

Answer 33

- can carry out a task without much attention easily | - once in this phase, change comes very slowly

Question 34

Which phase of learning is the most difficult for people with learning disabilities?

Answer 34

cognitive

Question 35

Which phase of learning might you encounter a stumbling block with frustration over failure? What may happen?

Answer 35

- associative phase | - once frustration hits, the learning stops happening

Question 36

Why is it so important to learn a task correctly from the beginning?

Answer 36

- difficult to change bad habits once they're in the autonomous phase - can't let our patients get here