Exam 2

Question 0

What is the prebiotic soup hypothesis?

Answer 0

Organic molecules formed near earths surface

Question 1

What are the four requirements for Chemical Evolution?

Answer 1

Little to no oxygen
Source of energy
Chemical building blocks
Time

Question 2

What is the iron-sulfur world hypothesis?

Answer 2

Organic precursors formed at the cracks in the oceans floor

Question 3

What is a protobiont?

Answer 3

The first cells-

Question 4

What was most likely the first molecule of life?

Answer 4

RNA

Question 5

What happens in the Precambrian era?

Answer 5

Life forms, we have the introduction of protobionts, bacteria and archea (prokaryotes) (3.5bya) , photosynthetic organism and oxygenation event (1.7-2.2 bya) and eukaryotes (2.1- 1.5 bya), Protista and fungi (1.0 bya) and animals (.75 bya)

Question 6

When do the first fossils start appearing?

Answer 6

Precambrian- late Proterozoic

Question 7

What are the two major events of the Paleozoic era?

Answer 7

Cambrian explosion- 542 mya

Permian extinction- 299 mya

Question 8

What causes extinction?

Answer 8

Localized distribution
Over specialization
Interactions with other organisms
Habitat change / destruction
Natural events

Question 9

What are the three most important mass extinctions?

Answer 9

Permian extinction- 255 mya

Triassic extinction- 205 mya

Cretaceous extinction- 65 mya

Question 10

What era is the rise of the mammals?

Answer 10

The Cenozoic era

Question 11

What groups evolved in the Cenozoic era?

Answer 11

Mammals
Flowering plants
Grasses
Birds

Question 12

What is photorespiration?

Answer 12

When RuBp uses oxygen instead of CO2

Question 13

What is mycelium?

Answer 13

The body of the fungi, made up of Hypha- small filaments

Question 14

What are the 3 different cell wall structures in fungi?

Answer 14

Septate- all cells have cell walls
Septate (n+n) - cells have a cell wall with two nuclei in each
Aseptate- no cell walls

Question 15

In fungi, which phase of life undergoes mitosis?

Answer 15

Haploid

Question 16

In fungi, which phase of life undergoes meiosis?

Answer 16

The diploid

Question 17

What are saprotrophs and what type of organism is one?

Answer 17

Organisms that obtain their nutrients from the dead, fungi are saprotrophs

Question 18

What are the four types of fungi?

Answer 18

Zygomycetes
Glomeromycetes
Ascomycetes
Basidiomycetes

Question 19

What are the characteristics of zygotmytotic fungi

Answer 19

Distinctive reproductive “zygospore” that ford around zygote

Examples- rhizopus–> bread mold
- pilobolus–> cow dung fungus

Question 20

What are the characteristics of glomeromytotic fungi?

Answer 20

Form a obligate endo-mychorrhizal association with plant roots to help the plant absorb nutrients

Question 21

What are the characteristics of ascomytotic fungi?

Answer 21

Reproductive cups called ascocarps made up of asci that produce spores…. Have a short stage of dikayrotic just before reproduction

Question 22

What are the subgroups of ascomytotic fungi?

Answer 22

Conidiophores- molds like penicillium, aspergillus

Yeasts- Brewers and bread Yeast

Question 23

What makes basidiomycetes unique?

Answer 23

Their reproductive structures are extremely large and come in 3 forms

• agaric
• stinkhorns
• shelf fungus

Question 24

What kind of group is algae?

Answer 24

Polyphyletic- euglenoids, diatoms, grown and golden algae, archeplastids (red and green)

Question 25

What events were primary endosymbiotic?

Answer 25

The addition of mitochondria and choroplasts

Question 26

What kind of event was a secondary endosymbiosis?

Answer 26

A whole eukaryote takes in a eukaryotic algae

Question 27

What are phaeophyta? What are their characteristics?

Answer 27

Brown algae- largest and most complex, multicellular, enveloped a red algae cell

Question 28

What are coccolithophores?

Answer 28

Golden algae- unicellular with two flagella,protected by calcium carbonate

Question 29

What are dinoflagellates?

Answer 29

Unicellular with two flagella, walls made of cellulose, causes red tides

Question 30

What is the male producing part of a plant?

Answer 30

Antheridium

Question 31

What is the female producing part of the plant?

Answer 31

Archegonium

Question 32

What is the dominant stage of a bryophyte?

Answer 32

Gametophyte

Question 33

What are tracheophytes?

Answer 33

Seedless vascular plants....club mosses, ferns

Question 34

What are microphylls?

Answer 34

Outgrowths of stem tissue that developes into a singular vascular strand

Question 35

What is the dominate stage of a tracheophyte?

Answer 35

Sporophyte

Question 36

What is a gymnosperm?

Answer 36

Naked seed- seeded plant no flowers or fruits

Question 37

What are male gametophytes called?

Answer 37

Microspores

Question 38

What are female gametophytes called?

Answer 38

Megasporangium