Exam 2 Flashcards

Question

Perception is affected by our

Answer 1

Preparation to perceive, or Set of expectancies We receive what we want to receive, or defend against what we don’t want to receive.

Answer 2

Thought process where “truth” (what is actually there) is confused with “desire.” (what we want to be there)

Answer 3

Seeing things as complete, even when they aren’t. We complete the pattern, fill in the scene. In the extreme, this is called paranoia

Answer 4

Physical ability Physical condition – tired, alert Noise – interference Relationship of sensation & vocabulary

Answer 5

``` Readiness to Listen (sense) Recognition of the problems (attitude, boredom, fatigue) Awareness of different kind of listening situations (casual, formal) Ability to interpret – judge & analyze ```

Answer 6

Any form of communication involving other people; | All human communication is essentially interpersonal;

Answer 7

``` Mass Public Organizational Group Dyad Intrapersonal ```

Answer 8

Most basic form of “group” / interpersonal structure | Consists of ONLY 2 people.

Answer 9

At any time there are more than 2 people, the structure ceases to be a dyad

Answer 10

Dyads are Co-Active Constantly sending & receiving information; Constantly sharing; Constantly changing Dyad Rule # 2 Therefore: The smallest number of people necessary for a successful INTERPERSONAL communication experience is 2.

Answer 11

Any time there is a change in the make-up / membership of a dyad, it constitutes a new dyad!

Answer 12

``` Any combination of people; 2 or more (dyads), 3 or more. Groups are INTERACTIVE Constantly sending & receiving information; Constantly sharing; Constantly changing ``` Group > Small Group > Large Group

Answer 13

Roles: allocate responsibility for tasks Norms: identifies suitable behaviors Communication structure: details who talks to whomPower structure: who has the most influence

Answer 14

1. The similarity-attraction effect: 2. The complementarity-of-needs hypothesis: 3. The proximity-attraction effect: 4. Exposure: 5. Reciprocity: 6. Basking in reflected glory:

Answer 15

we like people who possess qualities that fulfill our own needs

Answer 16

we like people who are close by

Answer 17

we like people who like us

Answer 18

1. Affiliation- Humans are by nature gregarious 2. Goal achievement 3. Power 4. Status 5. Self-esteem 6. Security- Sometimes individuals need protection from other groups or more powerful individuals

Answer 19

measure of the attraction of the group to its members (and the resistance to leaving it), the sense of team spirit, and the willingness of its members to coordinate their efforts.

Answer 20

common spirit of comradeship, enthusiasm, and devotion to a cause among the members of a group.

Answer 21

phenomenon wherein people seek unanimous agreement in spite of contrary facts pointing to another conclusion.

Answer 22

is the transmission and distribution of inaccurate information around a group network, without group correction. conditions: Highly cohesive group Isolation from alternative sources of information Leader clearly favors a particular option

Answer 23

Leadership

Answer 24

Illusion of Invulnerability: ignore obvious danger, risk/optomistic Collective Rationalization: discredit and explain away warning contrary to grp Illusion of Morality: believe their decisions are morally correct, Excessive Stereotyping: - sterotypes of rivals outside the group. Pressure for Conformity: pressure any1 in the group who express arguments Self-Censorship: withhold their dissenting views and counter-arguments. Illusion of Unanimity: perceive falsely that everyone agrees with the group's decision; silence is seen as consent. Mindguards: Some members appoint themselves to the role of protecting the group from adverse information that might threaten group complacency.

Answer 25

Pressure to uniformity A misperception or distortion of the actual state of affairs Group may feel invulnerable or morally superior to other groups The group may rationalize away any information that does not fit with the decision

Answer 26

a person influences others to accomplish a mission, task, or objective, and directs the organization in a way that makes it more cohesive and coherent. A person carries out this process by applying leadership attributes (belief, values, ethics, character, knowledge, and skills).

Answer 27

tech yes- royalty but nut natl born leadership- no no necessary skill from birth. The skills of leadership can only be learned through experience, and the decision to accept the role is personal

Answer 28

CHAMP Credibility – believability Homophily – Most human communication will occur between a source and a receiver who are alike and have a common frame of reference Attraction – social, physical – draws people Membership Groups – alliances, support Power – Actual - physical, social, professional. Referent – through others

Answer 29

BASS' theory of leadership states that there are three basic ways to explain how people become leaders. Trait Theory Personality traits lead people “naturally” into leadership roles. Great Events Theory A crisis or important event cause a person to rise to the occasion, which brings out extraordinary leadership qualities in an ordinary person. Transformational Leadership Theory People can choose to become leaders. People can learn leadership skills.

Answer 30

Tough Autocrat Little confidence in subordinates Distrusts them – constant oversight Makes most/all decisions & passes them down Makes threats to ensure that orders are obeyed –rigid disciplinarian Benevolent Autocrat Superior parent figure - “sugar coated” autocrat Makes all the important decisions; source of all standards Convinces subordinates to go along Rewards as well as punishments may be used to 'motivate' people Loyalty demanded Laissez-Faire french 4 leave alone a doctrine opposing governmental interference in economic affairs beyond the minimum necessary for the maintenance of peace and property rights Democratic Has confidence and trust in most people Communicates and consults widely – shares - catalyst Will seek the views of his coordinates Retains decision making

Answer 31

Theory X Assumptions The average human being has an inherent dislike of work and will avoid it if he can. Because of their dislike for work, most people must be controlled and threatened before they will work hard enough. The average human prefers to be directed, dislikes responsibility, Theory Y Assumptions The expenditure of physical and mental effort in work is as natural as play or rest. Control and punishment are not the only ways to make people work, man will direct himself if he is committed to the aims of the organization.

Answer 32

Places a large amount of freedom and trust with workers, and assumes that workers have a strong loyalty and interest in team-working and the organization. Places more reliance on the attitude and responsibilities of the workers

Answer 33

interaction of interdependent people who perceive the opposition of goals, aims & values, and who see the other people as potentially interfering with those goals, aims and values. III Interaction Interdependent Incompatibility

Answer 34

Disagreement through which the parties involved perceive a threat to their needs, interests or concerns

Answer 35

``` Substantive (task) Affective (interpersonal) Procedural (procedural) ``` SAP

Answer 36

intellectual opposition to the content of ideas Can be a result of differences over: procedures ideas/opinions reasoning processes Based directly on the task / issues related to the task Usually not the primary activity sub-tasks, sub-goals – how to accomplish them

Answer 37

``` emotional, social & personal conflict Can be due to issues of: equity (fairness) dissatisfaction of social needs (such as needs for inclusion, control & affection) emotional states perceptions Goal displacement Role based conflict Conflict is over emotional goals Related to emotional / personal politics ``` All conflict is in part, affective

Answer 38

Process based No agreement on procedure “You don’t want to do it my way because… you don’t like me.” Escalates into affective conflict

Answer 39

is the solving of conflict between parties, and the maintaining of the solution.

Answer 40

finding a solution to a identifiable problem

Answer 41

selecting and choosing among known solutions

Answer 42

Positional negotiating: drawing a line in sand; is a discussion among two or more people with the goal of reaching an agreement. Mediation – Non binding: A voluntary and confidential process in which a neutral third-party facilitator helps people discuss difficult issues and negotiate an agreement. Parties create their own solutions and the mediator does not have any decision-making power over the outcome. Arbitration: Is a process in which a neutral third-party after reviewing evidence and listening to arguments from both sides, issues a decision to settle the dispute. Consensus – Compromise

Answer 43

``` Competing Accommodating Avoiding Compromising Collaborating CAACC ```

Answer 44

is a style in which one's own needs are advocated over the needs of others Relies on an aggressive style of communication, low regard for future relationships, and the exercise of coercive power. Those using a competitive style tend to seek control over a discussion. Win - Lose

Answer 45

aka smoothing. Persons using this style yield their needs to those of others, trying to be diplomatic. They tend to allow the needs of the group to overwhelm their own, which may not ever be stated, as preserving the relationship is seen as most important. Lose - Win

Answer 46

Perhaps if we don't bring it up, it will blow over.“ Generally, all that happens is that feelings get pent up, views go unexpressed, and the conflict festers until it becomes too big to ignore. Conflict grows and spreads until it kills the relationship. Because needs and concerns go unexpressed, people are often confused, wondering what went wrong in a relationship. Lose - Lose

Answer 47

Satisfactory, not satisfying. We each remain shaped by our individual perceptions of our needs and don't necessarily understand the other side very well. We often retain a lack of trust and avoid risk-taking involved in more collaborative behaviors.

Answer 48

pooling of individual needs and goals toward a common goal. “Win-Win problem-solving," Requires assertive communication and cooperation in order to achieve a better solution than either individual could have achieved alone. It offers the chance for consensus, the integration of needs, and the potential to exceed the "budget of possibilities" that previously limited our views of the conflict

Answer 49

1. Define the problem 2. Look at potential causes for the problem 3. Identify alternatives for approaches to resolve the problem 4. Select an approach to resolve the problem 5. Plan the implementation of the best alternative 6. Monitor implementation of the plan- can it work? 7. Verify if the problem has been resolved or not

Answer 50

1941 - Alex Osborn "Applied Imagination". "a conference technique by which a group attempts to find a solution for a specific problem by amassing all the ideas spontaneously by its members

Answer 51

``` 1. What were the Costs? time, $, social, psychological Costs of not solving the problem? 2. Were all issues resolved? Were some “saved?” +/- 3. Is the agreement stable? Are people committed to it? Are some unnecessarily burdened? Is it efficient? Economically, socially 5. Rules followed? custom, etiquette, tactics – threats, promises 6. Use all resources? $, comm. channels ```

Answer 52

When a sender distributes ACCURATE messages to many people simultaneously (roughly same time/potentially same time) in interpersonal comm- the technology component adds to it in mass- it is defined by TECHNOLOGY it changes the comm components began in 1920s- w/radio and tv at a broadcast level

Answer 53

-Large Audiences -Rapid / Simultaneous Distribution -Low Unit Cost- refers to indv instance of comm/W# of ppl watchin/length of time- cost gets divided-> lowered (technology is needed in some form/buy/costs)

Answer 54

``` # watching tv HH (household) ```

Answer 55

``` # watching total watching (homes using tv-HUT) homes using tv figure ```

Answer 56

to propagate religious texts and arguments -- quickly caught on and was soon being used to distribute news, entertainment, and government regulations. 16c. Newspapers 17c. Magazines 19c. Wired telegraph 20c. Wireless, radio, TV

Answer 57

it is produced BY many people TO many people produced by organizations

Answer 58

“Senders” do not create the message. Identifiable face, name, voice may merely be part of the channel; part of the message itself. These people are called “opinion leaders” because they help shape the views of those who receive the message.

Answer 59

The media product passes through many levels of organizational processing on its way to the audience, at each step in the process, the original data is filtered -- reduced in length, edited for style, censored, etc Each step in the process can be thought of as a gate through which the data must pass on its way to the consumer observing>editing>presenting>event>production>broadcast <------gate keepers

Answer 60

only part of comm remaining Not immediate feedback, PRO nd CON on volume* not content (how many ppl watched/bought) *greatest response u must appeal to the greatest number of people. * =delayed; minutes, days, weeks, or not at all

Answer 61

appeal to the lowest common denominator. The term lowest common denominator is often used to indicate a lowering of quality resulting from a desire to find common ground for many people.

Exam 2 Flashcards

(85 cards)