final Flashcards
(47 cards)
Mass Communication
When a sender distributes ACCURATE messages to many people simultaneously (roughly same time/potentially same time)
in interpersonal comm- the technology component adds to it
in mass- it is defined by TECHNOLOGY
it changes the comm components
began in 1920s- w/radio and tv at a broadcast level
Mass Comm Criteria (list)
-Large Audiences
-Rapid / Simultaneous Distribution
-Low Unit Cost- refers to indv instance of comm/W# of ppl watchin/length of time- cost gets divided-> lowered
(technology is needed in some form/buy/costs)
rating
# watching tv HH (household)
share
# watching total watching (homes using tv-HUT) homes using tv figure
mass comm was first used
quickly caught on and was soon being used to distribute news, entertainment, and government regulations.
16c. Newspapers
17c. Magazines
19c. Wired telegraph
20c. Wireless, radio, TV
mass communication are a diff mindset thn comm…..
it is produced BY many people TO many people
produced by organizations
Differences btwn mass and intra
“Senders” do not create the message.
Identifiable face, name, voice may merely be part of the channel; part of the message itself.
These people are called “opinion leaders” because they help shape the views of those who receive the message.
gate keeping process
The media product passes through many levels of organizational processing on its way to the audience,
at each step in the process, the original data is filtered – reduced in length, edited for style, censored, etc
Each step in the process can be thought of as a gate through which the data must pass on its way to the consumer
observing>editing>presenting>event>production>broadcast <——gate keepers
FEEDBACK
diff nature
only part of comm remaining
Not immediate feedback,
PRO nd CON on volume* not content
(how many ppl watched/bought)
*greatest response u must appeal to the greatest number of people. *
=delayed; minutes, days, weeks, or not at all
To get the greatest number of people you:
appeal to the lowest common denominator.
The term lowest common denominator is often used to indicate a lowering of quality resulting from a desire to find common ground for many people.
Communication Apprehension
individual level of fear or anxiety associated with either real or anticipated communication with another person or persons
the avoidance of, non participation in, and
subsequent withdrawal from communication
CA can be
a potential barrier to success and as well affecting self-esteem and attitude toward self
Communication Apprehension is an
EMOTION
AN EMOTIONAL RESPONSE
James-LangeTheory of Emotion
We have experiences, and as a result, our autonomic nervous system creates physiological events such as muscular tension, heart rate increases, perspiration, dryness of the mouth, etc.
This theory proposes that emotions happen as a result of these, rather than being the cause of them.
The bodily sensation prepares us for action, as in the Fight-or-Flight reaction. Emotions grab our attention and at least attenuate slower cognitive processing
Lange particularly added that vasomotor changes are the emotions. In other words, Our awareness of our reactions to frightening situations are the real emotions.
Example
I see a bear. My muscles tense, my heart races. I feel afraid.
Types of CA
4
Trait-like
Context
Audience
Situational
Trait-like CA
oral communication and refers to a relatively stable and enduring predisposition of an individual towards experiencing fear and/or anxiety across a wide range of communication contexts. (20%)
Context‑based
a relatively enduring, personality‑type CA that an individual experiences in a specific context.
For example a person may experience high levels of CA when speaking in groups but be not in dyadic interactions or when speaking to others who are from a different cultural group.
Audience-based / Receiver‑based CA
depends on the person or type of person or group that is involved in the communication.
For example, being fearful or anxious when communicating with the boss or with strangers but not with friends
Situational CA
depends upon changes in the environment in which communication takes place. (80%) A teacher asking to speak to you after class to comment on poor test scores
Causes of Trait-like CA.
We can either be born with certain characteristics or we can acquire them through learning.
While no specific “CA gene” has ever been identified, as a result of studies on infants and twins, most agree that there may be a hereditary component.
patterns of reinforcement that an individual experiences in the environment are the dominant components…
The notion is that children make attempts at communication and if they are positively reinforced they will be encouraged to communicate more but if they are negatively reinforced the child will communicate less.
Causes of Situational CA
Novelty - anxiety
Formality – narrower constraints
Subordinate status – boundaries of behaviour imposed
Conspicuousness – due to unfamiliar situations
Dissimilarity – prefer to be with similar people – but generates more strain to conform
the degree of attention from others – ignore / stare
prior history – prior ‘failure’ increases potential for repeated performance
reticence due to inexperience communicative incompetence within certain contexts, learning or conformity to social norms and expectations.
Communication Apprehension
Reticence
Unwillingness-to-communicate
Often viewed as interchangeable.
reticent people are those who do not communicate competently.
Reticent people “avoid communication because they believe they will lose more by talking than remaining silent”
Reticence is now perceived as a concept that represents a broad range of communicative incompetence. CA relates to communicative incompetence that stems from anxiety or fear.
Shyness
Reticence - which affect the social skills The CA students in the classroom may be regarded as "perfect" because they are not discipline problems. Lack of response or participation has a negative, spiraling affect - - they are perceived as less capable, and are thus called on less frequently in class discussion and their lack of enthusiasm tends to limit the teacher's attention to them, further reinforcing their own self evaluation
Causes of Non-Communicating Behavior
Hereditary – extroversion / introversion
Modeling - Absence of adequate role models / presence of inadequate role models
Reinforcement – certain behaviors get rewarded / punished
Expectancy Learning – adult reinforcement. Adaptive behavior
