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SOSA 1003 > Exam #2 > Flashcards

Exam #2 Flashcards

(73 cards)

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1
Q

Social structure

A

the invisible feature of social life that controls and transforms our behaviour

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2
Q

Social networks

A

the set of direct and indirect connections among a group of people.

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3
Q

Direct connections

A

links of kinship, friendship, and acquaintance.

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4
Q

Commuities

A

a group of people living together and sharing common values, a common territory, and a daily life.

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5
Q

What did Ferdinand Tonnies distinguish?

A

community life, called it “Gemeinschaft”.
called non-community life “Gesellschaft”.
Associated community life with rural areas, non-community life with urban areas.

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6
Q

Gemeinschaft

A

the typical features of rural and small-town life.
a stable, homogenous group of residents with a strong attachment to a particular place.
marked by dense or highly connected networks, centralized and controlling elites, and multiple social ties.

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7
Q

Gesellschaft

A

city life.
kind of organization that brings together a diverse group of residents with different personal histories.
people are less cohesive, less controlled.

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8
Q

What did Charles Horton Cooley distinguish?

A

primary groups and secondary groups.

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9
Q

Primary groups

A

small and marked by regular face-to-face interaction.

ex: family household and cliques

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10
Q

Secondary groups

A

larger and many members, may not interact regularly.

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11
Q

Spontaneous organization

A

an organization that arises quickly to meet a single goal and disbands when goal is achieved.
ex: search parties

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12
Q

Informal organization

A

an organization with loosely specified goals and little task differentiation between members.
ex: clique

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13
Q

Clique

A

a group of tightly interconnected people.
a friendship circle whose members are all connected to one another, and to the outside world, in similar ways.
built on friendship and exclusion of outsiders.

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14
Q

Formal organization

A

a deliberately planned social group that co-ordinates people, capital, and tools through formalized roles, statuses, and relationships to gain a specific set of goals.

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15
Q

Bureaucracy

A

the most developed, most efficient organization, with formal properties that include written rules, protected careers, and a clear chain or reporting relationships.
ordered by criteria independent of the personal qualities of the people who hold positions of power and is a system that is rationalized and associated with states and the post-Industrial Revolution period.

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16
Q

What did Max Weber do?

A

first sociologist to study ‘bureaucracies’.

found that this form of organization held enormous advantages over earlier organizational forms.

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17
Q

What did bureaucracy arise from in response to?

three important historical conditions

A
  • European nation building
  • capitalism
  • industrialization
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18
Q

Capitalism

A

a system devoted to the pursuit of maximum profits.

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19
Q

Rationalization

A

movement away from mystical and religious interpretations of the world.

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20
Q

The rule of law

A

the rise of impersonal authority based on the universal application of a codified set of rules and laws.

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21
Q

7 essential characteristics of bureaucracy identified by Weber

A
  • division of labour
  • hierarchy of positions
  • formal system of rules
  • reliance on written documents
  • separation of the person from the office
  • hiring and promotion based on technical merit
  • protection of careers
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22
Q

What did Adam Smith do?

A

noted the overwhelming productive superiority of specialization.
specialized division of labour became the foundation of modern industry and bureaucratization.

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23
Q

Means of production

A

term used by the marxists to refer to wealth-generating property such as land, factories, and machinery;
the way goods are produced for sale on the market, including all the workers, machinery, and capital such as production needs.

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24
Q

Deviance

A

people, behaviour, and conditions subject to social control.

those activities and people that society thinks are not the norm.

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25
Social control
the various and myriad ways in which members of social groups express their disapproval of people and behaviours. (name-calling, ridicule, ostracism, incarceration, killing).
26
Social groups
a number of individuals, defined by formal or informal criteria of membership, who share a feeling of unity or are bound together in stable patterns of interaction.
27
Social interaction
the process by which which people act and react in relationships with others.
28
Extreme deviance
behaviour that is so far beyond the norm that it invites an extreme strong negative reaction from the almost all sectors of the community.
29
Objective deviance
particular ways of thinking, acting, and being. | the behaviour or condition itself.
30
Subjective deviance
the moral status accorded to such thoughts, actions, and characteristics. the placement of that condition
31
Laud Humphreys
Tearoom Trade Experiment
32
Sudhir Venkatesh | Book: Gand Leader for a Day
Joined a gang to study them.
33
3 dominant ways of thinking about "why they do it"
- strain theory - cultural support theory - control theory
34
Strain theory
Derives from writing of Robert Merton. | deviance results when people experience a gap between their aspirations and their opportunities.
35
3 types of delinquency adaptations | adapted by Richard Cloward and Lloyd Ohlin
(1) the criminal pattern (2) the conflict pattern (3) the retreatist pattern
36
What did Robert Agnew do?
theorized that in addition to the inability to achieve the things we want in life, a second source of strain involves an inability to avoid or escape some negative condition.
37
Cultural support theory
an explanation of deviance that emphasizes an understanding of how deviant values lead to deviant behaviour. focuses on the way patterns of cultural beliefs create and sustain deviant conduct.
38
What did Edward Sutherland propose?
that people become deviant because they have been exposed to learning experiences that make deviance more likely.
39
Control theory
a category explanation that maintains that people engage in deviant behaviour when the various controls that might be expected to prohibit them from doing so are weak or absent.
40
Taylor Hirschi's findings
Teens with strong bonds with adults are less likely to commit deviance, and vice versa.
41
Situated transaction
David Luckenbill's findings. | a process of social interaction that lasts as long as the individuals find themselves in each others company.
42
Luckenbill's 6 common stages of murder
stage 1: person does something to offend other person. stage 2: victim finds that it is offending. stage 3: offender makes a countermove intended to respond and save face. stage 4: victim responds in an aggressive manner. stage 5: brief violet exchange occurs. stage 6: battle is over.
43
Randal Collins proposal
what matters is the way in which the situation unfolds, not the culture or social backgrounds of the individuals.
44
Gender
socially recognized distinctions of masculinity and femininity.
45
Social constructionism
sociological theory that argues that social problems and issues are less objective conditions than they are collective social definitions based on how they are framed and interpreted.
46
Claims-making
the social constructionist process by which groups assert grievances about the troublesome character of people or their behaviour.
47
3 objectives of claims-making
1. publicizing the problematic character of the people with the behaviour in question. 2. shaping a particular view of the problem. 3. building consensus around new moral categories.
48
What did Howard Becker do?
coined the term "moral entrepreneur" to describe those who 'discover' and attempt to publicize deviant conditions.
49
Power
the ability to exercise ones will.
50
Status groups
organized groups comprising people who have similar social status situations.
51
Master status
a status characteristic that overrides other status characteristics in terms of how others see an individual.
52
Status degradation ceremony
rituals by which formal transition is made from non-deviant to deviant status.
53
Roles
specific behaviours, privileges, duties, and obligations expected of one who occupies a specific status.
54
2 types of conflict theory
conservative and radical.
55
Conservative theory
social conflicts regarding the moral meaning of conduct emerge from diverse sources.
56
Radical theory
views the economic organization of society as the key to understanding moral stratification.
57
Disclaimer mannerisms
actions intended to signal to agents of social control that one is not the appropriate target of deviant attribution.
58
Deviance amplification
the situation wherein the very attempt to control deviance makes deviance more likely.
59
Primary deviance
deviance we all engage in. | has no real consequences.
60
Secondary deviance
a life organized around deviance.
61
Economic elite
men and women who hold economic power in society.
62
Social stratification
structured patterns of inequality that often appear in societal arrangements.
63
Meritocracy
form of social stratification that relies on differences in effort and ability rather than ascribed statuses.
64
Bourgeoisie
Marx's term. refers to the capitalist class. those individuals who own the means of production, the merchant, or ruling class.
65
Proletariat
Marx popularized this term. | refers to those individuals who provided the labour power to capitalism.
66
Class consciousness
refers to the sense of membership in social class.
67
Status
persons prestige, popularity, or social honour.
68
Conspicuous consumption
popularized by Veblen. | refers to the many ways in which the well-to-do display their status by ostentatious display of their possessions.
69
Feminization of poverty
the fact that globally, most women are at greater risk of impoverishment than their male counterparts.
70
Poverty
situations in which people lack many of the opportunities available to the average citizen.
71
Classism
the tendency to discriminate based on social class position.
72
Blaming the victim
the tendency to hold individuals entirely responsible for an negative situation that may arise in their lives.
73
Blaming the system
analyses that emphasize the structural and institutional sources of inequality.

SOSA 1003 (2 decks)

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