Exam #4: Last Exam

Question 1

Community

Answer 1

Refers to a group of people living together and sharing common values, a common territory, and a daily life.a

Question 2

Corporate City

Answer 2

Refers to the precedence given to exchange values over use values in planning and/or regulating the location of activities within any given urban area, with the intention of increasing capital accumulation and profits.

Question 3

Metropolis

Answer 3

Refers to the great city of their time.

Can become an ‘inhuman’ environment because it could destroy traditional social life.

Question 4

New Urbanism

Answer 4

An urban design and architectural movement that has flourished during the past 30 years in the US, with an emphasis on ecological concerns, denser cities and neighbourhoods, and accessible public spaces for pedestrians.
Promotes diversity and tries to connect with local history when rebuilding old neighbourhoods.

Question 5

Social Movement

Answer 5

The social form taken by collective actors engaged in struggles against domination relations; the co-ordinated, voluntary action of non-elites (people with no control over major resources) for the manifest purpose of changing the distribution of social goods.

Question 6

Sustainable Development

Answer 6

Refers mainly to the capacity of creating wealth without destroying the environment and preserving the environment for future uses.

Question 7

Urban Planning

Answer 7

This broad notion designates the processes leading to the production of urban spaces that professionals like planners follow.

Question 8

Urban Regime

Answer 8

Refers to the governing coalitions that emerge in American cities in order to strongly influence local power-holders and orient urban public policies.

Question 9

Urbanism

Answer 9

Denotes the specific form taken by urban design within a historical movement.
Also includes the process involved in the production of that form.

Question 10

Alternative Media

Answer 10

Types of communication that have been used by subordinate groups and social movements to present their own messages, which often involve challenging existing conditions in society.

Question 11

Conglomerate Ownership

Answer 11

A form of ownership in which one company has many firms that engage in a variety of often unrelated business activities.

Question 12

Cross Ownership

Answer 12

A form of ownership in which one company owns organizations associated with different types of media.

Question 13

Decoding

Answer 13

The process of interpreting or ‘reading’ media content.

It may involve a dominant-hegemonic reading, an oppositional reading, or a negotiated reading.

Question 14

Digital Divide

Answer 14

Inequalities in access to computers and/or the internet.
Inequalities associated with social class, gender, national origin, and other characteristics are seen as the basis for the digital divide.

Question 15

Dominant Ideology

Answer 15

The ideas and viewpoints held by the capitalist class or other powerful groups in society. 
Specific forms of the dominant ideology include capitalist,, patriarchal, and racist ideology.

Question 16

Globalization

Answer 16

A social process in which the constraint of geographic, economic, cultural, and social arrangements have receded and have been replaced by processes that extend beyond state boundaries.
The flow of goods, services, media, information, and labour between countries around the world.

Question 17

Horizontal Integration

Answer 17

A form of ownership in which one company owns a number of media organizations in different locations that are doing the same type of business.

Question 18

Neo-liberalism

Answer 18

Political philosophy that flourished in the 1980’s onwards and that promotes privatization, deregulation, and trade liberalization, as well as fiscal reforms to reduce social expenses and lower taxation of the wealthiest.

Question 19

State

Answer 19

An institution associated with governing over a specific territory as well as establishing and enforcing rules within that territory.
Involved in providing various public services.

Question 20

Vertical Integration

Answer 20

A form of ownership in which one company owns firms or divisions that are part of the overall process linking production, distribution, and exhibition.

Question 21

Carrying Capacity

Answer 21

The ability of the Earth to provide the resources to sustain all human kind.

Question 22

Deep Ecology

Answer 22

Term coined by Arne Naess.
Refers to a philosophical approach to environmentalism that calls for fundamental social change, in contrast to the more reformist orientation of mainstream environmentalism, referred to by Naess as ‘shallow ecology’.

Question 23

Demographic Transition

Answer 23

The process by which a country moves from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates.

Question 24

Eco-feminsm

Answer 24

The branch of environmentalism that likens human domination over nature to male domination over women.

Question 25

Environmental Justice

Answer 25

The branch of environmentalism that focuses on the inequitable distribution of environmental risks that affect the poor and racial minorities.

Question 26

Human Ecology

Answer 26

The science of ecology, as applied to sociological analyses.

Question 27

Human Exemptionalism Paradigm (HEP)

Answer 27

The term used by Catton and Dunlap in arguing that the competing theoretical perspectives in sociology, including functionalism, conflict theory, and symbolic interactionism, all share a world view based on anthropocentrism.

Question 28

New Ecological Paradigm (NEP)

Answer 28

The term used by Catton and Dunlap in arguing that environmental sociology constitutes a paradigm shift within general sociology based on the understanding that human societies cannot be separate and distinct from nature.

Question 29

Progressive Conservation

Answer 29

The movement originating in the nineteenth century that sought to check environmental destruction caused by unbridled economic growth and that resulted in the founding of such modern environmental organizations as the Audubon Society and the Sierra Club.

Question 30

Risk Society

Answer 30

A theory of the new modernity that argues that perception of risk is modernity's defining feature, creating uncertainty and compelling individuals to seek new strategic allegiances.

Question 31

Social Ecology

Answer 31

The deeply philosophical branch of environmentalism founded by Murray Bookchin. which rejects duality between nature and humankind while stressing their connectiveness and potential for harmony and mutual sustainability.

Question 32

Toxic Waste Movement

Answer 32

The fast-growing grassroots branch of environmentalism that has largely emerged from opposition to local pollution problems or other environmental risks by neighbourhood residents who typically have not formerly been involved in environmental protest.