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Behavioral Neuroscience 370 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Endocrine system

A

the body’s slow chemical communication system;

Glands that secrete hormones into the blood stream

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2
Q

Initial love

A

dopamine “erotic high”
PEA
honeymoon period

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3
Q

Dopamine

A

involved in addictive behavior and OCD;

natural endorphine that causes the body to relax and kills pain

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4
Q

PEA

A

high quantity when you first meet and gradually decreases;

body becomes tolerant after long exposure

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5
Q

Oxytocin

A

deep bond through touch
released during orgasm (greater for women)
“cuddle hormone”

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6
Q

Sertotonin

A

well-being, partnership, and trust

oxytocin and serotonin increase at 3-4 yr mark

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7
Q

Sex and basic needs similarities

A

sex is like hunger and thirst;

arousal and satiation, hormonal control, controlled by specific brain areas

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8
Q

Sex and basic needs differences

A

not a homeostatic tissue need (not required for survival)

reproduction is a species need

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9
Q

Sexual Response Cycle

A

Excitement phase- Plateau phase- Orgasm- Resolution phase- Refractory phase (males)

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10
Q

Testosterone

A

steroid hormone from androgen group;
secreted by the testicles and by the adrenal glands;
male sex hormone

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11
Q

Estrogen

A

produced by the ovaries and adrenal glands;

development of female body, increases uterine growth, lubes vagina, thickens vaginal wall

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12
Q

Progesterone

A

produced in ovaries during menstration;
also synthesized by the placenta, downregulates estrogen receptors, reduces anxiety, slows digestion, promotes appetite and fat storage, matures breast tissue

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13
Q

Estradiol

A

produced by ovaries, adrenal gland, and placenta
growth hormone for reproductive organs
required for reproductive and sexual function

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14
Q

BSTc or Central bed nucleus of the stria terminals

A

smaller in women and male-to-female transsexuals

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15
Q

SCN

A

larger in gay men than in heterosexual men and secretes more Vasopressin

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16
Q

Third interstitial nucleus of the anterior hypothalamus

A

half the size in gay men and heterosexual women;
M to F=# close to female
F to M=# close to male

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17
Q

Medial amygdala

A

BOTH SEXES

Sexual behavior, aggression, and emotions

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18
Q

Paraventricular nucleus

A

MALES

Erectile dysfunction, BP, heart rate, metabolic balance

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19
Q

Ventromedial hypothalamus

A

FEMALES

active during sex

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20
Q

MPOA

A

BOTH SEXES
Sexual motivation
Performance

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21
Q

SDN

A

MALES

5x larger in males

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22
Q

Dopamine and sexual behavior

A

drugs that increase dopamine increase sexual activity and orgasmic activity

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23
Q

Serotonin and sexual behavior

A

ejaculation is accompanied by increase in serotonin in lateral hypothalamus;
drugs that increase serotonin impair sexual ability and orgasm

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24
Q

Oxytocin and sexual behavior

A

(females)
facilitates bonding
increases during orgasm; breast feeding; birth

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25
Vasopressin and sexual behavior
(males) | Bonding; mate protection
26
Sex
biological characteristics that divide male and female
27
Gender
behavioral characteristics associated with being male and female
28
Gender role
societal set of behaviors society appropriate for a particular sex
29
Gender identity
subjective feeling of being male or female
30
Organizing effects
Permanent prenatally and shortly after birth Ex- increase in stature
31
Activating effects
Reversible at any point in life Ex- breast developmenet
32
Role of amygdala
involved in sexual behavior, emotion, and aggression | Erection, ovulation, pleasure, orgasm
33
VTA
reward center | dopamine leads to reward/pleasure
34
Hypothalamus
regulation of sex hormones
35
Instinct
automatic and unlearned behavior
36
Drive theory
the body maintains homeostasis in its systems
37
Shortcomings of Drive theory
emphasis on drives as states of the brain rather than conditions of tissues
38
Incentive theory
motivated by external stimuli | People eat because it is pleasurable
39
Arousal theory
people behave to satisfy a certain level of sensation
40
Osmotic thirst
when fluid in cells drop, cells take water from bloodstream
41
Hypovolemic thirst
when blood volume drops
42
Sensory-specific satiety
food is less appealing the more you eat, encouraging variation in choices NST of medulla
43
Learned taste aversion
avoiding foods associated with illness or poor nutrition
44
Learned taste preference
preference for the flavor of a food that contains a needed nutrient; often counteracted by tasty, high calorie foods
45
Effects of stress on digestion
Autonomic nervous system can increase stomach acid causing indigestion can cause nausea, diarrhea, constipation
46
Absorptive phase
insulin is secreted, which enables body cells to absorb glucose and store excess nutrients
47
Fasting phase
the pancreas secretes glucagon
48
Obesity and dopamine receptor
people who are obese have a less sensitive dopamine reward system Reduced number of D2 receptors and prefrontal metabolism
49
Factors leading to obesity
Malnutrition | obese with autosomal recessive mutation improve with leptin (not diabetic)
50
Leptin
protein who's absence is related to weight gain
51
Factors leading to anorexia
reduced serotonin activity, imbalanced ratio of serotonin receptors low activity in dopamine reward systems
52
Top-down and Bottom-up in anorexic
want low calorie foods, but find increased reward activity to high-calorie food and pics of thin women
53
Agonist
mimics or enhances nerotransmitter
54
Antagonist
may reduce release of nerotransmitter
55
Addiction
preoccupation with obtaining a drug, compulsive use of the drug in spite of adverse consequences; a high tendency to relapse after quitting
56
Withdrawal
negative reaction that occurs when drug use is stopped
57
Tolerance
person becomes less responsive to the drug, requiring increasing amounts of drug to produce same results; significant reason for overdose
58
Dependence
a state in which an organism functions normally only in the presence of a drug
59
How opiates work
binds to opioid receptor to indirectly increase dopamine
60
Effects from use of opiates
analgesic, hypnotic, euphoria
61
How depressants work
reduce nervous system activity
62
Effects from use of depressants
anxiolytic, sedation, hypnotic
63
How stimulants work
activate CNS to produce arousal, increase alertness, decrease appetite and up mood
64
Effects from use of stimulants
arousal, alertness, euphoria
65
How psychedelics work
compounds that cause perceptual distortions | -Activate DA pathways
66
Effects from use of psychedelics
distortions, hallucinations
67
How marijuana works
binds to endogenous cannabinoid receptors
68
Effects from use of marijuana
impaired prefrontal function, temporary memory, cognitive and IQ deficits
69
How barbiturates and benzos work
decrease activity in limbic system, hippocampus, brain stem, and cortex
70
Amphetamines
synthetic drugs that produce euphoria, increased concentration, and deficits in attention in impulse control
71
What happens to DA receptors after substance use over time?
DA receptors become less responsive after long-term use
72
Addictive potential of drugs
More likely to become addicted to fast-acting drugs | need more to obtain high
73
Mesolimbic dopamine pathway
begins in VTA and connects to nucleus accumbens
74
System 1
Hot | automatic, gut feeling, fast, stereotypic, instinct, more emotional
75
System 2
Cold | focused, analytical, effortful, calculating, conscious, slower, more rational
76
Brain area associated with loss
anterior insula
77
Brain area associated with gain
nucleus accumbens
78
Brain area associated with risk aversion
insula activation
79
Biases in decision making
- decisions should be rational and well calculated - emotions can lead to errors - emotional and rational behaviors seen as separate processes - experts have better emotional control
80
Risk aversion
choose smaller payoff that is more certain than an uncertain payoff that is potentially larger
81
vmPFC
mental representation of emotions
82
Role of emotions in decision making
- amygdala triggers emotional states and responds to reward/punishment - brain calls on vmPFC during decision making - vmPFC re-enacts these emotional responses - Insula provides gut feeling based on vmPFC
83
Steinberg 2010
Reward-seeking increases in middle adolescence and then declines. Gains in impulse control occur throughout adolescence and well into young adulthood. Socioemotional and cognitive control. Reward seeking vs impulse control Impulsivity decrease as age
84
Tower of London
adults and adolescents move balls on rods to form goal position in as few moves as possible - self reported impulsivity=sig predictor - self reported sensation seeking= not sig
85
Iowa Gambling Task
attempt to earn money by playing or passing cards. Advantageous deck and Disadvantageous deck. - self reported impulsivity=not sig - self reported sensation seeking= sig predictor
86
Hypothalamus Limbic VTA Nucleus accumbens
Regulation of hormones Amygdala- emotion, arousal, pleasure seeking Makes DA Receives DA

Behavioral Neuroscience 370 (6 decks)

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