Exam 2 Flashcards
(568 cards)
1
Q
True/False: Negative Ortolani Sign in Mature Dogs means the dog Does NOT have Hip Dysplasia
A
False
*Ortolani Sign is Typically Absent in Mature Dogs with Hip Dysplasia due to Remodeling
2
Q
List common Tumors arising from the Penis
A
TVT
Papilloma
Squamous Cell
Mast Cell Tumor
3
Q
Lateral Patellar Luxations are a _____ Image to Medial Patellar Luxations
A
Mirror
*Conformational Abnormalities of Lateral Patellar Luxations and Medial Patellar Luxations are Mirror Images of Each other
4
Q
In a Partial Tear of the Cranial Cruciate Ligament, there will be a Positive Cranial Drawer or Tibial Thrust ONLY when the Joint is in Partial ______
A
Flexion
*When the Stifle is in Extension, it will Appear Stable
5
Q
______ Collateral Ligaments have both a Short and Long Portion
A
Tarsus
6
Q
Procedure for Abdominocentesis where False Negatives are Common in Dehydrated Patients
A
Blind Tap
7
Q
Two Components in the Etiology of Prostatitis
A
Ascending Infection from the Urethra- E.Coli Most Common
Pre-Existing Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy Required
*What is the Most common Isolate in Prostatic Infections? E. Coli
8
Q
True/False: Treatment for Cystic Endometrial Hyperplasia is typically an Emergency
A
False
9
Q
Complication of Gastric Dilatation Volvulus:
Tissue Blood Flow is Absent, Then Returned when GDV is Corrected
Accumulated Waste Products and Oxygen Radicals (Toxins) Release into General Circulation
A
Reperfusion Injury
10
Q
Surgical Procedure Recommended for Recessed Vulva
A
Episioplasty (aka Vulvoplasty)
11
Q
When Performing a Physical Exam on a Patient with Cancer, ______ Evaluates:
Size and Location of Masses
Mobility of Masses
Consistency of Masses
A
Body Mapping
*When you have Masses on the outside of the body, part of your physical exam should be measuring those masses and drawing them on a Body Map
*Body Map-Profile Picture of an Animal where you draw masses and Number them. Next to the Number you should Describe the Mass
*Helps when you evaluate the Patient in the Future- Make sure Masses haven’t Changed. Really helpful in tracking the Development of cancer in these Patients
12
Q
Review Card: Pathophysiology of Gastric Dilatation Volvulus
Respiratory System: Increased CO2, Respiratory Acidosis
Cardiac System- Decreased Preload and Afterload, Arrhythmias
Gastric System- Mucosal Sloughing, Bacterial Translocation
A
13
Q
Corrective Procedure used in the Treatment of Hip Dysplasia Described Below:
Fuses Pubic Symphysis with Cautery
“Tethers” Growth of Pelvis
Only useful in Dogs < 20 Weeks of Age
Low Complication Rate
A
Juvenile Pubic Symphiodesis (JPS)
*Once the Patient is Older than 5 Months this Procedure is NO longer Indicated
14
Q
True/False: Prognosis for Dogs with Metastatic Mammary Tumors is Poor
A
True
*With Metastasis- Mean Survival Time is 5 Months
15
Q
List the Factors playing a Role in Pathogenesis of Chronic Cranial Cruciate Ligament Disease
A
Degeneration of Cranial Cruciate Ligament Occurs with Age- This Degeneration tends to be worse in Larger Dogs (Over 15 kg/ 30lbs)
Factors that Contribute to Degeneration:
Obesity/Poor Fitness- More Stress/Strain on Ligaments
Conformation- Conformation of Femur, or even Stance/Gait would place Additional Stress on the Ligament
Excessive Plateau Angle- If the Slope is Steeper, the CCL would be under Greater Strain
16
Q
With Regards to Blood Supply to the Spleen:
Blood Supply Stems from ______ Artery
_____ Artery is a Major Contributor: It Supplies the Pancreas prior to Branching at the Level of the Spleen
A
Celiac Artery
Splenic Artery- Major Contributor
*Blood Supply comes from Celiac Artery. The Celiac Artery is going to Give off the Splenic Artery which will Supply the Pancreas prior to Branching and Feeding off a Branch to the Spleen
17
Q
History Typical of _____ Cranial Cruciate Ligament Disease:
Significant Hind Limb Lameness that is Aggravated by Activity or After Rest
Intermittent/Progressive Hind Limb Lameness- Slow Degeneration of Ligament leads to Degenerative Joint Disease
Difficulty Rising
“Bunny Hopping”- Bilateral
A
Chronic
*Highly Variable Presentation- Early in the Disease, signs may be Mild or Episodic with lameness seeming to Resolve between Bouts
*Envision the Diseased Ligament as a Weakened, Braided Fraying Rope- Individual Fibers give way Progressively
18
Q
Corrective Procedure used in the Treatment of Hip Dysplasia Described Below:
Improve Femoral head Coverage
Rotate Acetabulum Dorsally
Best in Animals 6-8 Months of Age
A
Triple Pelvic Osteotomy (TPO)
19
Q
True/False: When Performing a Biopsy, you want to Obtain the Sample from the Junction of Normal and Abnormal Tissue
A
True
20
Q
Surgical Technique for Gastric Dilatation Volvulus Described Below:
Incision through Right Abdominal Wall Caudal to Last Rib
Purse String Suture in Stomach
Place Foley or Mushroom Tip Catheter
Suture Stomach to Abdominal Wall
The Tube is Clamped and Bandaged
Tube Prevents Recurrent Dilatation
A
Tube Gastropexy
21
Q
Uterine Rupture caused by Pyometra can lead to _____
A
Septic Peritonitis
22
Q
True/False: In cases of Canines with Multiple Mammary Tumors, Each mass should be Removed and Tested Histopathically
A
True
23
Q
Main Function of the Pancreas
A
Secretes Digestive Enzymes- Exocrine Function
*Secretes Digestive Enyzmes after the Patient has Eaten to Help break down food Products for metabolism
24
Q
Grade of Patellar Luxation Described Below:
A
Grade II
25
True/False: **Metastatic Ovarian Neoplasia** is more common in Dogs than Cats
**False**
_**\***Cats- Metastatic Ovarian Neoplasia is MORE COMMON_
26
Possible Complications of _____ Stabilization Techniques for **Cruciate Ligament Disease:**
_Risk of Infection_
_Implant Failure- Ex. Screw/Plate Breakage_
_Incomplete Stabilization_
**_Iatrogenic Angular Limb Deformity_**
**_Iatrogenic Patellar Luxation_**
**Osteotomies (TPLO, TTA)**
27
Review of Radiographic **Hip Dysplasia**
28
_Anatomic Indications_ for **Ventral Approach** to the Lower Reproductive Tract
**Intrapelvic and Abdominal Lesions**
29
What Diagnostic Modality can be used to Differentiate _Congenital Versus Acquired_ **Pyloric Stenosis**?
**Ultrasound**
_\*Ultrasound for Congenital Pyloric Stenosis- Only see Hypertrophy/Thickening of Muscular Layer_
_Ultrasound for Acquired Pyloric Stenosis- See Hypertrophy/Thickening of Mucosal AND Muscular Layer_
30
Treatment and Prognosis for a Solitary (Non-Metastatic) **Ovarian Tumor**
**_Complete Excision is Curative_- Excellent Prognosis**
31
Signalment associated with **Ovarian Cysts**
**Young Adult (Dogs \< 3 years, Cats \< 5 Years)**
32
**Collateral Ligament Carpus Injuries** are Frequently associated with Loss of Soft Tissue and Bone known as \_\_\_\_\_
**"Road Rash"**
**\***Animal gets HBC, Limb gets trapped underneath the Car which drags the Soft Tissue off the Limb- "Road Rash"
_\*Accompanying Shear Injuries are Common_
33
_Cardiovascular Effects_ associated with which **Gastric Disease**?
**_Poor Venous Return- Decreased Preload and Cardiac Output_**
_Decreased Perfusion- **Hypovolemia/Hypotension**_
_Catecholamine Release- Vasoconstriction_
**_VPC's/Ventricular Tachycardia (40%)!!_**
**Gastric Dilatation Volvulus**
_**\***Compression of Vena Cava- Occluding Blood Supply to Heart_
**_Catecholamine Release = Vasoconstriction = Renal Shutdown_**
34
Surgical Procedure Described Below:
**_Removal of Ovary Alone_**
**_Procedure Steps:_**
_Ligate Ovarian Vessels_
_Ligate Uterine Vessels at Proper Ligament_
_Excise Ovary_
**Ovariectomy**
_**\***Similar to Ovariohysterectomy, Ovariectomy is another way to achieve Elective Sterilization_
35
**Uterine Prolapse** is a Complication of \_\_\_\_\_
**Parturition**
36
Describe the Three Different Stapling Techniques used for **Intestinal Anastomosis**
**Triangular End-End:**
_Inexpensive_
_Place Staples 3mm Apart around Circumference of Anastamosis Site_
**Inverting End-End:**
_End to End Anastamosis combined with TA Stapler_
_Place Cartridge in Enterotomy Site 3-4 cm from Transection and Place Anvil in Opposite End_
**_Inverts Tissue_**
**Side to Side Anastomosis:**
_Uses GIA Stapler_
_Oppose Antimesenteric Surfaces, Place Stapler in Lumen and Fire_
37
Where should _Gastrotomy Incisions_ for Exploration and Removal of **Gastric Foreign Bodies** be Made?
**Ventral Midline Approach**
**\***Stab Incision in Center of Vessels
_**\***Prior to Gastrotomy, Inspect the ENTIRE Abdomen/GIT- Explore and Lavage Entire Abdomen_
_\*After you have Removed the Foreign Body: Change Gloves and Instruments and Lavage the Abdomen prior to Closing_
38
Two most Common Methods of Screening for **Hip Dysplasia**
**Orthopedic Foundation for Animals (OFA)**
**University of Pennsylvania Hip Improvement Program (PennHIP)**
39
_Osteochondrosis (OCD)_ of the **Tarsus:**
Lesion is Most Commonly Located on the _____ Ridge of the Tarsus
**Medial** (Most Common)
_\*While Rottweilers are Predisposed to Lateral Lesions, even in Rottweilers, Medial Lesions are more Common_
40
What is **Meniscal Release** and why might it be Done?
**Meniscal Release- Cutting the Caudal Pole of the Medial Meniscus**
**Why is it Done? Reduce the Likelihood of Having a Patient Develop a Meniscal Injury after Surgery**
\*_Meniscal Release- Has the effect of Letting the Caudal Pole of the Meniscus side out of the way when the Tibia Slides Forward into Thrust_
41
Tumor of the **Penis** that is NOT Treated Surgically
**TVT**
_**\***TVT is Commonly Treated Medically_
42
Surgical Technique for **Gastric Dilatation Volvulus** Described Below:
**Circumcostal Gastropexy**
43
_Stabilization Technique_ for **Cruciate Ligament Disease** Described Below:
_**Heavy Monofilament Nylon** Suture Placed in Orientation Similar to Native Cranial Cruciate Ligament_
**_Placing Heavy Gauge Suture around the Lateral Fabella and Through a Bone Tunnel in the Tibia_**
**Lateral Suture**
44
Orthopedic Test used to Diagnose **Cranial Cruciate Ligament Rupture** Described Below:
## Footnote
**_Active Constraint_**
**_Generates Tibial Thrust_**
**Tibial Compression Test**
**\***AKA Tibial Thrust Test
_\*Tibial Compression Test is like Pushing the Wedges Together to see if they Slide Past eachother more than the Ligament should Allow. They they do, that is a Positive Test_
_Tibial Compression- More Consistent in Large Dogs_
45
True/False: Treatment for a _Partial Tear_ of the **Cranial Cruciate Ligament** is _IDENTICAL_ to the Treatment of _Complete Rupture_ of Cranial Cruciate Ligament
**True**
**\***A Partial Tear still has Instability and Results in Wear and Tear on the Cartilage. Most Importantly a Dog with a Partial Tear has Discomfort. For these Reasons _the Surgical Recommendations for a Dog with a Partial Tear are no different from those for a dog with a Complete Tear_
_\*Partial Tears almost Always progess to Complete Tears_
46
List Medical Treatments used for **Paraphimosis**
**Lube**
**Hyperosmolar Solutions**
**Cold/Heat**
47
What Suture should be used for Closing Incisions in the **Uterus**
**3-0 or 4-0 Absorbable Monofilament**
48
Name Two Free Radical Scavengers that Help to Chelate Toxic Metabolites within Circulation and _Minimizes Reperfusion Injury_ in Patients with **Gastric Dilatation Volvulus**
**Acetylcysteine**
**Deferoxamine**
_**\***Minimizes Reperfusion Injury- Free Radical Scavengers_
49
Indications and Description for which Type of **Splenic Surgery:**
**Indication:**
_Splenic Lacerations or Punctures_
**Procedure:**
_Horizontal Mattress Sutures placed through the Splenic Capsule in order to Help with Hemostasis_
**Splenorrhaphy**
_**\***Rarely Indicated- Typically used when we cause Splenic Lacerations during Surgery that need to be Repaired_
50
Surgical Treatment for **Megacolon**
**Subtotal Colectomy**
**\***_Goal: Remove as much Colong as Possible_
51
Clinical Signs of \_\_\_\_\_:
**_Large Discrete Mass in Caudal Abdomen_**
_May be Asymptomatic- Incidental Finding_
**_Double "Bladder" on Ultrasound_**
**Prostatic Cysts**
52
True/False**: Canine Mammary Tumors** \< 3 cm are more likely to be Benign than Masses \> 3cm
**True**
53
True/False: **Crytorchid Testicles** are Prone to _Neoplastic Formation_
**True**
_**\***Increased Incidence of Testicular Neoplasia in Cryptorchid Testes_
54
Most common Form of **Peritonitis** in Canine and Feline Patients
**Secondary Septic Peritonitis**
_**\***Most common Source of Infection: GI Tract_
55
Most Common Cause of **Extrahepatic Biliary Obstruction**
**Biliary Mucocele**
_**\***Surgical Treatment: Cholecystectomy (Removal of Gallbladder)_
56
**Mast Cell Tumors** on the _____ are Frequently _More Malignant_ than Mast Cell Tumors on the Penis
**Prepuce**
_**\***Prepucial Mast Cell Tumors are More Malignant than Mast Cell Tumors of other Sites_
57
Managment for **Short Bowel Syndrome**
**Small Frequent Highly Digestible Meals**
58
Stance seen with **Complete** **Calcanean Tendon Rupture**
**Plantigrade Stance**
59
When should VPC's (Arrhythmias) in Patients with **Gastric Dilatation Volvulus** be Treated?
_\*If VPC's are only Intermittent/Irregular we may not Treat them_
60
True/False: **Meniscal Disease** significantly Accelerates Wear and Tear on the Cartilage. Arthritis will appear Sooner and be more Severe over time in a Stifle with Damage to the Meniscus
**True**
61
Looking at the Function of the **Cranial Cruciate Ligament**, it can be divided into Two Subdivisions: _Craniomedial Band and Caudolateral Band_. What is the Functional Difference between the Two?
**Craniomedial Band: _Taut in Flexion and Extension_**
**Caudolateral Band: _Taut Only in Extension_** _(Lax in Flexion)_
_\*These Are Divisions in the FUNCTION of the Cruciate Ligament. There is no clear Anatomical Difference between the Two_
62
What type of Tumors can be Most Readily Diagnosed from a **Cytologic Sample**
**Round Cell Tumors-** _Mast Cell Tumors, Melanoma, Lymphoma_
63
_Salvage Procedure_ used in the Treatment of **Hip Dysplagia** Described Below:
_Ideally Done after **Skeletal Maturity**_
**_Remove Entire Head and Neck of Femur_**
**Femoral Head Ostectomy (FHO)**
64
Managment of **Perianal Gland Adenoma**
**Castration**
65
Review Card: **Pancreatic Blood Supply**
_Duodenum and Pancreas have a very Close/Shared Blood Supply- makes surgery Challenging_
**_Left Lobe is Supplied by Splenic Artery_**
**_Right Lobe is Supplied by Cranial and Caudal Pancreaticoduodenal Arteries_**
66
Surgical Treatment for **Malignant Vaginal Neoplasia**
**Vulvovaginectomy**
_**\***Aggressive Resection is Necessary_
67
The _____ Meniscus is attached to the Tibia. Thus when the **Cranial Cruciate is Ruptured** and the Tibia Displaces Cranially the Meniscus moves with it, Predisposing it to _Crushing Injury_ when there is Compression between the Femur and Tibia
**Medial**
_**\***Relationship between the Anatomy and Explanation of why the Medial Meniscus has the Higher Incidence of Injury_
_Meniscal Injury Accelerates the Wear of Cartilage_
68
Prognosis for **Testicular Torsion**
**Good with Surgery**
69
Diagnosis of ______ is made based on **Timing Following Parturition**
**Metritis**
_**\***If an Animal had puppies Recently and Presents Systemically Ill with Vaginal Discharge, Metritis would be at Top of Differential List_
70
Principal Difference between _Tightrope and Lateral Suture_ Stabilization Techniques used for Treatment of **Cruciate Ligament Disease**
**Tightrope - Placed Noninvasively** (Stifle Explored Noninvasively with Arthroscopy)
_\*Recovery is More Rapid with Less Invasive Technique when Tightrope Technique is Used_
71
Surgical Procedure used to Decrease the Recurrence of **Intussusception**
**Enteroplication**
72
Describe the **Three Stages of Labor**
**Stage 1: Restless, Nesting Behavior**
**Stage 2: Explusion of Fetus**
**Stage 3: Expulsion of Placenta**
73
**_Etiology of Pyometra:_**
_Name which Hormone is Necessary_
_Name the Most common Bacterial Type_
**Hormonal: Progesterone**
**Bacterial: Gram Negative (E. Coli)**
74
Best Diagnostic Modality to Confirm **Intestinal Foreign Body**
**Ultrasound**
75
Etiology for which Surgical Disease of the **Stomach**:
_Dogs: Ingestion of Rocks, Toys, Anything_
_Cats: Ingestion of Needle, String, Trichobezoars (Hair Balls)_
**Gastric Foreign Bodies**
_**\***Cats commonly Play with Needles and Thread- Check under the Tongue for STRING_
76
_Prognosis_ for Patients that have Undergone Surgery for Septic Peritonitis if the Source of Contamination was the GI Tract? **(Secondary Septic Peritonitis)**
**50% Mortality**
77
Most Common Type of **Prostatic Neoplasia**
**Adenocarcinoma**
78
Once **Canine Mammary Tumors** have Developed, an _____ is Recommened Prior to Mastectomy
**Ovariohysterectomy**
_**\***Perform Ovariohysterectomy PRIOR to Mastectomy_
79
Most Widely used _Stabilization Technique_ used in Patients with **Cruciate Ligament Disease**
**TPLO (Tibial Plateau Leveling Osteotomy)**
_**\***Lateral Suture and TTA (Tibial Tuberosity Advancement) are also commonly Employed_
_\*Tightrope Technique is the Least Employed of the Four Stabilization Techniques_
80
Earliest Radiographic Finding in Patients with **Hip Dysplasia** Described Below:
**_Caudal Curvilinear Osteophyte_**
_Well defined Linear Density between the Femoral Head and Greater Trochanter_
**Morgan's Line**
_**\***Earliest Radiographic Sign of Hip Dysplasia- Caudal Curvilinear Osteophyte_
81
In Cases of **Biliary Mucoceles**, when performing a Cholecystectomy its important to Check the Patency of the ____ prior to Resection of the Gallbladder
**Common Bile Duct**
82
True/False: **Lateral Patellar Luxations** are more common in Small Breed Dogs
**False**
_**\***Lateral Patellar Luxations are More common in LARGE Breed Dogs, however, Medial Patellar Luxations are More Common All Around (Small and Large Breeds)_
83
Signalment and History for _____ **Cranial Cruciate Ligament Rupture:**
_Either Gender/ Any Breed_
_Cats- Rupture Usually Traumatic (Ex. Hit by Car)_
_Commonly due to **Athletic Injury, Traumatic Hyperextension, Excessive internal Rotation**_
_Sudden Onset Non-Weight Bearing Lameness_
**Acute**
_**\***Acute Cranial Cruciate Rupture is Relatively Uncommon in Dogs and Cats_
84
80% of **Vaginal Neoplasias** are \_\_\_\_\_
**Benign** (Leimyoma Most Common)
85
Two common _Tissues of Origin_ for **Ovarian Neoplasia**
**Epithelial:** _Adenoma or Adenocarcinoma_
**Stromal:** _Granulosa Cell Tumor_
86
**D. Recommend Additional Diagnostics**
_Most common Cause of Hemoabdomen: Splenic Hemangiosarcoma_
87
**Surgical Treatment** Described Below:
_1. Fuse Tibiotarsal Joint at Standing Angle_
_2. Remove All Articular Cartilage_
_3. Pack with Bone Graft_
_4. Rigid Fixation with Plate and Type 2 External Skeletal Fixator_
**Tarsocrural Arthrodesis**
88
Describe _Surgical Managment_ of a **Meniscal Injury**
**Partial Meniscectomy- Removal of Damaged Portion**
**\***Primary Repair is Not Useful in Treatment of Meniscus Injury
_\*Recurrence and Propagation of the Meniscal Damage is Common after Partial Meniscectomy. Meniscal Release is done to Reduce the Likelihood of Developing Meniscal Injury after Surgery_
89
Two Suture Patterns and Type of Suture commonly used in **Intestinal Surgery**
**Pattern: Simple Continuous or Simple Interupted**
**Suture Type: 3.0 Absorbable Monofilament**
_\*We only do a SINGLE Layer Closer in the Intestines- Avoids Decreasing the Size of the Lumen and Damaging Blood Supply_
_\*Double Layer Closure is NOT Recommended- Leads to Avascular Necrosis and Intraluminal Protrusion_
_**\***Monofilament Synthetic Absorbable Suture- Less Susceptible to Infection_
90
Prognosis for **Cruciate Ligament Disease** following Surgery
**Good- 85-90% are Improved**
**DJD is Progressive, but Slowed**
_**\***TPLO/TTA: More Rapid Return to Function_
91
Differences in **Uterine Neoplasia** in _Canines versus Felines_
**Canines:**
_Leiomyoma 90% (Benign)_
**Felines:**
_Likely Malignant, Likely Metastatic_
_Prognosis Guarded_
92
History and Clinical Signs compatible with \_\_\_\_\_\_:
**_Failure to Conceive!!!_**
_Muco/hydro/hematometra_
_Most Dogs (67%) are Bright and Alert_
**Cystic Endometrial Hyperplasia**
93
True/False: Even Single, Small **Canine Mammry Tumors** should be Removed
**True**
_**\***Never "Watch and Wait"- Benign Masses can become Malignant_
94
Radiographic Views commonly taken in Patients with **Osteochondrosis of Tarsus**
**Standard Lateral and Craniocaudal Views**
**Flexed Lateral-** Expose Proximal Talus
**Flexed Craniocaudal**
95
Type of **Gastric Neoplasia** Described Below:
**_Commonly Malignant and Metastatic_**
_Age: Around 7 Years_
_Smooth Muscle Origin_
**_Common Location: Cardia_**
_Often Ulcerative into Gastric Lumen_
**Gastric Leiomyosarcoma**
_**\***Prognosis: Mean Survival Time is 21 Months (2 Years)_
96
Failure of Either **Testicle** to Descend
**Cryptorchidism**
97
Clinical Signs common in Cases of \_\_\_\_\_\_:
**_Looking/Biting at Abdomen_**
**_Praying Posture_**
_Non-Productive Retching_
**_Distended Painful Abdomen_**
**_Hypersalivation_**
**_Tachycardia/Tachypnea_**
**Gastric Dilatation Volvulus**
98
Surgical Procedure used in the Treatment of **Congenital Pyloric Stenosis** Described Below:
**_2cm Incision Through Seromuscular Layers_**
**Advantages:**
_Quick and Easy_
**_Lumen Not Opened_**
**Disadvantage:**
_Only for Congenital_
**_Stenosis my Reoccu_r**
**Fredet-Ramstedt Pyloromyotomy**
**\***Allows Expansion of the Tissue
_\*Stenosis may Reoccur- Don't use in Advanced Cases of Congenital Pyloric Stenosis_
99
In Patients with **Septic Peritonitis**, _____ Administration of Antibiotics is CONTRAINDICATED
**Intraperitoneal**
100
True/False: _Risk of Recurrence_ is Very Low Following Surgical Managment of **Medial Patellar Luxations**
**True**
101
Two Etiologies that lead to **Carpus Hyperextension**
**Trauma** (Fall/Jump from a Height)
**Immune-Mediated Arthropathy-** _Disease Process Tends to Damage Joint Stabilizers_
102
_Suture Patterns_ commonly used to Close the Stomach with regards to the Following Cases:
**_Benign Gastric Outflow Obstruction_** (_Ex. Pyloric Outflow Obstruction)_
**_Reduced Gastric Volume_**
**_Thickened Gastric Wall_**
**Simple Continuous**
**Simple Interrupted**
_\*Do NOT want to use Inverting Patterns in Cases of Benign Gastric Outflow Obstruction (Pyloric Outflow Obstruction)_
103
At which Age should the Testicles Descend?
**30-40 Days**
_**\***Usually Descend after 1-1.5 Months of Life_
104
List the Imaging Modalities for Diagnosing **Liver Shunts**
**Plain Radiography:**
_Does NOT Provide Definitive Diagnosis_
_Microhepatica_
**Portography:**
_Injection of Contrast into a Vessel that Drains into Portal System_
_Allows Visualization of Shunting Vessel_
**Ultrasound:**
_Need Operator Experience_
**Nuclear Scintigraphy**
**CT Angiography:**
**_Gold Standard_**
**_Allows Complete Evaluation of Portal and Hepatic Vasculature_**
105
Prognosis for _Salvage Procedures_ for **Hip Dysplasia**
**Total Hip Replacement:**
_Greater than 90% Success Rate_
_Near Normal-Normal Function_
**Femoral Head Ostectomy (FHO):**
_Smaller Patients- Normal Function_
_Larger Patients- Improved Comfort/Function_
106
Primary Function of the **Menisci** is to act as \_\_\_\_\_\_
**Shock Absorbers**
_**\***As Fibrocartilage they are Compressible and thus act as Padding between the Femur and Tibia_
_Increase the Surface Area of Load Transmission, which Reduces the Stress on the Cartilage_
107
Diagnosis based on this Radiograph
**Craniodorsal Coxofemoral Luxation**
108
\_\_\_\_ Meniscus is **_attached ONLY to the Tibia_** via the Meniscotibial Ligament
\_\_\_\_\_ Meniscus is **_Attached to Tibia AND Femur_** via the Meniscotibial and Meniscofemoral Ligament
**Medial Meniscus**- _Only Attached to the Tibia_
**Lateral Meniscus**- _Attached to Tibia and Femur_
109
**Meniscal Release** alters the Function of the Meniscus and it can no longer serve the Shock-Absorbing function that it is Intended to. This changes the Way the Weight is Focused on Portions of the Cartilage and Therefore Tends to Increase the Development of \_\_\_\_\_
**Osteoarthritis**
_**\***Positive Benefits of Meniscal Release Outweighs the Negative Effects (Osteoarthritis)_
110
When Diagnosing **Collateral Ligament Carpus Injuries,** which Views should be Taken on Radiographs?
**Standard Dorsopalmar and Lateral Views**
**Dorsopalmar STRESS Views-** _Valgus Stress and Varus Stress_
111
Diagnostic Tool of Choice for **Legg-Perthes Disease**
**Radiographs**
112
Pathogenesis of **Laxity** in Patients with \_\_\_\_\_\_:
_Subluxation occurs with Activity_
_Abnormal Force Distribution leads to Wear_
_Wear leads to Osteoarthritis_
**Hip Dysplasia**
_**\***Abnormal Force Distribution leads to Increased Wear and Tear on Cartilage. The Wear and Tear leads to Arthritis over time_
113
Clinical Signs associated with which Condition of the **Tarsus**:
**Osteochondrosis (OCD)**
114
What are the Appropriate Margins for Wide Excision of Potentially Malignant **Canine Mammary Tumors**
**2-3cm Margin Circumference**
115
Four Possible Etiologies leading to ______ in Patients with **Gastric Dilatation Volvulus:**
## Footnote
**_Myocardial Hypoxia_**
**_Metabolic Acidosis_**
**_Myocardial Depressant Factor_**
**_Reperfusion Injury_**
**Ventricular Premature Contractions (VPCs)**
_**\***Arrhythmias occur Secondary to Decreased Blood Supply to the Heart_
116
True/False: **Bacterial Culture** of the Lower Reproductive Tract is Rarely Useful because the Caudal Reproductive Tract is _Not Sterile_
**True**
_**\***Caudal Reproductive Tract is not Sterile and therefore Bacterial Cultures are of Limited Use_
117
True/False: Surgical Managment for **Pyometra** is ALWAYS perferred over Medical Managment
**True**
118
True/False: Most Patients with **Prostatic Neoplasia** have _Metastatic Disease_ at the time of Diagnosis
**True**
_**\***80% have Metastasis on Necropsy_
119
Surgical Technique for **Gastric Dilatation Volvulus** Described Below:
**Belt Loop Gastropexy**
_**\***Essentially Creating a Belt Loop in the Abdominal Wall and Feed Portion of Greater Curvature of Stomach through Belt Loop and Suture in Place_
120
Common _Surgical Approach_ when Performing **Splenectomies**
**Ventral Midline Celiotomy**
121
Two Indications for Treatment of **Vestibulovaginal Stenosis**
**Breeding Dogs**
**Spayed Dogs with Clinical Signs**
122
List Differences between "Standard" Ovariohysterectomy versus Ovariohysterectomy for **Pyometra**
**Pyometra Ovariohysterectomy:**
_Noncrushing Clamps (Doyen)_
**_Ligate PRIOR to Clamp Placement- Friable_**
123
\_\_\_\_\_ _Stabilization Techniques_ for **Cruciate Ligament Disease**, Neutralize (Eliminate) Tibial Thrust without Affecting Cranial Drawer
**Osteotomy Procedures (TPLO,TTA)**
_\*Osteotomy Procedures (TPLO and TTA)- Eliminate Tibial Thrust but DOES NOT Eliminate Cranial Drawer_
124
Procedure Performed in Patients with **Gastric Dilatation Volvulus** in order to _Prevent Recurrence_
**Gastropexy**
_**\***Creates Permanent Adhesion of the Pyloric Antrum to the Right Body Wall to prevent Gastric Volvulus in the Future_
125
During Surgical Removal of **Ovarian Remnant Syndrome,** where would you find the Remnant?
**Caudal Pole of Kidney**
126
Prognosis Following Treatment for **Prostatic Cysts**
**Good Outcome**
_**\***Urinary Incontinence is Reported_
127
Physical Exam FIndings in an Animal with ______ **Coxofemoral Luxation:**
**_Affected Leg Held in Relaxed Extension_**
**_Foot Beneath Body_**
**_Stifle Externally Rotated_**
_Affected Leg Shorter_
_Loss of Normal Triangular Relationship_
_Pain/Crepitus on Manipulation_
**Craniodorsal Luxation**
128
_60-70%_ of Dogs with **Cranial Cruciate Rupture** will have some amount of ______ Disease
**Meniscal**
129
True/False: _Metastasis is Rare_ in Cases of **Testicular Neoplasia**
**True**
_**\***Fortunately in Dogs, Testicular Neoplasia is Rarely Metastatic_
130
Prognosis for **Gatric Dilatation Volvulus**
**10-33% Mortality Rate**
_**\***Recurrence Rate is High without Gastropexy. Less than 10% Recurrence Rate with Gastropexy_
131
Clinical Signs associated with which **Hip Disorder**:
_Exercise Intolerance_
**_Bunny Hopping Gait_**
_Difficulty Rising/Stiff after Rest_
_Reluctant to Climb Stairs or Jump_
**_Sits "To the Side"- Avoiding Hip Flexion_**
**Hip Dysplasia**
132
Grade of **Patellar Luxation** Described Below:
**Grade I**
_**\***Least Affected Patellar Luxation- Patella Mainly stays in the Groove but by doing Manipulations can move Patella Out of Groove_
_\*Patella is In the Groove, you can Manually Luxate it, but then will Pop right back into the Groove- "In-In"_
133
Radiographic Findings common in **Legg-Perthes Disease**
**Focal Bony Lysis: "Motheaten", "Apple Core"**
**Radiopacity of Lateral Femoral Head**
**Flattening/Mottling of the Femoral Head**
134
In Cases of **Cryptorchidism**, how do we Locate I_nguinal and Abdominal Testicles?_
**Abdominal Ultrasound**
135
Contraindication to _Closed Reduction_ of **Coxofemoral Luxation**
**Dysplastic Hip**
_**\***Dysplastic Hip- Use Salvage Procedure to Repair. Closed Reduction will NOT work_
136
**_Inflammation of the Peritoneal Lining_**
_Non Specific Change that can occur secondary to a Variety of Disease Processes_
**Peritonitis**
137
_Three Complications_ Associated with Which Surgical Procedure for **Gastric Adenocarcinoma:**
**1. Alkaline Gastritis**- _Bile Flows into Stomach_
**2. Blind Loop Syndrome**- _Gastric Contents Move Orally_
**3. Marginal Ulceration**- _Ulceration of Jejunal Mucosa_
**Billroth 2**
138
Gold Standard for Diagonsis of **Neoplasia**
**Biopsies**
139
With Regards to _Surgical Managment_ of **Cruciate Ligament Disease,** most Surgeons perfer ____ Exploration of the Joint because it provides much Better, Closer View of the Structures in the Joint
**Arthroscopy**
140
Common _Gastrointestinal Effects_ Associated with \_\_\_\_:
_Vascular Compromise of Stomach Mucosa_
**_Mucosal Sloughing_**
**_Mucosal Hemorrhage and Necrosis_**
**Gastric Dilatation Volvulus**
141
Preferred Treatment for **Cystic Endometrial Hyperplasia**
**Ovariohysterectomy**
142
True/False: When Treating **Hip Dysplasia**, Treat the Dog, not the Radiographs
**True**
| (Frog Fact)
143
Margin Sizes Recommended during Surgical Excision of **Gastric Adenocarcinomas**
**\> 5 cm**
144
List the Different Pathological Grades of **Acquired Pyloric Stenosis**
**Grade 1: Muscular Hypertrophy** (Rare)
**Grade 2: Muscular and Mucosal Hypertrophy** (Most Common)
**Grade 3: Mucosal Hyperplasia + Muscular and Submucosal Inflammation**
145
When Diagnosing **Vestibulovaginal Stenosis** via _Contrast Vaginourethrogram,_ A Ratio Less than ____ Indicates Severe Stenosis
**0.2**
146
Physical Exam Findings typical in Dogs with \_\_\_\_\_:
**_Fever_**
_Abdominal Pain_
_Tachycardia/Tachypnea_
**_Vaginal Discharge- Purulent_**
**Pyometra**
147
True/False: In patients with **Medial Patellar Luxations**, _Distal Femoral Osteotomy (DFO) i_s typically only used in Large Breed Dogs or Dogs with Very Severe Abnormalities (Grade IV)
**True**
148
Surgical Procedures used for Patients with **Hip Dysplasia** Described Below:
_Reverses Laxity_
**_Takes Advantage of Skeletal Immaturity_**
**Corrective Procedures**
149
Two _Surgical Treatments_ for **Linear Foreign Bodies**
**Enterotomy:**
**_Remove Foreign Body_**
_Have to Make Mutiple Enterotomy Incisions_
**Catheter Technique:**
**_Tie Foreign Body to Catheter and Milk Down Intestines_**
_Foreign Body comes out Anus or Enterotomy Incision_
150
Common _Renal Effects_ associated with \_\_\_\_\_:
_Organs Compromised from Poor Perfusion_
**_Decreased GFR_**
**_Oliguria/Anuria_**
**_Acute Renal Failure_**
**Gastric Dilatation Volvulus**
_**\***Gastric Dilatation Volvulus leads to METABOLIC ACIDOSIS_
151
**Cranial Cruciate Ligament** _____ occurs when the Cranial Tibial Thrust Exceeds Breaking Strength of the Cranial Cruciate Ligament
**Tear**
_**\***If the Force of Tibial Thrust is Greater than the Breaking Strength of the Cruciate Ligament, the Ligament will Tear_
152
_Open Reduction_ Procedure for Correcting **Coxofemoral Luxation** Described Below:
_Refers to **Closing the Joint Capsule Torn by the Trauma**_
_Heavy Gauge Suture_
_Usually Insufficient as Sole Repair_
**Capsulorraphy**
153
Surgical Procedures Indicated for treatment of _Small versus Large_ **Prostatic Cysts**
**Smaller Cysts: _Surgical Resection_**
**Large Cysts with Capsular Communication: _Partial Resection and Omentalization_**
**_ANY CYST: Castration_**
154
Indications for \_\_\_\_\_Reduction of **Coxofemoral Luxation:**
_Pelvic/Acetabular Fracture_
_Femoral Fractures_
**_Hip Dysplasia_**
**_Unstable Closed Reduction_**
_Reccurent Closed Reduction_
**Open (Surgical)**
155
_Medical Treatment_ Options for **Megacolon**
**Medical Managment:**
_Increased Fiber Diet_
_Stool Softeners_
**_Osmotic Laxatives- Lactulose_**
**_Prokinetic Agents- Cisapride_**
_\*Always Try Medical Managment with them First_
156
Physical Exam FIndings in an Animal with **\_\_\_\_\_\_ Coxofemoral Luxation:**
**_Non-Weightbearing_**
**_Greater Trochanter Difficult to Palpate_**
**_Stifle Internally Rotated_**
_Leg is Held Abducted and Flexed_
_Affected Limb Longer_
**Caudoventral Luxation**
_**\***Femoral Head is Caudal to the Acetabulum_
157
If _Medical Managment_ is used for Treatment of **Cruciate Ligament Disease**, _____ is Ideal and the Patient's activity should be Restricted for 6 weeks and Pain should be Managed
**Physical Therapy**
_**\***Surgery is Perfered over Medical Management in Patients with Cruciate Ligament Disease. Medical Management is NOT Typically Recommended_
158
True/False: **Testicular Torsion** is a _Surgical Emergency_
**True**
159
True/False: Most **Intestinal Neoplasias** are Malignant
**True**
160
Treatment for **Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia**
**Castration**
161
Most Common **Cecal Tumors**
**Leiomyoma**
**Leiomyosarcoma**
_**\***Treatment: Surgical Excision with Wide Margins_
162
Etiology of \_\_\_\_\_\_:
**_Conformational (Acquired) Abnormality_**
_Medium to Large Breed Dogs_
**_AKA "Hooded Vulva"_**
**Recessed Vulva**
_\*Diagnosis: Visual Inspection of the Vulva- Looks like Fold of Skin over the Vulva_
163
Physical Exam and History Findings compatible with _____ Injury:
_**Increase in Pain Level** compared to Cranial Cruciate Ligament Disease Alone_
_Sudden Increase in Lameness_
_Accelerates Wear of Cartilage_
**_20-30% of Patients have "Meniscal Click"_**
**Meniscal**
_**\***Meniscal Click- Popping Sensation as the Stifle is put through Range of Motion (Similar to Cracking a Knuckle)_
164
How can Disparity of Lumen Size be Managed when Performing an **Intestinal Anastomosis**
**Angle Smaller Lumen**
**Place Sutures Farther Apart on Larger Lumen**
_**\***If you cut at a slight Angle it will help compensate for that Decrease in Lumen size during Healing_
165
Pathology of which Gastric Condition:
**_Infiltrates Submucosa and Muscularis layers of Stomach and Small Intestines_**
_Clinical Signs: **Weight Loss, Vomiting, Diarrhea, Hematochezia**_
**Pythiosis**
166
_Open Reduction_ Procedure for Correcting **Coxofemoral Luxation** Described Below:
**_Prosthetic Capital Ligament_**
**_Toggle- Non Absorbable, Large Diameter Suture attached to Pin or Wire_**
_Toggle Placed through Medial Acetabulum_
_Suture Material through Femoral Neck and Secured on Lateral Aspect of Femur_
**Toggle Pin/Rod**
167
What Methods can be used to _Decompress the Stomach_ in Cases of **Gastric Dilatation Volvulus** and why is this performed prior to surgery?
_Performed Prior to Surgery- **Improves Cardiovascular and Respiratory Function for Surgery**_
**_Best Method: Orogastric Intubation_**
_**\***Perform Gastric Decompression after Fluid/Volume Support_
168
Ovariohysterectomy in Dogs Prior to ___ years of Age Reduces the Risk for Development of **Mammary Tumors**
**2 years**
_**\***Ovariohysterectomy early in life Signifcanty reduces the Risk of Developing Mammary Tumors_
_**\***Ovariohysterectomy after 2 Years of Age has no Effect on Development of Mammary Tumors_
169
In a Patient that has had a **TPLO or TTA**, if you check for \_\_\_\_\_\_, they will Test POSITIVE
**Cranial Drawer**
_**\***They will NOT have a Positive Tibial Compression Test_
**_Patients that have had a TPLO or TTA to Stabilize Cruciate Ligament Disease- will test NEGATIVE for Tibial Compression, and POSITIVE for Cranial Drawer_**
170
True/False: Even with Aggressive Surgical Excision and Chemotherapy **Gastric Adenocarcinoma** is difficulty to completely eliminate and the Animal will most likely Die from the Condition
**True**
171
What Three Diagnostic Tests are Recommended for Work up in Cases of **Canine Mammary Tumors**
**Minimum Database (CBC/Chem/UA)**
**Three-View Thoracic Radiographs**- Look for Metastatic Disease
**Abdominal Ultrasound/CT/MRI**
_**\***Always take Both Lateral Views on Radiographs_
172
With a _Partial Tear_ of the **Cranial Cruciate Ligament,** It is the _____ Band that Ruptures
**Craniomedial**
173
Method for Screening for **Hip Dysplasia** Described Below:
_Distraction Applied Under Anesthesia_
**_Measure Distance of the Femoral Head Center to Acetabulum Center_**
**_Distraction Index = Distance: Radius of Femoral Head_**
**PennHIP**
174
Difference between _Acute and Chronic_ **Calcanean Tendon Rupture**
**Acute- Usually Trauma, Complete Rupture**
**Chronic- Usualy Partial Rupture, Minimal/No Trauma**
175
Radiographic Finding Described Below:
_Self-Limiting_
**_Clinically Insignificant_**
**Puppy Line**
_\*Not a Sign of Hip Dysplasia_
176
Osteochondrosis of **Tarsus**:
_Breed Predisposition: \_\_\_\_\_\__
_Frequently Bilateral_
**_Lesion Located on the Ridge of the Talus_**
**Rottweiler**
_**\***Rottweiler is Particularly Predisposed to OCD of the Hock_
177
\_\_\_\_\_\_ **Cranial Cruciate Ligament Ruptures** usually Result in _Dramatic Discomfort,_ and an Affected Dog will almost instantly be 3-Legged Lame
**Acute**
178
What test is the Gold Standard for Diagnosing **Septic Peritonitis**
**Cytology of Abdominal Fluid (Abdominocentesis)**
179
Major Function of the **Spleen**
**Hematopoiesis**
180
Common _Respiratory Effects_ Associated with \_\_\_\_:
**_Impingement on Diaphragm_**
_Decreased Excursions_
_**Increased CO2**- Exacerbates Acidodic State_
**_Respiratory Acidosis_**
**Gastric Dilatation Volvulus**
181
Etiology of **Ovarian Remnant Syndrome**
**Surgical Error**
_**\***Ovarian Tissue left Behind on Ovariohysterectomy_
182
Treatment for **Tarsal Hyperextension**
**Partial Tarsal Arthrodesis**
183
True/False: **Local Draining Lymph Nodes** should be Aspirated prior to Surgery for Cytology if Possible
**True**
184
Typical Historical Findings of a Dog with \_\_\_\_\_:
**_Recent Heat Cycle_**
_Polyuria/Polydypsia_
**_Systemic Illness- Anorexia, Lethargy, Vomiting_**
**Pyometra**
185
**Cecal Intussusception** that Causes Obstruction of Ileocolic Junction
**Cecal Inversion**
186
Medial Survival Time for Canines with **Malignant Mammary Tumors**
**1-2 Years**
_**\***Malignant Mammary Tumors, if small are associated with Longer Survival_
187
_Conditions that Predispose_ to which Surgical Disease of the **Stomach:**
## Footnote
**_Pancreatic Exocrine Insufficiency_**
**_Hepatic Encephalopathy_**
**_Iron Deficiency_**
**Gastric Foreign Bodies**
_**\***PICA- Abnormal Eating Disorder where Animals consume almost everything around them_
188
Radiographic Views used to Diagnose **Collateral Ligament Tarsus Injury**
**Standard Dorsoplantar and Lateral Views**
**Dorsoplantar STRESS Views**- _Valgus Stress and Varus Stress_
189
Treatment Options for **Rectal Prolapse**
**Treatment for Viable Tissue:**
**Manually Reduce- Saline/Lubricants**
_Place Purse String to Keep Reduced_
**Treatment for Non-Viable Tissue**
**_Resect 1-2cm from Anus_**
_Reduce Prolapse_
190
What Type of Suture is used in Surgical Treatment for **Calcanean Tendon Disease**
**Monofilament Nonabsorbable Suture**
191
Two Surgical Treatments used for **Dystocia**
**Cesarian Section (C-Section):**
_Preserves Fertility_
**En-Bloc Ovariohysterectomy:**
_Does Not Preserve Fertility_
192
In Patients with **Uterine Torsion**, when Performing Ovariohysterectomy Do NOT \_\_\_\_\_\_
**Derotate**
**\***_With any sort of Devatilized Tissue you never want to derotate the Tissue before you Remove it_
193
_List the Differences between **Acute Gastric Dilatation**, **Chronic Gastric Volvulus**, and **Acute Gastric Dilation and Volvulus**_
**Acute Gastric Dilatation:**
_Normal Position_
**_Acute Distended Stomach_**
**Chronic Gastric Volvulus:**
**_Slight Malposition_** _(Pylorus is Slightly out of Position)_
**Acute Gastric Dilatation with Volvulus:**
_Distension of Stomach and Rotation around Mesenteric Axis_
194
True/False: Most **Cranial** **Cruciate Ruptures** are a Result of Normal Tibial Thrust Forces applied to a Cruciate Ligament that is Abnormally Weak
**True**
195
Syndrome Described Below:
## Footnote
**_Hyperextension, Hyperflexion, Flexural Deformity with Palpable Laxity_**
**_Commonly seen in Young Dogs: 5-27 weeks of Age_**
**Carpal Laxity Syndrome**
196
If Cytology is Not Diagnostic for **Cancer**, always Recommend Pursuing \_\_\_\_\_
**Biopsy**
_**\***If your Cytology is not Diagnostic ALWAYS recommend a Biopsy_
197
What is the Incidence of _Dehiscence_ after **Intestinal Surgery**?
**7-16% Incidence**
_\*Dehiscence is caused by Poor Surgical Technique_
198
_Etiology_ for which Congenital Lesion:
_Developmental Anomaly_
**_Retained Embryonic Epithelial Tissue-_** _Vertical Septum, Annular Fibrotic Stenosis_
**_Hypoplastic Region_**
**Vestibulovaginal Stenosis**
_**\***No Basis for Genetic Transmission_
199
Possible Complications of _____ Stabilization Technique used in Patients with **Cruciate Ligament Disease:**
_Risk of Infection_
_Implant Failure- Ex. Suture can Break_
_Incomplete Stabilization_
**_Damage to Peroneal Nerve_**
**Lateral Suture**
_**\***Damage to Peroneal Nerve- Unique to this Procedure_
200
Two Orthopedic tests used to Diagnose **Cranial Cruciate Ligament Rupture**
**Cranial Drawer Test** (Passive)
**Tibial Compression Test** (Active)
_**\***A Positive test by either Method Indicates Cruciate Rupture_
201
Two Treatment options for **Uterine Prolapse**
**Manual Reduction**
**Ovariohysterectomy-** If Manual Reduction is not Possible
202
Surgical Treatment for **Paraphimosis**
**Phallopexy**
203
During the Postoperative Management of **Osteotomy Procedures (TPLO,TTA),** Activity must be Restricted (Limit Exercise) until Radiographic Healing, which commonly takes _____ weeks
**8-12 Weeks**
204
Know the Various _Biopsy Techniques_ for the **Pancreas** and Associated Risks
**Guillotine-** Suture Portion then Excise it
**Lobar Dissection-** Removing Portion of Spleen
**Pinch Biopsies** (Laproscopic)
**_Associated Risks- Removing Certain Areas of the Pancreas will be Detrimental to the Flow of Digestive Enzymes into the GIT_**
\*_Right Distal Limb- Easiest for Biopsies because there is Decreased Risk for Damage to Blood Supply_
205
Treatment for **Vaginal Edema**
**Ovariohysterectomy-** Prevents Recurrence
_\*Edema Resolves with End of Cycle, but tends to Recur with Subsequent Cycles_
206
\_\_\_\_\_ Prolapse:
**_Anal Mucosa Protrudes from Orifice_**
_Incomplete Prolapse_
**Anal Prolapse**
207
In Cases of _Annular Lesions_ of **Vestibulovaginal Stenosis,** Resection of Mucosa is Prone to \_\_\_\_\_
**Stricture**
208
\_\_\_\_\_ Management is Acceptable for **Grade I-II Medial Patellar Luxations,** So long as they have _Minimal Clinical Signs_
**Conservative**
_**\***If Conservative Managment is Chosen, Monitoring is Required due to Progression of Condition_
209
the _____ Portion of the **Tarsal Collateral Ligament** is _only Taut when the Limb is in full Extension_
The _____ Portion of the **Tarsal Collateral Ligament** is _Taut in Both Flexion and Extension_
**Long Portion- ONLY Taut in Extension**
**Short Portion- Taut in Flexion and Extension**
_**\***Long Tarsal Collaterals are Taut when the Joint is Extended (FROG FACT)_
210
Clinical Signs associated with \_\_\_\_\_:
_Patient Stuck in Phase of Estrus Cycle_
_**Estrogen Production Only**: Prolonged Proestrus_
_**Estrogen and Progesterone Production**: Vulvar Swelling, Vulvar Discharge_
_**Progesterone Production Only:** Prolonged Anestrus_
**Functional Ovarian Cysts**
211
**Most common Congenital Deformity** in Veterinay Medicine Described Below:
**_Small and Toy Breed Dogs most Affected_**
_10x's More Likely in Small breeds_
_98% are Medial Luxations_
**Patellar Luxation**
**\***Typically thought of as _Small Dog Disease_
212
Benefits of _Post-Operative_ _____ In Cases of **Septic Peritonitis:**
**Pros:**
**_Allows for Continued Evaluation of Fluid Character- Cytology_**
_Allows for Continued Removal of Suppurative Material from Abdomen_
_Measure the Volume on 24 Hour Basis_
**Peritoneal Drainage (Abdominal Drainage)**
**\***_Check Cytology Daily on Peritoneal Drainage_
213
In _Dogs_, 50% of **Splenic Neoplasias** are Malignant. Of those Malignant Masses, 50% will be \_\_\_\_\_
**Hemagiosarcomas**
_**\***Most common Type of Malignancy in the Spleen of Canines_
**_60-75% of Hemoabdomen Cases will be Hemangiosarcomas_**
214
Treatment Options for _Annular Lesions_ in Cases of **Vestibulovaginal Stenosis**
**Lesion Caudal to Pelvis- Dorsal Approach**
**Lesion Intrapelvic- Transpelvic or Ventral Abdominal Approach**
_\*Mucosal Resection only leads to Stricture_
215
Ideal Suture Pattern for **Gastrotomy Closure**
**Simple Continuous in Submucosa**
**Cushing (Inverting) Pattern in Seromuscular Layers**
_**\***Other Acceptable Technique: "Traditional" Closure- Cushing Pattern oversewn with Lembert (AKA Double Inverting Pattern)_
_Three Inverting Patterns used in the Stomach: Cushing, Lembert, and Connell_
216
How is **Cystic Endometrial Hyperplasia** Diagnosed?
**Ultrasound**
**\***Will be able to see Cysts on Ultrasound
217
Review Card: **Radiographic Findings for Cranial Cruciate Ligament Disease**
_Radiograph Shows Tibial Displacement_
218
How to Differentiate **Metritis** from Pyometra
**Metritis: Occurs Postpartum**
**Pyometra: Recent Heat Cycle**
219
Most Common Injury to the **Carpus** where there is _Damage to the Palmar Support Structures_
**Carpus Hyperextension**
220
True/False: Treatment for **Pyometra** is considered an _Emergency_
**True**
221
Most Common and Perferred Treatment for **Uterine Rupture**
**Ovariohysterectomy**
_**\***Treatment of Choice_
222
True/False: **TPLO and TTA (Osteotomy)** have more Rapid Return to Function than the Lateral Suture (Extracapsular)
**True**
_**\***TPLO and TTA can be Considered Largely Equivalent in Outcome_
223
True/False: Glucocorticosteroids are CONTRAINDICATED in **Gastric Dilatation Volvulus**
**True**
224
Most Significant Clinical Sign noted in Patients with **Hip Dysplasia** during Palpation
**Pain on Extension of Hip**
225
Three Key Components of Preoperative Stabilization of **Gastric Dilatation Volvulus** and the Order you want to Perform the Treatments
**1. Fluids-** _Crystalloids and Colloids_
## Footnote
**2. Gastric Decompression**
**3. Pain Managment**
226
Surgical Technique for **Gastric Dilatation Volvulus** Described Below:
**Incisional Gastropexy**
227
True/False: _Surgical Treatment_ is not Typically Pursued for **Prostatic Neoplasia**
**True**
_**\***Prognosis is Guarded due to Stage at Diagnosis. Treatment is Not usually Pursued_
228
Clinical Signs for which Congenital Lesion:
**_Recurrent Vaginitis_**
**_Recurrent UTI_**
_Difficulty or Pain with Breeding_
_Urinary Incontinence_
**Vestibulovaginal Stenosis**
**\***Urine Secretions are not being Eliminated Properly- Leads to Recurrent Vaginitis and UTI
_Urinary Incontinence- This condition is also associated with Ectopic Ureters therefore many of the cases will have Urinary Incontinence. If the Urinary Incontinence is the Dogs Primary Clinical Sign, that is not related to the Vestibulovaginal Stenosis. You can correct the Stenosis and it will NOT correct the Incontinence_
229
Diagnosis for **Patellar Luxation** is Made via \_\_\_\_\_
**Physical Exam**
230
**Vestibulovaginal Stenosis** is also associated with \_\_\_\_\_therefore many of the cases will have _Urinary Incontinence_
**Ectopic Ureters**
**\***If the Urinary Incontinence is the Dogs Primary Clinical Sign, that is not related to the Vestibulovaginal Stenosis. You can correct the Stenosis and it will NOT correct the Incontinence
231
\_\_\_\_\_\_ is a Very important Component in the Treatment of **Septic Peritonitis** that aims to:
**_Improve Perfusion_**
**_Treat Hypotension_**
_Improve Metabolic Disease_
_Correct Electrolyte Abnormalities_
**Fluid Therapy**
_**\***Typically use Crystalloids as well as Colloids (Hypoalbuminemia)_
232
Best Diagnostic Tool for **Pyometra**
**Ultrasound**
_**\***Large Fluid Filled Uterus_
233
Two Most Common _Corrective Procedures_ used in Patients with **Hip Dysplasia**
**Juvenile Pubic Symphiodesis (JPS)**
**Triple Pelvic Osteotomy (TPO)**
234
_Proper Positioning_ for **Episiotomy Approach** to Lower Reproductive Tract
**Position for _Perineal Surgery_**
235
Surgical Procedure used in the Treatment of **Gastric Adenocarcinoma** Described Below:
**_Gastrectomy with Gastrojejunostomy_**
_Allows Extensive Gastrectomy without Tension on Suture_
**Indications:**
_When Resection of Stomach is so Proximal to Limit End to End Astamosis_
**Billroth 2** (Gastrojejunostomy)
_\*Removal of Part of the Proximal Duedenum and a significant area of the stomach_
236
Condition caused by _Damage to Plantar Stabilizers_
**Tarsal Hyperextension**
237
Treatment and Prognosis for **Ovarian Cysts**
**Surgical Excision is Curative**
_**\***Ovarian Cysts removal will completely resolve the Problems_
238
Typical Presenting History in Patients with \_\_\_\_\_\_:
**_Intermittent Weight-Bearing Lameness_**
_Holds Leg in Flexed Position for Few Steps- "Skipping Gait"_
**Patellar Luxation**
_\*Non Weight Bearing when Patella is Luxated_
_Minimal Lamness when Patella is Reduced (In Groove)_
239
True/False: _Radiographs_ are Insensitive to Low Grade **Patellar Luxations**
**True**
_**\***Radiographic Luxation Variable with Low Grade Disease_
240
True/False: _Adjunctive Therapy_ (Ex. Radiation) is always recommended in Conjunction with Surgical Treatment in cases of **Feline Mammary Tumors**
**True**
_**\***Adjuctive Therapy required for Optimal Outcome_
241
Type of **Ovarian Neoplasia** that is _Usually Functional_ and Secreting Estrogen, Progesterone, or Both
**Granulosa Cell Tumor**
242
There are Two **Cruciate** Ligaments in the Stifle, A Cranial and a Caudal:
The _____ Cruciate Ligament arises from the _**Medial Aspect** of the **Lateral Femoral Condyle**_
The _____ Cruciate Ligament Arises from the **Lateral Aspect** of the **Medial Femoral Condyle**
**Cranial-** _Inserts on the Cranial Aspect between the Condyles_
**Caudal-** _Inserts on the Caudal Aspect of the Intercondylar Region_
_\*Most Important Thing to Remember- Cranial Cruciate Ligament is the one that Inserts Cranially on the Tibia_
243
True/False: _Medical Managment_ for **Cruciate Ligament Disease** can be successful in Patients and is commonly Recommended
**False**
_**\***Medical Managment for Cruciate Ligament Disease is NOT Recommended._ Even Smaller Patients will improve more quickly with Surgery than Without
_Given a choice between Surgical and Medical managment of Cruciate Ligament Disease, Surgery would be Perferable_
244
Two Objectives for _Open Reduction_ of **Coxofemoral Joint Luxation**
**Reconstruct Joint Capsule and Adjacent Soft Tissues to Hold Hip in Reduction**
OR
**Maintain Reduction Temporarily with Implant until Soft Tissue Heals**
245
If Ovariohysterectomy is Performed _Prior to First Estrus Cycle_, the Risk of Mammary Tumors is \_\_\_\_%
**0.5%**
_**\***Spaying the Dog before its First Estrus Cycle Virtually Eliminates the Possiblity of Mammary Tumor Development_
246
Diagnostic Modality of Choice for **Congenital Pyloric Stenosis**
**Ultrasound**
\*You will be able to see the _Significant Hypertrophy of of the Muscular Layer of the Pylorus_
_\*If on Ultrasound you see Hypertrophy of the Muscular Layer in conjuction with the Predisposed Breed (Brachiocephalic), and the Clinical Signs in a Young Dog = Congenital Pyloric Stenosis_
247
Review Card: **Anatomy of Liver and Gallbladder and Blood Supply**
_Hepatic Artery- 20% of Blood Supply_
_Portal Vein- 80% of Blood Supply_
248
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is an effective Barrier between the Collagen of the **Cruciate Ligament** and the Immunoresponsive Mechanisms of the Joint. When the Ligament is Damaged the Barrier is Disrupted, thus a Damaged Cruciate Ligament is a Potent Stimulus for Ongoing inflammation and Degenerative Joint Disease
**Synovial Lining**
249
Two Etiologies for **Tarsal Hyperextension**
**Trauma**
**Chronic Instability/Degeneration:** _Middle Aged Shelties/Collies are Predisposed, Genetic Weakness Suspected_
250
Most Common Tumor of the **Rectum**
**Adenomatous Polyps**
251
**Surgical Treatment** Indicated in:
_Severe Injury of Tibiotarsal Joint_
_Failed Calcanean Tendon Repair_
**_End-Stage Tarsal Osteochondrosis_**
**Tarsocrural Arthrodesis**
252
Name the Three Main Goals of Surgery in Cases of **Septic Peritonitis**
**1. Primary Source of Bacteria must be Contained and Corrected**
**2. Reduce Peritoneal Bacterial Load**
**3. Remove Foreign Material, Inflammatory Mediators**
_**\***Main Goal: You want to Eliminate the Source of Sepsis_
_Goals Achieved Via: Debridement of Tissues that are Necrotic and Lavage_
253
Three Diagnostic Tests that should be Done when Working up **Testicular Neoplasia**
**CBC/Chemistry/UA**
**3 View Thoracic Radiographs**- Metastasis Check
**Abdominal Radiographs/Ultrasound**- Metastasis Check
254
What Changes might you Expect on a _Blood Gas Analysis_ from a Patient with **Septic Peritonitis**
**High pCO2** (Hypoventilation)
**High Lactate**
**Acidosis**
_\*Septic Peritonitis: Metabolic Acidosis/ Lactic Acidosis_
255
True/False: **Hip Dypslasia** can be Expressed very Differently in _Littermates_
**True**
256
In Patients with **Gastric Dilatation Volvulus,** they Loose the GIT Protective Barrier leading to _____ Translocation
**Bacterial**
_**\***Many of these Patients can become Septicemic_
257
Radiographic Signs of ____ **Intestinal Foreign Bodies:**
_Plicated Intestines_
_Bunched in Central Abdomen_
**_Pleating of Intestines_**
**Linear**
258
List Five Typical Radiographic Findings with **Cranial Cruciate Ligament Disease**
**Effusion**- _Displacement of Fat Pad_
**Osteophytosis**- _Patella, Trochlear Ridge_
**Subchondral Sclerosis**- _Femoral and Tibial Condyles_
**Increased Medial Soft Tissue (Medial Buttress)**
**Tibial Displacement**
_**\***Effusion occurs First- May be only Radiographic Sign of Disease, especially Early on_
259
Treatment for **Legg-Perthes Disease**
**Femoral Head Ostectomy**
_\*Medical Therapy Unhelpful_
260
Treatment for **Craniodorsal Coxofemoral Luxation**
**Closed Hip Reduction**
_\*Early Reduction Essential_
261
Pros and Cons of Performng _FNA vs. Tru Cut Biopsies vs. Surgical Biopsy_ of the **Liver**
**FNA:**
_Pros: Safe, Minimally Invasive_
_Cons: **Poor Diagnostic Yield**_
**Tru-Cut Biopsies:**
_Pros: Minimally Invasive, **High Chance of Definitive Diagnosis**_
_Cons: **Increased Risk of Bleeding**_
262
The Mainstay of Diagnosis of **Cranial Cruciate Ligament Rupture** is the Presence of ______ in the Joint (Ex. Drawer Motion, Tibial Thrust)
**Instability**
_**\***If Instability is Present in the Stifle Joint, Confirms Cranial Cruciate Ligament is Damaged_
263
Radiographic Stress View used to Diagnose **Medial Collateral Ligament Carpus Injuries**:
_Pressure from the Medial Side is Pushing the Distal Limb Laterally_
**Valgus Stress**
_**\***When you have an Injury to the Medial Collateral Ligament, you put the Carpus in Valgus Stress and you have a lot more Valgus motion than you normally would_
264
What are the Three Functions of the **Cranial Cruciate Ligamen**t
**Prevents Internal Rotation**
**Prevents Hyperextension**
**Prevents Cranial Tibial Thrust-** _Most Important_
265
Techniques for Partial and Complete **Liver Lobe Resection**
**Complete Liver Lobectomy:**
**_Ligature Technique: Should only be Used for Left Lateral and Left Medial Liver Lobectomies in Small Dogs and Cats_**
**Partial Liver Lobectomy:**
**_TA Stapler: Most Common Technique (Best)_**
_Suturing: Technique Results in Greatest Blood Loss_
266
Most Critical Time Period for Postoperative **GDV** Patients
**First Four Days Post Op**
_**\***Death due to Hypovolemic Shock_
267
Local **Lymph Node Excision** is Prognostic for which Three Types of _Tumors_
**Mammary Carcinoma**
**Mast Cell Tumors**
**Apocrine Gland Adenocarcinoma of the Anal Sac**
268
Most common Cause of **Primary Peritonitis** in Veterinary Medicine
**Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP)**
269
Name the Procedure used to Surgically Manage **Pyometra**
**Ovariohysterectomy**
_**\***Only after Adequate Resuscitation_
270
Treatment for **RECURRENT Rectal Prolapse**
**Non-Incisional Colopexy or Incisional Colopexy**
271
Indications for which _Corrective Procedure_ used in **Hip Dysplasia:**
**_Clinical Signs of Hip Dysplasia_**
**_6-8 Months of Age_**
_No Radiographic Evidence of Degenerative Joint Disease (DJD)_
**_Distinct "Clunk"- Ortolani Sign_**
_Angle of Rotation \< 30 Degrees_
**Triple Pelvic Osteotomy (TPO)**
272
Pathology of which Condition leading to _Gastric Outflow Obstruction_ described Below:
**_Hypertrophy of Circular Muscles of Pylorus!!_**
_Young Dogs_
_Predisposed Breed: Brachiocephalic (Ex. Boston Terrier)_
**_Signs start at Weaning- Dietary Alteration_** _(Changing from Liquid to Solid Diet)_
**Congenital Pyloric Stenosis**
273
Description and Indications for which Surgical Technique used for **Canine Mammary Tumors**:
**_Removal of Solitary Mass \< 5-10mm_**
**_ONLY Appropriate if No Criteria of Malignancy_**
_Mass Removed with 1cm Margin_
**Lumpectomy**
274
Detection of _____ by the Tibia in either the _Cranial Drawer Test or Tibial Compression Test_ is Considered a Positive Test
**Cranial Translation**
_Cranial Translation: Movement of the Tibia Cranially. Any Movement of the Tibia Cranially Denotes a Positive Test = Cranial Cruciate Rupture_
275
Preferred Treatment for a **Medial Collateral Ligament Carpus Injury**
**Surgical Managment- Reconstruct/Replace Collateral Ligament**
\*_Splinting and Rest are Unhelpful as Sole Treatment- CONSERVATIVE Managment is Rarely Useful_
276
\_\_\_\_\_\_ INCREASES the Incidence/Risk for **Prostatic Neoplasia** and _Increases the risk of Metastasis_
**Castration**
277
How would your approach for Obtaining _Biopsies_ Change with Focal vs. Mulifocal vs. Generalized **Pancreatic Lesions**
**Multifocal Disease: Obtain Multiple Biopsies**
**Biopsy of Large Lesions- Partial Pacreatectomy**
278
Mainstay of Diagnosis of **Vestibulovaginal Stenosis**
**Contrast Vaginourethrogram** (Contrast Radiography)
_\*Measure Ratio between Narrowest and Widest Point_
279
Surgical Procedure used in the Treatment of **Congenital Pyloric Stenosis** Described Below:
**_3-5cm Full Thickness Incision (Into Lumen)_**
_Suture Transversely_
**Advantages:**
_Reoccurrence Unlikely_
**Disadvantages:**
**_Lumen Opened_**
_Not Usually Effective with Acquired Stenosis_
**Heineke-Mikulicz Pyloroplasty**
**\***Widens the Pyloric Area- _Works better in More Advanced Cases of Congenital Plyoric Stenosis_
280
Indications and Pros and Cons for which type of **Biopsy**:
**Indications:**
**_Large Superficial Lesion_**
_Lesions in Tissues where Morbidity associated with Definitive Surgery without a Diagnosis would be Unacceptable (Ex. Liver)_
_Less Invasive Sampling Techniques have not Yielded a Diagnosis_
**Cons:**
**_Will Require Second Surgical Procedure_**
_May Create Communication between Neoplastic and Normal Tissue **(Cell Seeding)**_
**Incisional Biopsy**
281
Which Breed is Predisposed to **Malignant Mammary Tumors**
**German Shepherds**
282
Gastric Condition Described Below:
_Causative Agent: **Fungal Organism (Pythium Insidiosum)**_
_Organism lives in Aquatic Environment_
_**Signalment: Young Large Breed Working Dogs** (Ex. Labradors)_
**Pythiosis**
_**\***Common in Large breed Working Dogs - Ex. HUNTING_
283
List Various Options for _Medical Managment_ for Animals that have **Hip Dysplasia** or who are Predisposed to Hip Dysplasia
Nutritional Managment- **Lower Calcium/Vitamin D Diet** in Puppies
**Weight Managment in Adult Dog- MOST IMPORTANT**
**Exercise Modulation**
**Physical Therapy**
**NSAID**
_**\***Medical Managment of Hip Dysplasia should Precede Surgical Treatment_
284
Description of what _Surgical Technique_ used in the **Intestines:**
**Resection and Anastomosis**
**_\*Very Important to Begin Anastomosis at Mesenteric Border!!_**
_\*Ligate Blood Supply to all the areas the we Plan to Remove_
285
Two Associated Complications of **Cholecystectomy**
**Bile Peritonitis**
**Bleeding**
286
Treatment for **Intestinal Foreign Body** when the Intestines are _Healthy versus Necrotic_
**Healthy: _Enterotomy_**
**Necrotic: _Resection and Anastomosis_**
**_\*_**_Enterotomy- Simple Incision in Intestinal Wall and Removal of Foreign Body_
287
Review Card: **Normal Anatomy of Portal Vasculature and Effect of Portosystemic Shunt**
_Portosystemic Shunt- Aborization from the Portal Vein into the Liver doesn't Happen_
_\*Instead there is a Vessel that comes from the Portal Vein that Bypasses the Liver and dumps directly into the Caudal Vena Cava_
288
Most common Type of _Tumor_ that affects the **Stomach**
**Adenocarcinoma**
_**\***Extremely Malignant and Aggressive_
289
Two Joints that are at Risk for **Tarsal Hyperextension**
**Proximal Intertarsal**
**Tarsometatarsal**
_**\***Tibiotarsal Joint- Almost all Motion occurs here, but is Rarely effected by Tarsal Hyperextension_
290
History and Signalment compatible with \_\_\_\_\_\_:
**_Young Dogs_**
**_One of First Few Proestrus/Estrus Cycles_**
_Mucosa Becomes Edematous_
_Edematous Mucosa Protrudes from Vulva_
**Vaginal Edema/Hyperplasia**
291
Two Indications for _Medical Managment_ of **Pyometra**
**NOT Systemically Ill**
**Open Pyometra ONLY**
292
Three Procedures used in the Treatment of **Gastric Adenocarcinoma**
**Gastrectomy-** _Rarely Done_
**Billroth 1**
**Billroth 2-** _Most Common_
293
Differences between _Younger and Older Patients_ with **Hip Dysplasia** during Palpation
**Young Patient:**
_Palpable Laxity- Subluxate Femoral Head_
_Ortolani Test/Sign_
**Mature/Older Patient:**
_Decreased Range of Motion in Extension_
_NO PALPABLE LAXITY due to Remodeling_
294
Two most Common Surgical Options for Treatment of **Portosystemic Shunt**
**Ameroid Constrictors**
**Cellophane Banding**
295
Indications for \_\_\_\_\_Treatment of **Metritis:**
**_Valuable Breeding Animal_**
_Good Response to Initial Therapy_
**_No Devatalized Tissue/Retained Placenta or Fetus_**
**Medical**
_**\***Surgical Exploration is Indicated Otherwise_
296
Physical Exam Findings with \_\_\_\_\_\_:
_**Effusion**- Palpable behind Patellar Tendon_
_**Stifle More Rounded**- Due to Large Volume Effusions_
_**Muscle Atrophy**- Limb Disuse_
**_Medial Buttress- Firm Medial Collateral Fibrosis_**
_**Crepitus**- Degenerative Changes/ Osteophyte Formation_
**Cranial Cruciate Ligament Disease**
_**\***Effusion: Infill of Parapatellar "Divot"_
**_\*All of the Above Findings only Indicate the Presence of Joint Disease. They Do not Provide a Specific Diagnosis_**
297
Indications for which Type of **Splenic Surgery:**
**Complete Splenectomy**
_**\***Most Common type of Splenectomy Performed!_
298
Etiology of **_Chronic_ Cranial Cruciate Ligament Disease**
**Chronically Weakened Cruciate Ligament**- Progressive Degeneration of Cranial Cruciate Ligament
_Lower Breaking Strength Results in Rupture with Normal Weightbearing- **Ligament cannot withstand the Normal Forces Associated with Weightbearing**_
_\*Degenerative Process that is Frequently in place long before there are any Clinical or Radiographic Findings_
299
_Stabilization Technique_ for **Cruciate Ligament Disease** Described Below:
_Longitudinal Cut in Tibial Tuberosity_
_Advancement of Tuberosity makes Patellar Tendon Perpendicular to Plateau_
**Tibial Tuberosity Advancement (TTA)**
300
True/False: In Patients with **Medial Patellar Luxation,** _Soft Tissue Reconstruction_ is ONLY effective when Combined with Bone Reconstruction
**True**
301
Most Common Neoplasm in **Intact Female Dogs**
**Mammary Tumor**
302
Radiographic Stress View used to Diagnose **Medial** **Collateral Ligament Carpus Injuries:**
_Pressure from the Lateral Side is Pushing the Distal Limb Medially_
**Varus Stress**
**\***_When you have an Injury to the Medial Collateral Ligament, you put the Carpus in Varus Stress, you end up with **Subluxation of the Joint toward the Medial Side (Subluxation goes towards the Side of the Injury)**_
303
True/False: Whenever you do Surgery to Remove a **Foreign Body** in the GIT you are going to do a _Full Exploratory Laparotomy_
**True**
_**\***Must Inspect every and all aspects of the Gastrointestinal Tract_
304
\_\_\_\_% of **Feline Mammary Tumors** are Malignant
**85-90%**
305
Four Main Techniques used for **Intestinal Biospy**
_Logitudinal Intestinal Biopsy- Most Common_
**_Logitudinal Biopsy with Longitudinal Closure-_** _Disadvantage: Narrows Lumen of the Intestine_
**_Logitudinal Biopsy with Transverse Closure-_** _Advantage: Widens Lumen of the Intestine_
306
Common Signalment for ____ **Cranial Cruciate Ligament Disease:**
**_Large/Giant Breed Dogs_**
_Female \> Male_
_Breed Disposition: Rottweiler, Newfie, Staffordshire Terrier, Labrador, Mastiff, St. Bernard_
**Chronic**
_**\***Large Breed Dog Disease_
307
Maneuvers Required Following _Closed Reduction_ of **Caudoventral Coxofemoral Luxation**
**Put Joint through Range of Motion to Clear Debris**
**Apply Hobbles at Level of Stifle for 10-14 Days**
_\*Once you get the Hip back in, you want to put the Joint through Aggresive Range of Motion because you want to make sure that you cleared all the Blood Clots and Fibrosis out of the Joint_
_Apply Hobbles- Prevent the Limbs from Sliding Laterally_
308
Limitation to using _OFA_ Screening Method for **Hip Dysplasia**
**Cannot Certify Hips Before 24 Months (2 years old)**
_\*Positioning Underestimates Subluxation_
_\*If animal is 2 Years old and has No Radiographic Signs of Hip Dysplasia, then the Animal will Not Develop Hip Dysplasia. **If the Animal is Under 2 Years Old than the OFA will Not Certify**_
309
List the Differences between _Extracapsular versus Osteotomy_ Stabilization Techniques for **Cruciate Ligament Disease**
**Extracapsular:**
_Rely on an Implant to Stabilize the Joint- Placed on the Outside of the Joint Capsule_
_Ex. Lateral Suture and Tightrope Techniques_
**Tibial Osteotomies:**
_Rely on Change in the Forces on the Joint to Neutralize Tibial Thrust_
_Cut in the TIbia to Induce a change in the Way that Weight is Transferred through the Joint_
_Ex. Tibial Plateau Leveling Osteotomy (TPLO) and Tibial Tuberosity Advancement (TTA)_
310
Definition of _____ Surgery:
**_Will Improve Quality of Life but Not Extend Life_**
_Ex. Splenectomy or Liver Lobectomy for Hemangiosarcoma_
_Ex. Amputation for Osteosarcoma_
**Palliative Surgery**
_**\***No Curative Intent_
311
Most Common Type of **Malignant Vaginal Neoplasia**
**Leiomyosarcoma**
_**\***Relatively Low Risk of Metastasis_
312
98% of **Patellar Luxations** are on the _____ Side
**Medial**
_**\***Larger Breed Dogs: Higher % of Lateral Patellar Luxations (MPL Still \> LPL)_
313
Three Tests that are Recommended for Workup of **Feline Mammary Tumors**
**CBC/Chem/UA**
**Radiographs**- For Metastasis
**Ultrasound**- Diagnose Risk of Malignancy
314
Typical Clinical Signs associated with \_\_\_\_\_:
**_Multiple Episodes of Vomiting_**
**_Painful Distended Abdomen_**
_Lethargy_
_May be Asymptomatic_
**Gastric Outflow Obstruction**
_**\***Ex. Gastric Foreign Bodies_
315
Grade of **Patellar Luxation** Described Below:
**Grade III**
_**\***Patella is outside the Groove the Majority of the time_
316
Most common Types of **Splenic Neoplasia** in Felines
**Lymphosarcoma**
**Mast Cell Tumors**
317
Invagination of One Portion of the GIT into the Lumen of an Adjacent Segment
**Intussuseption**
318
Damage to the _____ Nerve is a Possible Complication of _Lateral Suture Stabilization_ of **Cruciate Ligament Damage.** Generally the Suture is passed around the Fabella but if the Fabella is not Visualized Properly the Suture can Entrap the Nerve
**Peroneal**
319
Peritoneal Fluid _Biochemical Analysis_ Results that Support ______ Diagnosis:
**_Total Protein \> 3.0_** _(Very High Total Protein)_
**_Cell Count \> 5000_** _(Very High Cell Count)_
**_Blood Glucose will be 20mg/dL Higher than Fluid Glucose_**
**_Fluid Lactate will be 2.0 mmol/L Higher than Blood Lactate_**
**Septic Peritonitis**
_**\***Blood Glucose will be \> 20 mg/dL Higher than Fluid Glucose (Dogs and Cats)_
_\*Fluid Lactate will be 2.0 mmol/L Higher than Blood Lactate- DOGS ONLY_
320
Most common **Intestinal Tumors** of Dogs and Cats
**Dog: Adenocarcinoma**
**Cat: Lymphosarcoma** (Most Common) **and Adenocarcinoma**
_Dogs: Adenocarcinoma (Most Common Intestinal Tumor), Adenonmatous Polyp (Most Common Rectal Tumor)_
321
Radiographic Views Taken in Patients with **Carpal Hyperextension**
**Standard Dorospalmar and Lateral View**
**Stress Views_: Simulate Weightbearing_**
322
True/False: In patients with **Cruciate Ligament Disease**, _TPLO Outcomes are Better_ than for Lateral Suture, Particularly for _Larger Dogs_
**True**
_**\***TPLO is Superior in Outcome to Lateral Suture- This Evidence makes it much **More Reasonable to Recommend TPLO for the Typical Cruciate Rupture Case**_
_**\***Small Dogs/Cats: Lateral Suture and TPLO have Good Outcome_
_Large Dogs: TPLO Better Outcome than Lateral Suture_
323
Predisposing Factors for \_\_\_\_\_:
**Rectal Prolapse**
_**\***Seen with Conditions that Cause Straining_
324
Most Common **Hepatic Neoplasias** and their **Associated Prognosis**
**Dogs: (Mainly Hepatocellular)**
**_Adenocarcinoma: Most Common Primary Malignant_**
_Massive Form has Good Prognosis with Complete Excision_
_Diffuse and Nodular Form- Poor Prognosis_
_Adenoma: 30% of Hepatocellular Tumors_
**Cats: (Mainly Cholangiocellular)**
**_Carcinoma: #1 Malignant Primary Tumor_**
_50% are Benign Adenomas_
325
Treatment for **Vaginal Prolapse**
**Manual Reduction + Ovariohysterectomy**
326
Grade of **Patellar Luxation** Described Below:
**Grade IV**
327
Best Diagnostic Tool for **Rectal Tumors**
**Biopsy**
328
Surgical Goals with **Portosystemic Shunt**
_AVOID PORTAL HYPERTENSION_
329
Prognosis for Treatment of **Recessed Vulva**
**Recurrent Signs almost Always Resolve- Good Prognosis**
330
What Abnormalities of the _Spleen_ may occur in Patients with **Gastric Dilatation Volvulus**
**Splenic Torsion-** Splenectomy
**Venous Congestion**
**Vessel Thrombosis-** Splenectomy
331
Definition of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_:
**_Force that Causes the Tibia to Slide Cranially Relative to the Femur_**
_Naturally Occurs during Weightbearing- Weighbearing Creates Compression across Joint_
**_Angle between Compression and Tibial Plateau Results in Shear_**
**_Shear Results in Cranial Force on Tibia_**
**Cranial Tibial Thrust**
_**\***Cranial Cruciate Ligament Opposes Shear and Prevents the Tibia from Sliding Cranially_
332
Procedure Described Below used in Treatment of **Medial Collateral Ligament Carpus Injury:**
_1. Screw or Bone Tunnel in Styloid Process_
_2. Screw or Bone Tunnel in Radial Carpal_
_3. Heave Suture Placed in **Figure 8** between the Two_
**Medial Collateral Replacement**
333
Surgical Procedure for **Medial Patellar Luxations** Described Below:
**Medial Release:**
_Chronic Fibrosis of Medial Joint Capsule- Free up Contracted Tissues_
_Allows Reduction of Patella_
**Lateral Imbrication:**
_Prevents Reluxation_
**Soft Tissue Reconstruction**
334
Breed and Disease Associations with **Gallbladder Mucocele**
**Breed: Shelties, Cocker Spaniel**
**Disease Associations: Hypothyroidism, Hyperadrenocorticism**
335
Most Common Type of Meniscal Injury associated with **Cruciate Ligament Disease**
**Buckethandle Tear**
_**\***Longitudinal Tear in a Portion of the Meniscus_
_\*It is So-Named because the Damaged Portion of Meniscus Remains Attached to the Meniscal Body at its Periphery, thus the Damaged Meniscus can Fold back and Forth, like the Handle on a Bucket_
336
Type of **Gastric Neoplasia** Described Below:
**_Common Benign Gastric Tumor_**
_Very Slow Growing- Commonly Incidental Finding_
_Age: **\> 15 Years**_
**Gastric Leiomyoma**
337
Description and Indications for which Surgical Technique used for **Canine Mammary Tumors:**
**_For MULTIPLE Tumors in Adjacent Glands_**
**_60% of Dogs have Recurrence on Same Side (Rarely Used)_**
**Regional Mastectomy**
_**\***Regional Mastectomy is RARELY Used due to 60% Recurrence Rate_
338
_Four Treatment Options_ and their Indications for Removal of **Gastric Foreign Bodies**
**Conservative:**
Monitoring Patient
_Indicated: If Patient consumes a Small/Benign Object that will Most Likely Pass through_
**Endoscopy:**
_Grab Foreign Body if Amenable to Removal_
**_Contraindication: Foreign Bodies with Sharp Edges (Ex. Bone)_**
**Gastrotomy:**
_Surgical Exploratory Procedure_
**Induce Emesis:**
**_Indicated: TOXINS_**
339
List Five signs of _Malignancy_ when Evaluating **Canine Mammary Tumors**
340
**Inflammatory Carcinoma** is Rapidly Progressive, Highly _____ and Effects Multiple Mammary Glands
**Metastatic**
_**\***Inflammatory Carcinoma is essentially a very aggresive Version of Canine Mammary Tumors_
341
Describe Postoperative Care for **Patellar Luxations**
**Controlled Activity- Leash Walking for 6 Weeks**
**Physical Therapy**
342
Differentiate _Primary versus Secondary_ **Peritonitis**
**Primary Peritonitis: _Source of Inflammation is Outside of Abdomen_** (Very Rare)
**Secondary Peritonitis: _Souce of Inflammation is Within Abdomen_**
_\*Secondary Septic Peritonitis is seen most Commonly_
343
Goal of _Subtotal Colectomy_ in the Managment of **Idiopathic Megacolon**
**Remove as much Colon as Possible**
344
Surgical Procedure used in the Treatment of **Gastric Adenocarcinoma** Described Below:
**Gastrectomy**
_**\***Removing Affected Piece of the Stomach Wall_
_**\***Know the Indications for this Procedure!_
345
Pathophysiology leading up to\_\_\_\_\_\_:
**_Distension of Stomach from Gas/Fluid_**
**_Distension Alters Pyloric/Esophageal Sphincter Position_**
_Limited Eructation causes Further Distension_
_Further Distension causes body of the Stomach to **Rotate Clockwise along the Long Axis of the Esophagus**_
_This Creates a Soft Tissue Fold between the Two Gas Filled Structures_
**Gastric Dilatation-Volvulus**
346
Review Card: **Pathophysiology of Peritonitis**
_**\***Common Eletrolyte Imbalances found in Patients with Peritonitis: **Hyperkalemia and Hyponatremia**_
**_Inflammation→Vasodilation→Hyopvolemia→SIRS/DIC_**
347
Surgical Procedure used in the Treatment of **Acquired Pyloric Stenosis** Described Below:
_2-3 cm Pyloric Incision_
_Resect Mucosa_
**_Transpose Antral Wall to Pyloric Region: Suture Antral Flap to Pyloric Base_**
**Advantages:**
**_Creates Wider Pylorus and Pyloric Antrum_**
_Shortens Gastric Emptying Time_
**Y-U Pyloroplasty**
348
Method for Screening for **Hip Dysplasia** Described Below:
_Single Ventrodorsal Pelvis View_
_Hip Extended_
_Stifles Internally Rotated_
**_7-Point Ordinal Scale- Excellent to Severe_**
**OFA**
349
List Six Important Principles of **Oncologic Surgery**
**Minimize Handling of Tumor-** Do Not Penetrate Tumor Capsule
## Footnote
**Ligate Blood Supply as Early as Possible**
**Excise Biopsy Tract**
**Excise Lymph Nodes if Indicated**
**Lavage Tissues, Change Gloves and Instruments, and Lavage again before Closing**
**AVOID USE OF DRAINS**
350
**Collateral Ligament Tarsus Injuries** usually occur due to Trauma (Hit by Car) and _____ Injury is the Most Common
**Medial**
351
Major Benefit of **PennHIP** Method
**Does Not Change after 16 weeks (4 Months)**
_**\***Early on you can test Animals and determine their Distraction Index Accurately_
352
In Patients with **Gastric Dilatation Volvulus**, what Area of the Stomach is most comon affected by Vascular Compromise?
**Greature Curvature**
353
Two Treatment Options for a _Simple Septal Lesion_ in Cases of **Vestibulovaginal Stenosis**
**Episiotomy- Mucosal Resection at Lesion Attachments**
**Endoscopic Treatment- Laser Ablation**
354
Review Card: **Common Causes of Splenomegaly**
355
What is the Most common **Splenic Neoplasia** in Dogs and what is the Prognosis?
**Hemangiosarcoma**
**Prognosis with Surgery ONLY- 86 Days**
**Prognosis with Surgery and Chemo- 140-202 Days**
**\***_Widespread Metastases Common_
356
True/False: For Anything other than a Round Cell Tumor (Ex. Mast Cell Tumors, Melanoma) you want to Interpret **Cytology** Cautiously because Inflammation from other Tumor Types can sometimes Mimic Malignancy
**True**
357
Preferred Treatment for **Carpal Hyperextension**
**Surgical Managment- Arthrodesis**
_\*Splinting and Rest are Not Helpful- Conservative Managment is Rarely Useful_
358
\_\_\_\_% of **Canine Mammary Tumors** are Malignant
**50%**
359
_Inability to Retract Penis Into Prepuce_
**Paraphimosis**
_**\***There are Congenital (Narrowed Orifice) and Acquired (Trauma) Causes_
360
**Collateral Ligament Carpus Injuries** Typically arise from Major Trauma such as _____ and are commonly on the _Medial Side of the Joint_
**Hit by Car**
**\***Make sure the Animal is Stabilized before you address the Collateral Ligament Injury- _Treat Life Threatening Trauma FIRST_
361
Radiographic View that is Considered Diagnostic for **Hip Dyspasia**
**Hip Extended View**
_**\***Internal Rotation of Distal Limbs_
_Know how to Judge Proper Positioning: Slight Overlap of Ischial Tuberosity, ALIEN EYES_
362
Treatment for **Benign Vaginal Neoplasia**
**Excisional Biopsy via Episiotomy**
363
Orthopedic Test used to Diagnose **Cranial Cruciate Ligament Rupture** Described Below:
## Footnote
**_Passive Constraint_**
**Cranial Drawer Test**
_**\***Cranial Drawer Test is a bit like trying to Pull the Wedges Apart. If the Wedges Separate, then there is Positive Cranial Drawer_
364
Treatment for **Mesenteric Torsion**
**Aggresive Fluid Therapy- Crystalloids and Colloids**
**Immediate Surgery to Untwist Torsion**
365
Typical Signalment associated with \_\_\_\_\_\_:
## Footnote
**_INTACT Female Dogs_**
**_Older than 10 Years of Age_**
**Vaginal Neoplasia**
366
What Two Patient Factors Increase Complication Rates of the **Lateral Suture Technique**?
**Higher Body Weight**
**Younger Age**
_**\***Larger Dogs and Younger Dogs are more prone to complications with the Lateral Suture Stabilization Technique_
367
\_\_\_\_\_\_ Syndrome Spontaneously Recovers in 1-4 Weeks with:
_Energy Restricted Diet_
_Controlled Exercise_
_Flooring with Good Traction_
**Carpal Laxity Syndrome**
_**\***Self Corrects within 1-4 weeks- **Prognosis is EXCELLENT**_
368
Treatment for **Intestinal Tumors**
**Adenocarcinoma: Resect with 4-8cm Borders**
**Lymphosarcoma: Chemotherapy**
369
**Palmar Ligament** described Below:
_Encloses the Deep Digital Flexor (DDF) Tendon_
**Flexor Retinaculum**
370
Procedure Described Below to Treat **Tarsal Hyperextension:**
**_Lag Screw or Pin/Tension Band at Calcaneoquartal Joint_**
_Laterally Applied Plate to the Tarsometatarsal Joint_
**_Good to Excellent Function Expected_**
**Partial Tarsal Arthrodesis**
_**\***Giant Screw placed through Calcaneoquartal Joint_
371
Name the Signalments associated with _Intrahepatic vs. Extrahepatic_ **Portosystemic Shunts**
**Extrahepatic:**
**_66-75% of Shunts are Congenital, Single and Extrahepatic_**
_Small Dogs and Cats_
_Yorkies, Shih Tzues, Maltese ec._
**Intrahepatic:**
_Large Breed Dogs- Labradors, Australian Shepherds_
_Poorer Prognosis_
372
**Uterine Disease/Complication** more common in _Cats_
**Uterine Prolapse**
373
Contraindications for _____ Treatment of **Dystocia**:
**Medical**
_**\***60-65% of Dystocia Cases will be Treated Surgically_
374
Treatment for _Mild versus Severe_ Cases of **Prostatitis**
**Mild Prostatitis:**
_Castration, Systemic Antibiotics_
**Severe Prostatitis:**
_Resuscitation, Systemic Antibiotics_
_Exploratory Laparotmy and Omentalization_
_Castration_
375
Prognosis for **Osteochondrosis** of the Hock (Tarsus)
**Guarded to Poor**
376
Treatment for **Collateral Ligament Tarsus Injury**
**Surgical Managment- Reconstruct/Replace Collateral Ligament**
_**\***Splinting and Rest are unhelpful as Sole Treatment_
377
Description and Indications for which Surgical Technique used for **Canine Mammary Tumors:**
**_Removal of Entire Chain of Mammary Glands_**
**Indications:**
_Multiple Masses throughout the Chain_
_Tumors in Gland 3 with any Criteria of Malignancy_
_Solitary Masses Anywhere with Multiple Criteria of Malignancy_
**Chain Mastectomy**
378
What is the Holding Layer for Suturing the **Stomach?**
**Submucosa**
_**\***QUESTION ON EXAM_
_\*Apposition of Subumosa Results in Stronger Closure_
379
Only way to Differentiate Benign vs. Malignant **Canine Mammary Tumors**
**Biopsy**
380
Etiology of **_Acute_ Cranial Cruciate Ligament Ruptures**
**Usually Traumatic**
**\***Catastrophic Overload on Cranial Cruciate Ligament
_**\***Result from Excessive Torsion or Extension on a Normal, Healthy Cranial Cruciate Ligament_
381
Prognosis for **Mesenteric Torsion**
**Almost 100% Mortality Rate**
_**\***Early Surgery leads to Higher Survival Rate_
382
Manifestations of **Hip Dysplasia** in Young versus Older Patients
**Young- Subluxation**
**Older- Remodeling and Osteoarthritis**
_**\***Young Patients are going to Present to you for signs of Laxity and Pain Related to Subluxation of the Joint_
_\*Older Patients have gone through the Regenerative Process and will present with signs of Osteoarthritis_
383
**C. Perform a Splenectomy and Biopsy one of the Liver Lobes as Changes are Diffuse**
_**\***Benign and Malignant Processes can look the Same_
384
List the Most Common Types of **Pancreatic Neoplasia**
**Exocrine Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma:**
_Most Common Pancreatic Tumor of Dogs and Cats_
_Extremely Poor Prognosis_
**Insulinoma:**
_Adenocarcinoma of Beta Islet Cells_
_Cause Severe Hypoglycemia_
385
\_\_\_\_ Prolapse:
**_Complete/All Layers of Rectum Prodtrude through Anal Orifice_**
**Rectal Prolapse**
386
When Treating **_Medial_ Collateral Ligament Carpal Injuries**, there is a Straight and _____ Component to the Collateral Ligament
**Oblique**
_**\***Medial Carpus- Straight and Oblique Ligament Components_
_Lateral Carpus- Only Straight Ligament Component_
387
Surgery Technique for **Septic Peritonitis** described Below:
**_Allows for Continuous Removal of Suppurative Material From Abdomen_**
_Consider in cases of Moderate to Severe Peritonitis_
**_Allows for Continued Evaluation of Fluid Character and Cytologic Changes_**
**Abdominal Drainage**
_**\***Continued Evaluation of Fluid Character: Are we seeing Less Cells? Are the Neutrophils Gradually looking Better? Is our fluid Volume Decreasing?_
388
Type of **Gastric Neoplasia** Described Below:
**_60-70% of all Gastric Neoplasia_**
_Average Age: **7-10 Years**_
_Common Locations: **Pyloric Antrum**, Lesser Curvature_
**_Highly Malignant and Likely to Metastasize_**- _Regional Lymph Nodes and Liver_
**Gastric Adenocarcinoma**
_**\***ALMOST ALWAYS Affects the **Pyloric Antrum**_
_\*Common Mestastasis Location: Liver, Regional LNs_
**_Prognosis: Mean Survival Time- 7-8 Months_**
389
_Postoperative Recommendations_ following **Femoral Head Ostectomy**
**Immediate Postop Limb Use Essential**
**Range of Motion and Physical Therapy Exercises Encouraged**
390
Treatment of Choice for **Uterine Torsion**
**Ovariohysterectomy**
391
How does the Stomach most Commonly Move with **Gastric Dilatation Volvulus**
**Clockwise Rotation** (180 Degrees)- MOST COMMON
_\*Greater Omentum covers Stomach_
_\*The Greater the Rotation, the More Severe the Clinical Signs_
392
Surgical Procedure recommended for **Feline Mammary Tumors**
**Chain Mastectomy on Affected Side**
_**\***In Cases of Feline Mammary Tumors we are will be Removing the Entire Mammary Chain every time_
393
Nongenetic Etiologies leading to \_\_\_\_\_\_:
**Smaller Pelvic Muscle Mass**- Higher Incidence
**Body Weight**- _Rapid Weight Gain Predisposes to Disease_
**High Calcium/Vitamin D Diets**
**Hip Dysplasia**
_**\***Pelvic Muscle Mass- Ex. Greyhounds have no Incidence of Hip Dysplasia and a large Pelvic Muscle Mass Relative to Bone Mass. German Shepards have Higher Incidence of Hip Dysplasia and Small Pelvic Muscle Mass_
394
Clinical Signs associated with _____ **Peritonitis:**
**Septic Peritonitis**
_**\***Any of these Signs, especially in Conjunction with Recent Abdominal Surgery or Abdominal Trauma shoud raise a Red Flag!!_
395
Prognosis for **Legg-Perthes Disease**
**Good**
_**\***Warn Owners of Risk for Contralateral Disease- Can be a Bilateral Disease_
396
Treatment for **Carpal Hyperextension** Described Below:
_Antebrachiocarpal Joint is Normal_
**_Middle and Carpometacarpal Joints are Fused using a T-Plate or Pins_**
_Function of Carpus is Almost Unaffected- Almost all motion at Antebrachiocarpal Joint_
**Partial Carpal Arthrodesis**
_**\***Injury is at the Level of either the Middle or Carpometacarpal Joints_
397
Three Joints that are at Risk for **Carpal Hyperextention**
**Antebrachiocarpal Joint-** Between Radius/Ulna and Proximal Row
**Middle Carpal Joint-** Between First and Second Row
**Carpometacarpal Joint-** Between Second Row and Metacarpal Bones
_\*Almost all Motion occurs at the Level of the Antebrachiocarpal Joint (Hinge Action)_
398
Major Limitation of **PennHIP** Method
**Estimate of Risk for Osteoarthritis ONLY**
\*NOT Clinical Signs
_\*Distraction Index determines the chance of the animal developing Osteoarthritis of the Hips. Has Nothing to do with Clinical Signs associated with Hip Dysplasia_
399
The _Cranial Drawer Test_ is Testing the **Cranial Cruciate Ligament** _____ (without any Effort from the Patient). The _Tibial Compression Test_ is testing the Cranial Cruciate \_\_\_\_\_, by Stimulating Weightbearing
**Passively**- Cranial Drawer Test
**Actively-** Tibial Compression Test
400
What is **Serosal Patching** and when is it used?
**Securing a Antimesenteric Border of Small Intestine Over a Suture Line or Defect**
**Indications:**
_When Omentum is Not Available_
**_Closure Integrity is Questionable_**
_Non Resectable Duodenal Defects_
401
Advantages of Suturing the **Stomach** using \_\_\_\_\_Patterns:
**Advantages:**
_Fibrin Seal that Aids in a Water-Tight Closure_
_Provides a Better/More Secure Closure_
_Water Tight Closure is MANDATORY_
**Inverting**
402
Surgical Procedure used for Treatment of **Fibroadenomatous Hyperplasia**
**Ovariohysterectomy (Spay)-** _Flank Approach Recommended_
403
Using the _PennHIP_ Method, The **Lower the Distraction Index**, the ____ Laxity
**Less**
_\*Lower Distraction Index is BETTER_
_**\***Distraction Index = Distance : Radius of Femoral Head_
404
Typical Radiographic Findings in Patients with **Hip Dysplasia**
**Subluxation- Increased Joint Space**
**Femoral Neck: _Thickening, Coxa Valga_**
**Femoral Head: _Flattening/Sclerosis_**
**Osteophytosis**
_**\***Poor Acetabular Coverage: Greater than 50% Coverage is Considered Normal_
405
Treatment for a **Caudoventral Coxofemoral Luxation**
**Reduce Hip-** _Closed Reduction usually Successful_
\*Reduction = Putting Femoral Head back into its socket
_Closed = Surgery Not Required vs. Open = Surgery Required_
406
_Ideal Distraction Index_ for Animals using the **PennHIP** Method
**LESS than 0.3**
_**\***Greater than 50% Acetabulum Coverage and a Distraction Index LESS than 0.3 is Considered Ideal for an Animal_
\*Every Animal with a Distraction Index less than 0.3 has below a 10% Chance of Developing Osteoarthritis
407
Physical Exam Findings associated with \_\_\_\_\_:
_Stance- Rear Base-Wide/**Forward Weight Shifting**_
**_Gait- "Hip Sway"_**
_Difficulty Rising/Sitting_
_Sits Frequently in Exam Room_
**_Muscle Atrophy- Quadriceps/Biceps_**
**Hip Dysplasia**
408
Treatment of **Osteochondrosis of Tarsus**
**Surgical Treatment - Fragment Excision/Debridement and Tarsocrural Arthrodesis** (Ideal in Young Dogs with No Osteoarthritis)
**Medical Therapy-** _Older Dogs, Established Osteoarthritis_
_\*Surgery Improves Function Somewhat but does not Eliminate Lameness. Surgery Does NOT prevent the development of Osteoarthritis_
409
True/False: Patients with **GDV**, should be taken to Surgery As soon as they are Cardiovascularly Stable
**True**
410
Biochemical Changes that would be Consistent with Diagnose of \_\_\_\_\_\_:
## Footnote
**_Hyperbilirubinemia_**
**_Hypoalbuminemia_**
**_Hyponatremia_**
**_Hyperkalemia_**
**_Hypoglycemia_**
**Septic Peritonitis**
411
Clinical Signs of what type of **Intestinal Foreign Bodies:**
_Vomiting, Anorexia, Depression_
_Pain on Abdominal Palpation_
**_Clumping and Pleating of Intestine_**
**Linear Foreign Body**
412
Preferred Test for Diagnosis of **Gastric Adenocarcinomas**
**Endoscopy**
\*Very Diagnostic
413
Holding Layer for Closing Incisions in the **Uterus**
**Submucosa**
414
Best Diagnostic Test for Diagnosing **Gastric Dilatation Volvulus**
**Right Lateral Radiograph**
415
What are the Various Techniques for Obtaining a **Liver Biopsy?** Which Techniques are the Best for Generalized vs. Multifocal vs. Focal Disease
**Guillotine Technique:**
_Lesions at **Periphery** of the Lobes_
**_Generalized Hepatic Disease_**
**Punch Biopsy:**
_Generalized Hepatic Disease- Multiple Biopsies Needed_
**_Superficial Lesions that are Centrally Located_**
**Laparoscopy:**
_Small Sample Sizes- Multiple Samples_
416
Four Treatment Options for **Acquired Pyloric Stenosis**
**Transverse Pyloroplasty-** ONLY Grade 1
**Y-U Pyloroplasty-** _Very Common_
**Billroth 1-** _Removing Entire Pylorus (Mainly Grade 3)_
**Biopsy**
417
Indications for which type of **Spenic Surgery:**
**_Focal Benign Disease Processes_**
**_Abscess_**
**_Laceration_**
_Partial Infarction_
_Biopsy_
**Partial Splenectomy**
**\***Not Performed Often: _Associated with Significantly Prolonged Surgery Time compared to Complete Splenectomy with Increased Risk of Complications_
418
In Cases of **Septic Peritonitis**, the Patients need Early Intervention with \_\_\_\_\_, considering High Metabolic Demands due to Massive Protein Losses (Hypoalbuminemic)
**Nutrition**
_**\***Septic Peritonitis- These Patients NEED Nutrition Early. We want to give them Nutrients as early as we Possibly Can_
419
Etiology of a Dog with \_\_\_\_\_\_:
**Metritis**
420
Name Five Biochemical Tests that can be Performed on the Peritoneal Fluid to Confirm a Diagnosis of **Septic Peritonitis**
**Lactate**
**Glucose**
**Bile**
**Creatinine**
**Potassium (K)**
_**\***These Tests can be Done on a Sample of Abdominal Effusion to Help Confirm Diagnosis of Septic Peritonitis_
421
Surgical Technique for **Gastric Dilatation Volvulus** Described Below:
**Incorporating Gastropexy**
_**\***NOT RECOMMENDED- Only used in Patients with CV Compromise who need abrupt discontinuation of Anesthesia_
422
True/False: In Cases of **Inflammatory Carcinomas** the Prognosis is Poor and Surgical Treatment is NOT usually Recommended
**True**
_**\***Mean Survival Time- 1 Month_
423
List Five Factors used to Access the Gastric Wall Viability in Patients with **Gastric Dilatation Volvulus**
**Peristalsis**
**Serosal Color-** _Black or Green is Bad_
**Palpate for Thinning/Friability**
**Pulsation of Vessels**
**Bleeding Cut Surfaces**
424
Which types of Antibiotics are NOT a good First Choice for Patients with **Septic Peritonitis**
**Fluoroquinolones**
425
Indications for which **Intestinal Surgery:**
**Resection and Anastomosis**
_**\***Removal of Affected Tissue_
**_\*Indicated in Neoplastic Disease, Foreign Body with Necrotic Intestine and Intussusceptions_**
426
Description of _____ **Coxofemoral Luxation**:
**Animal Falls or "Splits"**- Excessive Abduction of Limb
**Femoral Head Traped Ventral to Ischium**
**Caudoventral**
**\***Uncommon
427
Surgical Procedure for **Medial Patellar Luxations** Described Below:
**Trochleoplasties:**
_Deepen Femoral Trochlear Groove_
**Tibial Tuberosity Transposition (T3):**
_Realigns Quadriceps_
**Distal Femoral Osteotomy (DFO)**
_Especially in Large Breed Dogs_
_Grade IV Luxation_
**Bone Reconstruction**
_**\***99% of the Time only performing Trochleoplasties or Tibial Tuberosity Transposition_. DFO is only Performed in Very Severe Cases
**_Trochleoplasty- Deepens Trochlear Groove_**
**_Tibial Tuberosity Transposition- Realigns Quadriceps_**
428
Two Pathogenesis of _Laxity_ in Patients with **Hip Dysplasia**
**Capital Ligament Edema/Stretching**
**Increased Joint Fluid Volume**- _Decreases Stability_
429
In **Partial Calcanean Tendon Rupture**, the _____ is usually Preserved Leading to _Partial Hyperflexion_
**Superficial Digital Flexor**
\*_Partial Calcanean Rupture: Partially Dropped Hock and Flexed Digits due to Preserved SDF_
430
Four Surgical Techniques for Removal of **Canine Mammary Tumors**
**Lumpectomy**
**Simple Mastectomy**
**Regional Mastectomy**
**Chain Mastectomy**
431
Prognosis for **Medial Patellar Luxations** following Surgical Managment
**Grade I-III: Excellent Return to Function**
**Grade IV: Guarded to Poor, Recurrence Common**
432
Best Diagnostic Tool for Differentiating **Pancreatic Cysts vs. Pancreatic Abscesses**
**Cytology**
_**\***Abscess- Expect Neutrophilic Inflammation_
433
How is **Testicular Torsion** Diagnosed?
**Ultrasound and Palpation**
434
Most Common **Malignant Rectal Tumor** in the Dog and what Breed?
**Adenocarcinoma**
**German Shepherds**
435
How is **Ovarian Remnant Syndrome** Diagnosed in _Dogs_?
**Vaginal Cytology**
436
Clinical Signs and Physical Exam Findings of \_\_\_\_\_:
**_Dystechezia- Trouble Defecating_**
_Palpation Reveals a Symmetrically Enlarged, Pain Free Prostate_
**Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia**
437
Diagnosis based on Radiograph
**Osteochondrosis of Medial Talus**
438
\_\_\_\_\_Test used in Patients with **Hip Dysplasia** to _Detect Laxity_:
_Requires Sedation_
_Hand Position: Stifle, Dorsal to Pelvis_
**_Push Stifle Proximally to Subluxate Femoral Head_**
_Slowly Abduct Stifle_
**_Palpable/Audible Clunk = Positive Test_**
**Ortolani Test**
_\*Ortolani Test- Testing for Laxity in Patients with Hip Dysplasia_
439
Clinical Signs of which **Large Intestinal Disease:**
**Cecal Inversion**
440
_Salvage Procedure_ used in the Treatment of **Hip Dysplasia** Described Below:
**_Degenerative Joint Replaced with Prostheses_**
_Skeletal Maturity- Adequate Bone Stock_
**_Ideal Treatment for Large, Active Dogs_**
**Total Hip Replacement**
_**\***Removing Acetabulum and Femoral Head and replacing them with Artificial Pieces_
441
List the Five Criteria used to Assess the Viability of the **Intestine** and name the Most Reliable Physical Criterion
**Peristalsis Pinch Test-** _Most Reliable Physical Criterion!_
**Color** (Black = Dead)
**Pulsation of Mesenteric Vessels**
**Bleeding of Cut Surface**
**Wall Texture/Thickness**
_**\***Peristalsis Pinch Test- Pinch the Intestine and it will Stimulate Intestinal Contraction_
442
**Incomplete Formation of the Penile Urethra**, that is the Most common Developmental Anomaly of the External Male Genitalia
**Hypospadias**
443
Indications for which Surgical Procedure:
**Typhlectomy**
_**\***Removal of Portion/All of Cecum_
444
Goals of Surgical Managment of \_\_\_\_\_\_:
**_Stabalize Joint_**
_Explore the Joint- **Debride Remnants of the Cruciate**_
**_Evaluate/Treat Meniscus_**
**Cruciate Ligament Disease**
**\***_Direct Examination of the Meniscus is the only way to tell for sure whether it is Injured or not- If Injured it is IMPERATIVE that the Meniscus be Treated_
445
Name the Palliative Treatments available for **Prostatic Neoplasia**
**Tube Cystotomy or Urethral Stent**
446
Maneuvers Required Following _Closed Reduction_ of **Craniodorsal Coxofemoral Luxation**
**Put Joint Through Range of Motion to Clear Debris**
**Test Stability-** _If Unstable, Perform Open Reduction_
**Ehmer Sling 4-14 Days**
_**\***Ehmer Sling was CONTRAINDICATED Post-Reduction for Caudoventral Luxations_
447
What are the Risk Factors for _Dehiscence_ in **Intestinal Surgery**
**Technical/Surgical Errors**- MAIN CAUSE
**Multiple Intestinal Procedures**
**Pre-Existing Peritonitis**
**Lack of Omentum**
_**\***Poor Surgical Technique- Main cause of Dehiscence_
448
True/False: **Neoplastic Testicles** are Never Functional
**False**
**_\*Neoplastic Testicles may be Functional_**
_\*Ex. Sertoli Cell Tumors can Produce Estrogen_
449
Treatment for **Carpal Hyperextension** Described Below:
**_Antebrachiocarpal Joint is Abnormal_**
**_All 3 Carpal Joints are Fused_**
_Dynamic Compression Plate (DCP) Applied_
**Pancarpal Arthrodesis**
_**\***Injury at the Level of the Antebrachiocarpal Joint_
450
Prognosis for **Feline Mammary Tumors**
**Tumors \< 2cm: Mean Survival Time is 3 Years**
**Tumors \> 3cm: Mean Survival Time is 6 Months**
451
Treatment for **Calcanean Tendon Rupture**
**Surgically Debride Tendon Ends**
**Primary Tendon Repair: 3-Loop Pulley**
**Immobilize Tarsus in Extension- Large Lag Screw**
_**\***Always want to use Monofilament Nonabsorbable suture_
452
Indications for _____ in Cases of **Recessed Vulva**:
**_Recurrent UTI_**
**_Siginificant Skin Fold Dermatitis_**
_Urine Pooling/Leakage_
**Surgery**
453
Medical Managment for ____ **Pyometra** is CONTRAINDICATED because _Prostaglandin can Predispose the Uterus to Rupture_
**Closed**
454
Three Main Complications of **Anal Sac Surgery**
**Infection**
**Draining Tracts**
**Fecal Incontinence**
455
When Performing Surgery anywhere in the **Gastrointestinal Tract**, the ______ is the Holding Layer that Must be engaged with Suture to help Minimize the chance of Dehisence
**Submucosa**
456
Review Card: **Blood Flow to Stomach**
_Right and Left Gastric Arteries: Supply the Lesser Curvature_
_Right and Left Gastroepiploic Arteries: Supply the Greater Curvature_
457
True/False: Treatment of **Metritis** with _Ovariohysterectomy_ does NOT affect Milk Production
**True**
**\***Spaying the Dog has no affect on Milk Production
458
You can Differentiate **Prostatitis** from other Prostatic Diseases based on \_\_\_\_and Palpation Findings
**Ultrasound**
459
Disadvantages of _Ileocolostomy and Coloncolostomy_ when Performing **Subtotal Colectomy**
**Ileocolostomy: _Increased Incidence of Severe Diarrhea_**
**Colocolostomy: _Tension Free Apposition more Difficult_**
_\*Colocolostomy- Remove Entire Colon and Reattach it. **More Perferred because we leave the Ileocolic Valve Intact**_
_Ileocolostomy- Remove more of the Colon including Ileocolic Valve_
460
The **Cruciate Ligaments** have a Thin Lining of _____ over them
**Synovium**
_**\***Cruciate Ligaments are Described as Intra-articular but Extrasynovial- The Ligaments lie Inside the Joint Capsule but are Actually outside the Synovial Lining of the Joint_
461
Describe **Omenatlization** of the Prostate
**Bringing Omentum Into or Through Abscess Cavity**
_**\***Omentalization is Consistently Successful_
462
Abnormal Development of the **Coxofemoral Joint** resulting in _Hip Laxity._ Laxity Results in Remodeling and Remodeling Results in Degeneration
**Hip Dysplasia**
_**\***Abnormal Development of the Hip Joint_
_\*Laxity is the Major Inciting Event_
463
Which **Meniscus** is most commonly Damaged?
**Medial**
_**\***Commonly the Caudal Pole of the Medial Meniscus_
464
Give the Definition of **Incisional Biopsies** and **Excisional Biopsies**
**Incisional Biopsy- Removing a Piece from the Mass**
**Excisional Biopsy- Removing the Entire Visible Mass**
_**\***Excisional Biopsies are Only Performed for very small masses where Definitive Removal can be Guaranteed_
465
List Four Post Operative _Complications_ associated with **Splenectomy**
**Hemorrhage**
**Vascular Compromise of the Pancreas**
**Ventricular Arrhythmias-** MOST COMMON
**Disseminated Intravascular Coagulopathy (DIC)**
466
Description and Indications for which Surgical Technique used for **Canine Mammary Tumors:**
**_Removal of Single, Entire Mammary Gland_**
**_Single Mass \> 1cm_**
_Mass Located within Gland_
_Ensure 2-3cm Margin around Mass_
**Simple Mastectomy**
467
What Information is Important to Receive on _Histopathology_ to Help Further Guide Treatment and Provide Prognosis in **Oncologic Cases**
**Benign vs. Malignant**
**Histologic Type**
**Grade**
**Margins**
468
Which Hormone Induces **Fibroadenomatous Hyperplasia** in Cats?
**Progesterone**
469
Three Most Common _Open Reduction_ Procedures for Correcting **Coxofemoral Luxation**
**Capsulorraphy**
**Prosthetic Capsule**
**Toggle Pin/Rod**
470
Typical Presenting Signalment for \_\_\_\_\_:
**_Large Breed Dogs_**
_Equal Sex Distribution (M:F)_
_Classic **Biphasic Presentation**_
**_Young Dogs: Laxity_**
_**Mature Dogs:** Degenerative Changes/**Osteoarthritis**_
**Hip Dysplasia**
471
List the Recommended Treatment and Associated Prognosis for the common **Pancreatic Neoplasias**
**Exocrine Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma:**
_Extremely Poor Prognosis- No Treatment_
**Insulinoma:**
_Medical Managment: Small Frequent Meals, Streptozocin_
_Surgical Managment: Surgical Resection of All Abnormal Tissue_
_Prognosis: Good_
472
_Anatomic Indications_ for **Episiotomy Approach**
**Vestibular and Vaginal Lesions**
473
Clinical Signs associated with \_\_\_\_\_\_:
**_Skin Fold Dermatitis or Vaginitis_**
_Urine Pooling- Recurrent UTI_
**Recessed Vulva**
_\*Skin Fold can cause Retention of Urine leading to Vaginitis_
474
Single Most Important Element in the Treatment of **Hip Dysplasia**
**Weight Managment**
(Frog Fact)
_\*Diet Composition and Weight Managment are Highly Significant in the Medical Managment of Hip Dysplasia_
475
Clinical Signs of which Condition leading to _Gastric Outflow Obstruction_ described Below:
**_Intermittent Vomiting_**
**_Dietary Modification Alters Signs_**
_Normal to Decreased Body Condition_
**_Abdominal Distension but No Pain_**
**Congenital Pyloric Stenosis**
476
Prognosis when using _Corrective Surgery f_or **Hip Dysplasia**
**Juvenile Pubic Symphiodesis:**
_Benefit UNLIKELY after 20 Weeks of Age_
_Reduces Incidence of Osteoarthritis_
_Less Effective for Severe Laxity (High DI)_
**Triple Pelvic Osteotomy:**
_Long Term Function Good to Excellent_
_DJD usually continues to Progress_
477
Two Components Necessary for **Reconstruction of Prepuce**
**Epithelial Surface**
**Mucosal Surface**
478
Common Signalment and Etiology of Which **Intestinal Disease:**
Signalment: **_Male German Shepherd Dogs!!_**
_Etiology: Unknown but Probably Inflammatory_
**Mesenteric Torsion**
_**\***Intestinal Twisting on Mesenteric Axis that causes Devitalization of all of the Intestines_
479
Best Diagnostic Modality for **Gastric Foriegn Bodies**
**Radiographs**
480
Normal Finding in Puppies _Under the Age of 6 Months:_
**_4-5mm Drawer/Tibial Thurst_**
**_Abrupt Limit_**
_No Joint Effusion_
**_Normal Finding in Puppies \< 6 Months Old_**
**Puppy Drawer**
_Puppy Drawer- Very Young Dogs (\< 6 Months) sometimes will have a Little Instability in their Joints as a Normal Finding_
_\*After Age of 6 Months, Significant Puppy Drawer becomes much Less Likely_
481
Criteria for Diagnosing \_\_\_\_\_:
_Prolonged Gestation ( \> 68 Days)_
_Signs of Toxemia During Gestation_
_Stage 1 lasting \> 24 Hours_
_No Puppies \> 36 Hours after Temperature Drop_
**_Active Stage 2 Contraction for \> 30 Minutes_**
_\> 4 Hours between Puppies_
**Dystocia**
482
_Two Specific Complications_ associated with **Osteotomy Procedures (TPLO, TTA)** used in the Treatment of Cruciate Ligament Disease
**Iatrogenic Angular Limb Deformity- TPLO**
**Iatrogenic Patellar Luxation- TTA**
483
**_Match the Following Congenital Abormalities:_**
Atresia Ani
Rectovaginal Fistula
Anogenital Cleft
_1. Stenosis or Persistent Membrane of Anus or Rectum_
_2. Passage of Urine through Rectum or Feces through Vulva_
_3. Common Opening for Anus and Genital Tract Cloaca_
**1. Atresia Ani** (Most Common)
**2. Rectovaginal Fistula**
**3. Anogenital Cleft**
_**\***All Conditions carry Guarded to Poor Prognosis_
484
_Open Reduction_ Procedure for Correcting **Coxofemoral Luxation** Described Below:
_Dill Hole Transversely across Femoral Neck_
_Bone Screws and Washers Placed in Dorsal Acetabulum_
_**Nonabsorbable, Large Diameter Suture Through Femoral Bone Tunnel and Around Screws in** **Figure 8 Pattern**_
**Prosthetic Capsule**
485
Complication of **Intestinal Surgery** Described Below:
_Malabsorption and Malnutrition that **occurs after Extensive Intestinal Resection**_
_Pathophysiology: Decreased Mucosal Surface Area, Decreased Intestinal Transit Time_
_Clinical Signs: **Persistent Watery Diarrhea and Weight Loss**_
**Short Bowel Syndrome**
486
**Palmar Ligament** Described Below:
_Extends from the Distal Aspect of the Proximal Carpal Bones (Radial, Ulnar) to the Proximal Aspect of the Metacarpals_
**Palmar Fibrocartilage**
**\***One Wide Ligament that sits on Palmar aspect of the Joint and keeps everything Stable
**\*_Carpal Hyperextension Injuries = Breakdown of the Palmar Fibrocartilage_**
487
Common _Clinical Signs_ of Which I**ntestinal Disease:**
**_Abdominal Distension_**
**_Hematochezia_**
**_Collapse and Death_**
**Mesenteric Torsion**
_**\***Have to Intervene Immediately or else these Patients will Die_
488
List the _Three Approaches_ to **Surgical** **Removal of a Mass** and when Each is Indicated
**Marginal:**
**_Indicated: Lipomas and Benign Masses_**
**Wide:**
_Removal of 2-3 cm Normal Tissue Laterally around the Mass and 1 Fascial Plane Deep_
**_Indicated: Mast Cell Tumors, Sarcomas_**
**Radical:**
_Removal of Entire Compartment- Ex. Amputation_
489
Risk Factors for Developing \_\_\_\_\_:
**_Large/Giant Breed Dogs!!! (Ex. Great Dane, St. Bernard)_**
**_Deep Chested Dogs_**
_**First Degree Relative** -If Parent had it, more Likely in Offspring_
_Faster Eating_ (Consuming more Air)
_Larger Volumes of Food Daily_
**Gastric Dilatation Volvulus**
490
**Coaptation** Applied for Post Op Managment of _Caudoventral versus. Craniodorsal Coxofemoral Luxations_
**Craniodorsal Luxation- Ehmer Sling**
**Caudoventral- Hobbles**
_\*Ehmers Sling is Contraindicated in Caudoventral Luxations_
491
_Surgical Procedures_ Recommended for Treatment of **Non-Metastasized Testicular Tumors**
**Bilateral Castration with Scrotal Ablation**
_**\***If No Metastasis, Surgery can be Curative- Great Prognosis_
492
True/False: There is NO Relationship between Age at Ovariohysterectomy and Development of **Recessed Vulva**
**True**
493
Indications and Pros and Cons for which type of **Biopsy**:
**Pros:**
_Removes Tumor Along with Surrounding Normal Tissue_
**_Allows Removal of Smaller, Non Invasive Masses in Single Procedure_**
**Indications:**
_Treatment would not be Altered by Tumor Type_
_Re-Excision Possible without Great Morbidity_
**Excisional Biopsy**
494
Surgical Technique Described Below:
_**Used for Most Scrotal or Testicular Disease**: Neoplasia, Torsion_
**_Paired Incisions at Base of Scrotum_**
**Scrotal Ablation**
_**\***Scrotal Ablation Requires Castration_
495
\_\_\_\_\_\_ Improves the Outcome with the **Extracapsular Procedures (Lateral Suture, Tightrope).** If you are Performing either the Lateral Suture or the Tightrope, you should be offering _____ as well.
**Physical Therapy**
496
Clinical Signs of \_\_\_\_\_:
**_Dyschezia_**
**_Pain on Urination/Defecation_**
**_Purulent Penile Discharge_**
_Signs of Illness- Anorexia, Lethargy, Fever_
**Prostatitis**
497
True/False: Both Genetic (Polygenic) and Non Genetic (Environmental) Factors are Necessary for an Animal to develop **Hip Dysplasia**
**True**
_**\***Animal will NOT develop Hip Dysplasia unless you have both of these factors- Genetic and Environmental_
\*Ex. Labrador that does NOT have Genetic Background to develop Hip Dysplasia. Labrador is overfed and exposed to other Environmental Etiologies for Hip Dysplasia. Labrador will still NOT develop Hip Dysplasia
498
Treatment for **Splenic Neoplasia**
**Complete Splenectomy**
_\*Remove Entire Spleen and explore Abdomen for Evidence of Metastasis_
499
Know the Difference between **Pancreatic Cysts** and **Pancreatic Abscesses**
**Pancreatic Cysts:**
_Collection of Pancreatic Secretions and Debris in a Non Epithelialized Sac_
_Middle Aged-Older Animals_
**Pancreatic Abscesses**
_Occurs as Sequela to Pancreatitis_
500
Clinical Signs of \_\_\_\_\_\_:
**_Recurrence of Estrus Cycle_**
**_Vulvar Swelling_**
_Behavioral Estrus_
**Ovarian Remnant Syndrome**
_**\***Surgical Error left behind Functional Ovarian Tissue and therefore you will see clinical Signs related to Estrus Cycle_
**_\*Commonly during Estrus the Animal will develop Vaginal Bleeding. However, in Cases of Ovarian Remnant Syndrome since the Lining of the Uterus has been Removed, Vaginal Bleeding is UNCOMMON_**
501
Clinical Signs compatible with \_\_\_\_\_:
**Prostatic Neoplasia**
502
Surgical Procedure Typically used for a Case of **Metritis**
**Ovariohysterectomy**
503
Indications for _____ Managment of **Medial Patellar Luxations:**
_**Significant Lameness Regardless of Grade**- Episodes Lasting 2-3 Weeks or Longer_
_**Higher Grade (III and IV**) Medial Patellar Luxations_
_Larger Breed Dogs_
**Surgical**
504
Typical _Signalment_ associated with Which Prostatic Disease:
## Footnote
**_Older, Intact Male Dogs_**
**Prostatic Cysts**
505
Roughly \_\_\_\_\_% of dogs that blow one Cranial Cruciate Ligament as a Result of **_Chronic_ Cranial Cruciate Ligament Disease**, will blow the other within 1-2 years
**50%**
506
Signalment and Etiology of which **Anal Disease:**
**_Middle Aged German Shepherds_**
**_Chronic Suppurative Ulcerative Tracts_**
**Perianal Fistula**
507
**Hip Disease** Described Below:
**_Ischemia to Femoral Head Causing Necrosis_**
_Fragmentation of Femoral Articular Surface_
_Malunion of Fractured Femoral Head_
_Degenerative Joint Disease results from Incongruent Joint_
**Legg-Perthes Disease**
508
In Cases of **Feline Mammary Tumors,** Surgery is Recommended if no \_\_\_\_\_.
**Metastasis**
509
How is **Intussusception** Managed?
**Surgical Management:**
_Healthy Tissue: Attempt Manual Reduction_
_Necrotic Tissue: Peform Resection and Anastomosis_
510
_Stabilization Technique_ for **Cruciate Ligament Disease** Described Below:
_Radial Cut made in Proximal Tibia_
**_Rotate Proximal Tibial Fragment_**
**TPLO**
511
Prognosis for a **Benign Mammary Mass**
**Good with Complete Resection**
512
Signalment associated with \_\_\_\_\_\_:
**_Cats and Small/Toy Breed Dogs_**
_Skeletally Immature (4-11 Months Old)_
_Breed Predisposition- Miniature Poodle, Westie_
**Legg-Perthes Disease**
513
Short Term and Long Term Sequelae of \_\_\_\_\_:
**Portal Hypertension**
514
Five Surgical Approaches to **Rectal Tumors**
**Transanal-** _Small, Non Invasive Pedunculated Polyps_
**Dorsal-** Tumors in the Mid-Rectum
**Rectal Pull Through**
**Lateral- _Used for Rectal Diverticulum or Laceration_**
**Ventral-** _Lesions at Colorectal Junction_
515
Treatment for **Ovarian Remnant Syndrome**
**Surgical Removal of Remnant**
516
Similarities and Differences between the Treatments for **Pancreatic Cysts vs. Pancreatic Abscesses**
**Pancreatic Cysts:**
_Ultrasound Guided Percutaneous Aspiration_
_Surgical Resection_
**_Debridement and Drainage (Omentalization)_**
_Prognosis: 75% Success Regardless of Treatment_
**Pancreatic Abscesses:**
_Emergency **Debridement and Omentalization**_
**_Prognosis: 50-86% Mortality Rate_**
517
_Two Surgical Procedures_ Required in Patients with Grade III or IV **Medial Patellar Luxations**
**Soft Tissue Reconstruction**
**Bone Reconstruction**
518
True/False: In Cases of **Septic Perititonitis**, No Treatment will be Effective without SURGERY
**True**
_**\***These patients will NOT get better without Surgery_
519
Differentiate _Aseptic versus Septic_ **Peritonitis**
**Aseptic Peritonitis: _Absence of Infectious Organisms within Peritoneal Fluid_**
**Septic Peritonitis: _Presence of Infectious Organisms within Peritoneal Fluid_**
520
True/False: **Uterine Torsion** is Considered an Emergency
**True**
_**\***Uterine Torsion is considered a Surgical Emergency_
521
**Surgery** is the Most Important Component of Treatment for Small Animals with _____ Tumors
**SOLID**
_**\***We only do surgery to treat cancer when it is a Solid Tumor_
522
Prognosis for Dogs and Puppies undergoing Surgery for **Dystocia**
**Dogs: 99% Survival**
**Puppies: 87% Survival**
523
Surgical Procedure Indicated for _Tumors_ of the **Penis**
**Penile Amputation**
_**\***Indicated in most Cases of Trauma or Neoplasia of the Penis_
524
Approximating Suture Pattern that is used when Performing **Intestinal Anastamosis** that Creates a Stronger Closure
**Modified Gambee**
525
**Ovarian** ____ may be _Functional or Nonfunctional_, on the Basis of whether they are Producing Hormones or Not
**Cysts**
**_\*Nonfunctional Ovarian Cysts: Incidental Findings_**
**_Functional Ovarian Cysts: Estrus-Producing_**
526
Signalment and Pathology of which Large Intestinal Condition:
**_Predisposed Breed: Manx Cat (5-7 y.o)_**
**Megacolon**
527
Clinical Signs of a Dog with \_\_\_\_\_\_:
_**Occurs POSTPARTUM** (12 Hours - 1 Week after Giving Birth)_
**_Signs of Systemic Illness- Fever, Anorexia_**
**_Foul-Smelling Reddish-Brown Vaginal Discharge_**
**Metritis**
_**\***Major Differentiator- Metritis occurs after the Dog has Given Birth (About 1 Week Post Partum)_
528
True/False: In Patients with **Coxofemoral Luxation**, _Radiographs_ are ESSENTIAL before Reduction to rule out Fractures
**True**
529
Signalment of which **Mammary Disease:**
**_Young (\< 2 year Old) Cats_**
_Progesterone Dependent_
**Fibroadenomatous Hyperplasia** (Benign)
530
Whenever we Perform **Intestinal Surgery** we always perform a Procedure called ______ described Below:
_Omentum from the Abdomen is wrapped around the Surgical Site and Sutured in Place_
**_Omentum helps to Promote Blood Supply to the Surgical Site to Promote Healing_**
**Omentalization**
_**\***If you don't have Perfect Closure/Compromise in Closure of the Intestine, the Omentum acts like Glue and Helps to seal the Surgical Site_
531
Most Common Malignant Tumor of the **Anal Sacs**
**Apocrine Gland Adenocarcinoma**
_\*Highly Malignant_
532
Treatment for **Pythiosis**
**Surgical Excision: 3-4cm Borders**
**Medical Treatment: Itraconazole**
**Pythium Insidiosium Vaccine**
_**\***Monitor for Recurrence within 2-3 Months_
533
_Granulosa Cell Tumor_ **Ovarian Neoplasias** are commonly Functional and Producing Estrogen, Progesterone or Both. If the Granulosa cell Tumor is Producing _Persistent Progesterone_, the Patient is Predisposed to \_\_\_\_\_\_
**Pyometra**
_**\***If the Animal has an Ovarian Tumor or Cyst that is Producing just PROGESTERONE, the animal is likely to Develop Pyometra_
534
Surgical Procedures used for Patients with **Hip Dysplasia** Described Below:
**_Preserves Function_**
_Generally Reserved for when Medical Treatment Fails_
**Salvage Procedures**
_**\***Skeleton is Matured- Aimed at Preserving Function_
535
As soon as you have a Diagnosis of **Septic Peritonitis**, you should begin Administering \_\_\_\_\_\_
**Antibiotics-** _Broad Spectrum, Bactericidal_
_Best Options: **Cephalosporins** or Penicillin_
_**\***Early Treatment is associated with Improved Prognosis- The sooner you start Antibiotics, the better the Prognosis_
536
Surgical Procedure used in the Treatment of **Acquired Pyloric Stenosis** Described Below:
**_Indication: Severe Outflow Obstruction with Grade 3 Pathology_**
_Excise Pylorus_
**_End-End Anastomosis_**
**Advantages:**
**_Abnormal Tissue Completely Removed_**
_Larger Increase in Gastric Outflow_
**Disadvantages:**
**_Longer Procedure- Increased Risk of Leakage and Infection_**
**Billroth 1**
_\*AKA Pylorectomy with Gastroduedenostomy_
_\*Essentially resecting Entire pylorus_
537
\_\_\_% Chance of _Medical Managment_ preserving the _Fertility_ in Animals with **Pyometra**
**50%**
538
True/False: **Cryptorchidism** is Genetically Transmitted
**True**
539
**Rotation of Uterine Horn on Long Axis** that is Most commonly associated with Dystocia
**Uterine Torsion**
**\***_Commonly Results from DYSTOCIA- Obstructed Labor_
540
Two Forms of **Vestibulovaginal Stenosis**
**Septal Lesion**
**Annular Fibrotic Stenosis**
541
Description of _____ **Coxofemoral Luxation**:
**_Most Common (\>90%)_**
_Pull of Gluteal Muscles_
**_Greater Trochanter Displaced Dorsally_**
**Craniodorsal Luxation**
542
Main Complications that can Occur after **Intestinal Surgery?**
**Septic Peritonitis**
**Adhesions**
**Dehiscence**
**Intestinal Ileus**
**Short Bowel Syndrome**
543
True/False: The Likelihood of _Metastatic Disease_ with **Ovarian Neoplasia** is Uncommon
**True**
544
Pathology of which Condition leading to _Gastric Outflow Obstruction_ described Below:
**_Chronic Hypertrophic Pyloric Gastropathy_**
**_Mucosal AND Muscular Hypertrophy_**
_Small Breeds: Lhaso Apso, Shih Tzu_
_Middle Aged Dogs_
**Acquired Pyloric Stenosis**
_***\***Congenital Pyloric Stenosis- ONLY Muscular Hypertrophy*_
*_Acquired Pyloric Stenosis- Mucosal AND Muscular Hypertrophy_*
545
Prognosis for _Closed versus Open_ Reduction of **Coxofemoral Luxations**
**Closed Reduction Prognosis:**
_50% Success (50% Recurrence)_
_Higher Success if More Recent Injury (\< 24 Hours)_
**Open Reduction Prognosis:**
_80-90% Success_
_Good to Excellent Limb Function_
546
Most Common Etiology for **Coxofemoral Luxation**
**Trauma (Ex. Hit by Car)**
_**\***Treat Life-Threatening Injuries FIRST_
547
Common Causes of \_\_\_\_\_\_:
**Gastric Outflow Obstruction**
548
True/False: _**Chronic Cranial Cruciate Disease** is more Common than Acute Cranial Cruciate Rupture_
**True**
549
Treatment for **Cecal Inversion**
**Surgical Treatment- Manual Reduction and _Typhylectomy_**
550
Signalment and Pathophysiology of what type of **Intestinal Foreign Bodies:**
_More Common in **CATS**_
_Foreign Body anchors around Base of Tongue or Pylorus_
**_Peristalsis Carries FB down GIT to Form Accordian Like Pleats_**
**_Foreign Body Embeds in Mesenteric Border and can Perforate Intestines_**
**Linear Foreign Bodies**
_**\***Ex. Thread, Nylon Stocking, Rope, String_
551
Etiology of which **Large Intestinal Disease:**
**_Usually Idiopathic (62%)_**
_Pelvic Obstruction (23%)_
_Neurologic (6%)_
**Megacolon**
_**\***Accumulation of Dried Fecal Material in the Colon associated with Chronic Constipation_
**_Fecal Material Retained in Colon becoems Dehydrated and Solidifies_**
_\*Most Common in CATS_
552
In _Felines_, 75% of **Spenic Diseases** are \_\_\_\_\_
**Malignant**
553
Various Cytologic changes you would see in a Sample of \_\_\_\_\_Effusion:
## Footnote
**_Intracellular Bacteria within Hypersegmented Vacuolated Neutrophils_**
**_Abdominal Effusion with Intracellular Bacteria and Toxic/Degenerative Neutrophils_**
**Septic Peritonitis**
554
True/False: When Treating **Splenic Torsions**, DO NOT Untorse the Spleen
**True**
555
_Multiple Tumors_ occur in \_\_\_\_% of **Canine Mammary Tumor** Cases
**\> 60%**
_**\***Multiple Tumors are Very Common_
556
Three Common Findings on _Right Lateral Radiographs_ in Patients with **Gastric Dilatation Volvulus**
**Gastric Dilatation**
**Malposition of Pylorus**
**Double Bubble**
557
Etiology/Pathogenesis of \_\_\_\_\_\_:
**_Medial Malalignment of Quadriceps_**
Results in:
_Medial Displacement of Tibial Tuberosity_
_Abnormal (Shallow) Trochlear Groove_
_Hypoplasia of Medial Condylar Ridge_
**Medial Patellar Luxation**
558
In _____ **Cranial Cruciate Disease**, at some point the Remaining Ligament finally gives out resulting in a severe Non-Weighbearing Lameness. For this Reason the Lameness may present as an Acute problem, however the Presence of Crepitus and Degenerative Joint Disease on Physical Exam proves the Problem has been going on for Some Time
**Chronic**
_**\***Can see Acute Signs of Rupture with Chronic Cruciate Disease_
559
Medical and Surgical Treatment for **Anal Saculitis**
**Medical:**
_Express Gland_
_Infuse Antibiotics and Steroids_
**Surgical:**
_Anal Sacculectomy_
_Indicated when Medical Managment Fails_
560
Describe _Open versus Closed_ **Pyometra**
**Open Pyometra: _Cervix is Open and Purulent Material is Draining_** _(You will see a Purulent Vaginal Discharge)_
**Closed Pyometra: _Cervic is Closed and Purulent Material is Not Draining Out_** _(Worse Prognosis)_
_\*Closed Pyometra results in Increased Severity in Systemic Signs_
561
Drug of choice to treat VPC's associated with **Gastric Dilatation Volvulus**
**Lidocaine**
562
Two Most Common _Salvage Procedures_ used in the Treatment of **Hip Dysplasia**
**Femoral Head Ostectomy (FHO)**
**Total Hip Replacement (THR)**
563
True/False: Life Threatening Injuries occuring with **Collateral Injury to the Carpus** should take Precedence over Treating the Trauma to the Joint
**True**
564
Prognosis for a Case of **Metritis** following _Ovariohysterectomy_
**Prognosis with Ovariohysterectomy is Good**
565
**_Distension of the Stomach and Rotation of the Stomach on its Mesenteric Axis_**
_Surgical Disease_
**Gastric Dilatation-Volvulus**
566
All **Carpal** Ligaments are _____ Ligaments:
_Connect to Adjacent Bones Only_
_Do Not Bridge more than One Joint_
**Short**
567
**Vaginal** _____ Tends to happen Secondary to Dystocia, Constipation, or Forced Separation
**Prolapse**
_**\***How to Differentiate Vaginal Prolapse from Vaginal Edema: With Vaginal Prolapse the entire Vagina will be Prolapsed leading to "Donut Shaped" Ring of Tissue_
568
\_\_\_\_ is used in **Cancer Managment** by:
**_Obtaining a Diagnosis via BIOPSY_**
_Curative/Long Term Tumor Control_
**_Palliation of Clinical Signs_**
_Debulking Surgery prior to Adjunctive Therapy_
**_Prevention/Reduction of Risk of Recurrence_**
**Surgery**
**\***Palliation of Clinical Signs- Ex. Dog with Osterosarcoma and we Amputate the Limb
