Exam 2

Question 1

Red Queen hypothesis postulates that sexually reproduction is favors in sexual selection reproducing organisms owing to their interaction with _____.

Answer 1

parasites

Question 2

What is the lack clutch size?

Answer 2

clutch size that maximizes the number of offspring that a parent can rear to maturity, given the tradeoff between investment per offspring vs. number of offspring.

Question 3

Within a given lineage of animals, an average individual of a species within an r-selected life-history strategy is likely to have ____ surface-to volume ratio relative to an average individual of a species with a k-selected life history strategy.

Answer 3

larger

Question 4

Ruderals- small body size, quick maturity, …

Answer 4

…produce good dispersal characteristics.

Question 5

R-selected- small size surface to volume ration is ____.

Answer 5

large

Question 6

How questions are _____ and why questions are ______ in behavioral ecology.

Answer 6

proximate. ultimate.

Question 7

Optimal foraging theory:

Answer 7

net energy = energy -energy invested

Question 8

what is polygyny?

Answer 8

many women

Question 9

polyandry?

Answer 9

more competition amongst female, more choosiness among males.

Question 10

When the marginal value theorem is applied to profitability of foraging patches, we could use ______ to specifically represent habitats that differ in quality

Answer 10

a. Cumulative energy gain curves that differ in the diminishing returns
* Change in cumulative energy gain curve gives you differ in quality.

Question 11

Within haplodiploid organisms ____ are haploid, ____ are diploid.

Answer 11

males, females

Question 12

Deborah Rabirowits created a general classification with __ classes.

Answer 12

7

Question 13

Ramets: ____

Answer 13

cloney prograted plants from the leaves or branches.

Question 14

Which are the correct equality or inequality symbols for the Index of Dispersion for the following patterns.

Regular ___

Clumped ___
*high variance

Over-dispersal ___
*about the same # for sample, low variance

Answer 14

random D = 1
*high variance

clumped D > 1

Over-dispersal D

Question 15

Mark-recapture study

Answer 15

M1/N=R/M2

Question 16

If a species has a clumped pattern of dispersion at one particular special scale. It necessarily will have a clumped pattern of dispersal at all smaller special scales.

Answer 16

false

Question 17

Population diversity is the number of ____ per unit of ____.

Answer 17

individuals, area

Question 18

Value per capita rate of increase (lambda) individual not growing is ___.

Answer 18

1

Question 19

The value of the intrinsic rate of increase (R) 1,000 individuals is not growing at ____.

Answer 19

0

Question 20

Survival rate of cohort individual from year 0 to 1 is 0.6 then survivorship at year 1 is ____.

Answer 20

0.6

Question 21

Survivorship:

Answer 21

at a particular age, what % made it

Question 22

Probability of surviving from age x to age x+1 is age-specific…

Answer 22

survival rate

Question 23

Density dependence:

Answer 23

regulate a population

Question 24

______ (size and stage populations) could not easily determine individual’s age but could easily measure individual’s size.

Answer 24

Letkovich Matrix Model

Question 25

Damped Oscillation (picture)

Answer 25

levels off

Question 26

Regular Cycles (picture)...

Answer 26

continuous oscillations

Question 27

The intrinsic rate of increase (r) is a good proxy for _____.

Answer 27

fitness

Question 28

Which two of the B.I.D.E processes are the least likely to take place in a sink population?

Answer 28

Birth and emigration.

Question 29

______ stochasticity- two coin flips per individual. | *applied at random then it’s demographic

Answer 29

demographic

Question 30

what is the mainland to island model?

Answer 30

one large area, the small islands around it

Question 31

what is the value for commensalism for pairwise interactions

Answer 31

+/0

Question 32

Both inter-specific and intra-specific can occur in a ____.

Answer 32

population

Question 33

species coexistence

Answer 33

Intraspecific competition is stronger than interspecific competition for both species

Question 34

T or F. According to the Lotka-Volterra competition model, competitive exclusion only occurs when the two species’ isoclines do not cross in state space.

Answer 34

false *whether they cross or not isn’t a determinant on whether they have competitive exclusion.

Question 35

Prey Switching-

Answer 35

predators switch prey

Question 36

exploitation competition

Answer 36

Just sharing resources, not interacting

Question 37

T or F. Organism feeds exclusively on plants fluid is a herbivore

Answer 37

True

Question 38

Apparent competition-

Answer 38

Results from antagonistic interactions such as predation or herbivore

Question 39

curve to asymptote (level off) predator satiation.

Answer 39

Type II functional responses

Question 40

Huffaker experiment- refuges give ___ advantage.

Answer 40

prey

Question 41

endoparasites

Answer 41

Parasites live inside host-

Question 42

Which one of the following general life-history strategies from Grime’s Triangle would be expected to have the best dispersal characteristics?

Answer 42

ruderal

Question 43

Discriminating (choosy) females and highly competitive males would be most likely in a species with a ______ mating system, whereas discriminating males (choosy) and highly competitive females would be most likely in a species with a _____ mating system.

Answer 43

polygynous, polyandrous

Question 44

A particular behavior has a cost of 6 units of fitness to an individual, but benefits her sisters fitness by 10 units (in a sexually reproducing, diploid organism).  According to Hamilton’s Rule, should the individual engage in the behavior?

Answer 44

No (1/2)(10) > (6)

Question 45

T or F. According to the competition model, competitive exclusion only occurs when the two species’ isoclines do not cross in state space

Answer 45

false

Question 46

As presented in class, in the competition model, alpha and beta represent...

Answer 46

the per capita influence of one species on the other

Question 47

T or F. A predator species that attacks a species of prey such that each individual of the prey species has a greater probability of being killed by the predator when the prey species is at low density and has a lower probability of being killed by the predator when the prey species is at high density could produce a logistic trajectory

Answer 47

false

Question 48

What is a common reason for a Type II Functional Response curve to asymptote?

Answer 48

predator satiation increases

Question 49

what does K-selected mean?

Answer 49

stable

Question 50

what does R-selected mean?

Answer 50

disturbances

Question 51

kin selection does what to an organism?

Answer 51

exposes the selfish nature of altruism

Question 52

K types follow a type ____ curve and R types follow a type ____ curve

Answer 52

1, 3

Question 53

what does lambda mean?

Answer 53

geometric pop. growth rate or per capita rate of increase.

Question 54

what does r mean?

Answer 54

exponential growth rate or per capita intrinsic rate of increase.

Question 55

what is r with respect to growth rates?

Answer 55

per capita growth rate

Question 56

what is the allee effect?

Answer 56

when r gets smaller as population decreases.

Question 57

what is Levins-type population?

Answer 57

occupied and unoccupied patches

Question 58

what are the 4 assumptions of the basic model?

Answer 58

Infinite number of identical habitat patches patches have identical colonization probabilities patches have identical extinction probabilities colonized reaches K instantaneously

Question 59

what are the variables P,C, and E in the patch material?

Answer 59

p - proportion of occupied patches c - patch colonization rate e - patch extinction rate

Question 60

what do sink habitats do?

Answer 60

broaden the realized niche

Question 61

what is masting?

Answer 61

synchronous dispersal of seeds