Exam 3

Question 1

Which type of parasite has these traits? (1) no direct reproduction in the host; and (2) either causes a brief immune response or no immune response in the host?

Answer 1

macro-parasite

Question 2

Comparing among pathogen species, the relationship between pathogen virulence and rate of transmission generally has a ____ slope.

Answer 2

positive slope

Question 3

Which type of parasite predictably lives in side a host?

Answer 3

endoparisite

Question 4

Which of the following macro-evolutionary patterns between a host lineage and a parasite lineage is unlikely if transmission is strictly vertical?

Answer 4

host switching

Question 5

T or F. Symbionts are mutualist.

Answer 5

false

Question 6

T or F. All mutualists are symbionts.

Answer 6

false

Question 7

In the SIR Model, which immediate options (e.g. in one single step) are possible for an infected individual?

Answer 7

Die, recover and become immune, and remain infected.

Question 8

Under which broader category do we generally place pollination (from the perspective of the benefit to the plant)?

Answer 8

service mutualism

Question 9

Which type of mutualism is optional?

Answer 9

facultative

Question 10

Which two species interactions do we consider to be cases of facilitation: mutualism and _______?

Answer 10

commensalism

Question 11

T or F. There is no underlying cost to an obligate mutualist to maintain the mutualistic partnership.

Answer 11

False

Question 12

Kiers et al studied the potential for sanctions between roots and mycorrhizal fungi. The experiment from which they concluded that the plant can sanction the fungus was conducted using the starting … of _______

Answer 12

labeled roots

Question 13

If all you knew about a pairwise ant plant species interaction was that the ant had evolved the behavior to bite off the plant’s defensive spines to allow easier access to the plant’s internal fluids, and that the plant has evolve tougher spine in response, could you conclude that co-evolution has occurred?

Answer 13

yes

Question 14

In species interaction terminology, “aprovechados” are ________

Answer 14

parasites of mutualism

Question 15

To remove a native keystone species from a community would most likely cause __________ in diversity of the other organisms in the community.

Answer 15

decrease

Question 16

To add a severe and frequent disturbance to a community would most likely cause ________in diversity in the community.

Answer 16

decrease

Question 17

To add a biotic filter to a local community would most likely cause _______ in diversity in the community.

Answer 17

decrease

Question 18

In food web terminology, herbivores are also known as

Answer 18

primary comsumers

Question 19

Which community-ecology processes corresponds to the main four populations genetic processes under the Vellend & Orrock scheme? Match the community processes in your answer to the population genetic processes as arrayed in this order: genetic drift, gene flow, mutation, and natural selection.

Answer 19

Ecological drift, dispersal, speciation, ecological selection.

Question 20

According to the Venn-Diagram approach by Fauth et al. towards defining terms in Community Ecology, where does an assemblage lie?

Answer 20

Intersection of Geography and phylogeny

Question 21

In a 3-tier food chain’s trophic cascade which species could be considered indirect mutualists?

Answer 21

Secondary consumer & primary producer

Question 22

Alternative stable states in ecology ________.

Answer 22

Are often produced by strong interactor species.

Question 23

A generally observer trend in real-world ecological succession is for species richness to _________.

Answer 23

increase

Question 24

A chronosequence space for time substitution study of ecological succession would examine a set of _______________

Answer 24

Sites that differ in the amount of time that has passed since disturbance.

Question 25

Under which of Connell’s & Slayers models of succession would you expect the early-colonizing species to modify the environment?

Answer 25

Facilitation, inhibition, or Tolerance.

Question 26

Select the correct pairings for disturbance and succession types (in the order: Disturbance type--- Succession type)

Answer 26

Catastrophic----Primary, non catastrophic, Secondary

Question 27

T or F. Succession can occur after both natural and anthropogenic disturbances

Answer 27

true

Question 28

According to Platt & Connell, Residual Organisms or Biological Legacies are organisms ________.

Answer 28

That are present before a disturbance, remains though disturbance and are therefore immediate after the disturbance.

Question 29

A continuous geographic disturbance rendered discontinuous by a geographic barrier is the bio geographical phenomenon called.

Answer 29

vicariance

Question 30

In Whittaker’s original terminology, regional-scale diversity or the regional species pool is known as ___________ diversity.

Answer 30

gamma

Question 31

A region in which a biogeographic museum effect is operating is a region in which ____________.

Answer 31

the extinction rate is dispersed

Question 32

To find two species present in the same local community would be sufficient evident for ___________ of those two species.

Answer 32

co-occurance

Question 33

According to the Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis, communities consisting of a disproportionate over-representation by r-selected species should be found most commonly at which portion of the x-axis (i.e. the disturbance gradient) ?

Answer 33

Skewed towards the frequent and intense end of the disturbance gradient.

Question 34

According to the original MacArthur & Wilson Island Biogeography Theory presented in class, near islands should have _______ relatives to far islands.

Answer 34

higher immigration properties

Question 35

The species richness of a local community could never be _____ the size of the species pool from which the community draws the membership.

Answer 35

greater

Question 36

T or F. If a species is endemic to the city of Baton Rouge, then the species is also endemic to the state of Louisiana.

Answer 36

true

Question 37

If a species is endemic to the state of Louisiana, then  the species is also endemic to the city of Baton Rouge.

Answer 37

false

Question 38

In general, more species can be packed into Local Community A if niche breadths are ________ compared to reference community B.

Answer 38

narrow

Question 39

In general, more species can be packed into Local Community A if niche overlap _________ niche overlap in reference community B.

Answer 39

is greater than

Question 40

According to the Janzen-Connell Model of Coexistence,  the per capita probability of seed survival should_________ with increasing seed density.

Answer 40

decrease

Question 41

The Complementarity Hypothesis for the relationship between species richness and ecosystem function (e.g. productivity) posits ________ niche overlap among species that does the Redundancy Hypothesis

Answer 41

less

Question 42

According to the Menge & Sutherland Model of the relative importance of factors influencing community assemble; the importance of predation should peak at ______ levels of disturbance.

Answer 42

low

Question 43

Gross primary production is the total amount of

Answer 43

carbon fixed by autotrophs

Question 44

GPP =

Answer 44

NPP + AR

Question 45

GPP =

Answer 45

NEE + AR + HR

Question 46

If a terrestrial ecosystem is a carbon sink, then that ecosystem ___________.

Answer 46

Captures more CO2 through photorespiration than it produces through respiration.

Question 47

Nutrient limitation of NPP is defined operationally, if a particular nutrient limits NPP, then by adding that nutrient in a fertilization treatment, NPP would_________.

Answer 47

increase

Question 48

Within latitudinal bands, global NPP reaches a maximum at around _________.

Answer 48

0 degrees

Question 49

An expectation for ecological communities in which ecological drift as a much more significant influence than processes such as competition, predation or parasitism would be ______ relative abundances among species.

Answer 49

randomly fluctuating

Question 50

Membership of species in a guild is defined by _________.

Answer 50

resource use