Exam 2 Flashcards
(114 cards)
1
Q
water fit for consumption
A
potable water
2
Q
water from lakes, rivers, and reservoirs
A
surface water
3
Q
pumped for wells drilled into underground aquifers
A
ground water
4
Q
How much water does the average American use daily
A
100 gallons
5
Q
Ground water can be contaminated by
A
abandoned mines. run off from fertilized field, poorly constructed landfills and septic systems. and household cleaners
6
Q
a homogeneous mixture of uniform composition; made up of solutes and solvents
A
solution
7
Q
substance capable of dissolving other substances - usually present in greater amounts
A
solvent
8
Q
When water is the solvent, it is considered a(n) ______ solution
A
aqueous
9
Q
substances dissolved in a solvent - usually present in lesser amounts
A
solute
10
Q
1x10^6
A
ppm
11
Q
1x10^9
A
ppb
12
Q
Equation for molarity
A
moles solute/L of solution
13
Q
pure distilled water is
A
nonconducting
14
Q
sugar dissolved in water is
A
nonconducting/nonelectrolyte
15
Q
NaCl dissolved in water is
A
conducting/an electrolyte
16
Q
a solute that conducts electricity in an aqueous solution
A
electrolyte
17
Q
chemical cold formed when oppositely charged ions attract
A
ionic bond
18
Q
composed of ions that are present in fixed proportions and arranged in a regular. geometric structure
A
ionin compound
19
Q
two or more atoms covalently bonded together that have an overall positive or negative charge
A
polyatomic
20
Q
What percentage of water on our planet is found in oceans?
A
97%
21
Q
What is the general solubility rule
A
like dissolves like
22
Q
Passed by Congress in 1974 that provided the foundation for reducing surface water pollution
A
Clean Water Act
23
Q
Any process that removes sodium chloride and other minerals from salty water, which produces potable water
A
desalination
24
Q
a separation process in which a liquid solutions heated an the vapor are condensed and collected
A
distillation
25
the passage of water through a semipermeable membrane from a solution that is less concentrated to a solution that is more concentrated
osmosis
26
Uses pressure to force the movement of water through a semipermeable membrane from a solution that is more concentrated to a solution that is less concentrated
reverse osmosis
27
What are four ways to express concentration?
percent, ppm, pub, and molarity
28
a water contaminant is anything physical, chemical, biological or radioactive that is harmful to human health or degrades the taste or color of water
US EPA standard
29
How many substances does the EPA regulate in drinkable water content?
more than 90
30
What is the largest use of water withdrawal?
cooling of electric power plants, then irrigation and public supply
31
substances that will dissociate in solution
electrolytes
32
simply charged particles-atoms or groups of atoms
ions
33
positively charged ions
cations
34
negatively charged ions
anions
35
the ratio of the amount solute to the amount of solution
concentration
36
Contains contaminants that include particulates from dirt, toxic metals, and bacteria that could potentially cause cholera
non-potable water
37
help stabilize the share of large biological molecules; an electrostatic attraction between an atom bearing a partial positive charge in one molecule and an atom bearing a partial negative charge in a neighboring molecule
hydrogen bond
38
that force that occurs between molecules (partially positive hydrogen atom attracted to partially negative O atom
intermolecular force
39
a measure of an atom's attraction for the electrons it shares in a covalent bond
electronegativity
40
created for developing countries to remove bacteria, viruses, and parasites from water to use for drinking
lifestraw
41
naming simple ionic compounds
cation (metallic element) first, then anion (non-metallic) with -ide suffix
42
The maximum level of a contaminant in drinking water at which no known or anticipated adverse effect on human health would occur
maximum contaminant level goal (MCLG)
43
the legal limit for the concentration of a contaminant expressed in parts per million or ppb
maximum contaminant level (MCL)
44
compounds that help polar and non polar compounds to mix, sometimes called "wetting agents"
surfactants
45
Which federal agency regulates the quality of bottled water in the US?
FDA
46
Elements with a high electronegativity are on the periodic table...
up and to the right
47
How does sulfur get into the atmosphere?
From the burning of coal
48
a compound that releases hydrogen ions in aqueous solutions
acid
49
an acid that dissociates completely in an aqueous solution
strong acid
50
when an acid dissolves in an aqueous solution and releases protons, what happens?
The protons are too reactive to exist by themselves, so they attach to nearby molecules such as water
51
A hydrogen ion when attaching to a water molecule creates....
hydronium
52
What are the chief culprits of acid rain?
The oxides of sulfur and nitrogen (sulfur di/trioxide) (nitrogen mono/dioxide)
53
the lowering of ocean pH due to increased atmospheric CO2
ocean acidification
54
"acids without water;" oxides of sulfur and nitrogen
acid anhydrides
55
an acid that dissociates only to a small extent in an aqueous solution; carbonic acid
weak acid
56
a compound that releases hydroxide ions in an aqueous solution (OH-)
base
57
What are the characteristics of a base?
They have a slippery feel when dissolved in an aqueous solution, they have a bitter taste, and turn red litmus paper blue
58
Why is a hydrogen ion considered a proton?
They have no electron, and just one proton
59
bases that can completely dissociate in water
strong base
60
a chemical reaction in which the hydrogen ions from an acid combine with the hydroxide ions from a base to form water molecules
neutralization reaction
61
a complete equation; shows the full formula with each substance involved
molecular equations
62
shows the ionic compounds all separately
ionic equations
63
the ionic equation without the spectator ions
net ionic equation
64
those ions that appear unchanged on both sides of the reaction
spectator ions
65
the ion-product constant for water
Kw=[H+][OH-]=1x10^-14 (at 25˚C)
66
a measure of the concentration of the H+ ions present in that solution
pH
67
pH equation
-log[H+]
68
3 chemical species responsible for maintaining ocean pH
carbonate ion, bicarbonate ion, carbonic acid
69
acid rain is in this range of pH
5-6ph
70
What is the different between one point of pH to another
10-fold increase
71
a set of chemical pathways hereby nitrogen moves through the biosphere
nitrogen cycle
72
the process of converting ammonia in the soil to the nitrate ion
nitrification
73
the process of converting nitrates to nitrogen gas
denitrification
74
allows the economical production of ammonia, which in turn enables the large-scale production of fertilizers and nitrogen-based explosives
Haber-bosch process
75
What is the pH of a dead lake?
4
76
What pH would a body of water be for many fish to die
below 6
77
Limestone and marble dissolve in the presence of what type of ions?
H+ ions
78
What is the second major source of sulfur in the atmosphere?
oceans
79
What is the range of pH for normal rain?
between 5.3-7
80
process of coal->energy in a power plant
combustion, boil water in a closed high pressure system, turn turbine to create ENERGY!
81
the capacity to do work
energy
82
movement against a force (w=fxd)
work
83
energy that flows from a hotter to a colder object; consequence of motion at a molecular level
heat
84
determines direction of heat flow; a measure of the average speed of that motion
temperature
85
energy cannot be created nor destroyed; it can be transferred from one form to another
first law of thermodynamics
86
energy due to position or composition
potential energy
87
energy due to movement
kinetic energy
88
the entropy of the universe is increasing; some energy is lost as heat when transferred from one form to another; when heat dissipates, it is measured as entropy
second law of thermodynamics
89
Transfer of energy in power plants
potential energy -> kinetic energy --entropy--> mechanical energy-> electrical energy
90
net efficiency equation
NE=electrical energy produced/heat from fuel x 100
91
When is a power plant considered more efficient?
when the temperature of the steam is higher
92
the amount of energy required to raise a 1-kg object 10cm against the force of gravity
1 Joule
93
the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1g of water by 1˚C
1 calorie
94
1 cal=
4.184J
95
complex mixture of substances-> C135H96O9NS; carbon content is 85% of its mass
coal
96
releases energy trend in the molecules within substances; chemical process of burning; reaction of fuel with oxygen to release energy in the form of heat and light; CO2 and H20 are common products
combustion
97
bituminous and anthracite
higher grades of coal
98
must be refined before use
petroleum
99
used to determine the hear of combustion
bomb calorimeters
100
when energy is released during a chemical reaction; ∆E has a negative value; products are lower in every than the reactants
exothermic reaction
101
products are higher in energy (∆E is a positive value) than the reactants; energy is absorbed
endothermic reaction
102
What dictates if a reaction will be exothermic/endothermic?
the breaking and forming of bonds
103
amount of energy that must be absorbed to break a chemical bond
bond energy
104
Breaking bonds always requires what?
ENERGY
105
methyl tertiary-butyl ether; human health effects of exposure are not known
MTBE
106
made from natural, renewable sources (veg oil, animal fats); can be used as pure fuel or blended with petroleum
biodiesel
107
renewable; more expensive than gasoline; may take more energy to produce a gallon of this than you will obtain from burning it
ethanol
108
bond angle of water
104.5˚
109
boiling point of water
212˚F (relatively high); water expands when frozen
110
water is a what bonded molecule?
covalently bonded
111
a covalent bond in which the electrons are not equally shared, but rather displaced toward the more electronegative atom
polar covalent bond
112
Partial charges result from what?
bond polarization
113
a covalent bond in which the electrons are shared equally or nearly equally between atoms (H2, Cl2)
non polar covalent bond
114
What is the work equation?
w=fxd
