Exam 4

Question 1

substances intended to prevent, moderate, or cure illnesses

Answer 1

pharmaceuticals (drugs)

Question 2

the science that deals with the discovery or design of new therapeutic chemicals and their development into useful medicines

Answer 2

medicinal chemistry

Question 3

What does COX mean?

Answer 3

cyclooxyrgenase

Question 4

How does aspirin reduce pain sensation?

Answer 4

It blocks COX-2, which produces prostaglandins. These hormones produce the body’s swelling, fever, and pain.

Question 5

Why is it bad that they also block the action of COX-1 enzymes?

Answer 5

COX-1 is important for the stomach lining as well as kidney function. When the drug is taken, it prevents these important functions from occurring.

Question 6

the study of carbon compounds

Answer 6

organic chemistry

Question 7

molecules with the same chemical formula (same number and kids of atoms), but with different structures and properties

Answer 7

isomers

Question 8

distinctive arrangements of groups that impart characteristic physical and chemical properties to the molecules that contain them

Answer 8

functional groups

Question 9

functional group attached to a carbon that makes it an alcohol

Answer 9

-OH

Question 10

The eight important organic functional groups

Answer 10

hydroxyl, ether, aldehyde, ketone, carboxylic acid, ester, amine, amide

Question 11

a molecule with a non symmetrical distribution of electrical charge

Answer 11

polar molecule

Question 12

a nitrogen-containing molecule in which the nitrogen is in possession of its long pair of electrons

Answer 12

freebase

Question 13

the functional group often found in drugs, flavorings, and fragrances

Answer 13

ester

Question 14

an atom or functional group that has been substituted for a hydrogen atom

Answer 14

substituent

Question 15

The function groups of aspirin

Answer 15

a benzene ring, a carboxylic acid, and an ester

Question 16

the chemical messengers produced by the body’s endocrine glands

Answer 16

hormones

Question 17

What does NSAID stand for?

Answer 17

non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug

Question 18

What does aspirin start to smell like once it is decomposing?

Answer 18

Vinegar

Question 19

an assessment of the resulting changes in the activity of changes made to a drug molecule

Answer 19

structure-activity relationship study (SAR)

Question 20

Drugs can be classified into what two groups

Answer 20

Those that produce a physiological response in the body, and those that inhibit growth of substances that cause infections

Question 21

the substance who relations are catalyzed by an enzyme

Answer 21

substrate

Question 22

the three-dimensional arrangement of atoms or groups of atoms responsible for the biological activity of a drug molecule

Answer 22

pharmacophore

Question 23

a drug (or modified version of that drug) that shows high promise for becoming an approved drug

Answer 23

lead compound

Question 24

the systematic creation of large numbers of molecules in “libraries” that can be rapidly screened in the lab for biological activity and the potential for becoming new drugs

Answer 24

combinatorial chemistry

Question 25

the same chemical formula, but they differ in their interaction with polarized light

Answer 25

chiral isomers

Question 26

consists of equal amounts of each optical isomer

Answer 26

racemic mixture

Question 27

a class of naturally occurring or synthetic fat-soluble organic compounds that share a common carbon skeleton arranged in four rings

Answer 27

steroids

Question 28

chemically equivalent to the pioneer drug, but cannot be marketed until the patent protection on the pioneer drug has run out after 20 years

Answer 28

generic drug

Question 29

the first version of a drug that is marketed under a brand name

Answer 29

pioneer drug

Question 30

a naturally occurring substance derived from the Chinese bern ma huang as well as from other pant sources; used to treat respiratory symptoms

Answer 30

Ephedra

Question 31

include vitamins, minerals, amino acids, enzymes, and herbs and other botanicals

Answer 31

dietary supplements

Question 32

the most common illicit drug

Answer 32

marijuana

Question 33

What percentage water is the human body?

Answer 33

60%

Question 34

the complex set of chemical processes that are essential in maintaining life; food is important to provide energy for these processes to occur

Answer 34

metabolism

Question 35

caused by a diet lacking in proper nutrients, even though the energy content of the food may be adequate

Answer 35

malnutrition

Question 36

a condition in which a person's daily caloric intake is insufficient to meet metabolic needs

Answer 36

undernourishment

Question 37

What percentage of adults are classified as overnight in the US?

Answer 37

68%

Question 38

foods that have been altered from their natural state by techniques such as canning, cooking, freezing, and adding chemicals scubas thickeners or preservatives

Answer 38

processed foods

Question 39

the fats, carbohydrates, and proteins that provide essentially all of the energy and most of the raw material for body repair and synthesis

Answer 39

macronutrients

Question 40

What ions are essential for proper electrolyte balance in the body (concentration gradient)?

Answer 40

sodium and potassium

Question 41

molecules that contain three ester functional groups and a formed from a chemical reaction between three fatty acids and the alcohol glycerol

Answer 41

triglycerides

Question 42

triglycerides that are solids at room temperature

Answer 42

fats

Question 43

triglycerides that are liquids are room temperature

Answer 43

oils

Question 44

a class of compounds that includes not only triglycerides, but also related compounds such as cholesterol and other steroids; all triglycerides are these

Answer 44

lipids

Question 45

also known as stearic acid, an interesting class of compounds and are long hydrocarbon chains which an even number of carbon atoms

Answer 45

fatty acids

Question 46

an alcohol that is a sticky, syrupy liquid that is sometimes added to soaps and hand lotions

Answer 46

glycerol

Question 47

a fatty acid of a hydrocarbon chain that only contains single bonds between the carbon atoms

Answer 47

saturated fatty acid

Question 48

those that contain one or more carbon-carbon double bonds

Answer 48

unsaturated fatty acids

Question 49

such as oleic acid, have only one double bond between the carbon atoms per molecule

Answer 49

monounsaturated fatty acids

Question 50

also known as linoleic acid and linolenic acid, have two carbon-carbon double bonds and three C-C double bonds, respectively

Answer 50

polyunsaturated fatty acids

Question 51

What are the primary components of cell membranes and nerve sheaths and what are our brains rich in?

Answer 51

lipids and triglycerides

Question 52

What are our essential fatty acids/

Answer 52

omega-3 and omega-6

Question 53

a polyunsaturated fatty acid that is being studied for its health benefits

Answer 53

ALA (alpha-linolenic acid)

Question 54

a process in which hydrogen gas, in the presence of a metal catalyst, adds to a C-C double bond and converts it to a C-C single bond

Answer 54

hydrogenation

Question 55

triglycerides where hydrogen atoms are on opposite sides

Answer 55

trans fats

Question 56

the hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon atoms are on the same size of the C-C double bond

Answer 56

cis fatty acid

Question 57

any process in which fatty acids on two or more triglycerides are scrambled to produce a mixture of different triglycerides

Answer 57

interesterification

Question 58

a polymer of glucose that lacks a sweet taste and takes a bit longer to digest than sugars

Answer 58

starch

Question 59

compounds that contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

Answer 59

carbohydrates

Question 60

a single sugar, glucose, fructose, and galactose

Answer 60

monosaccharide

Question 61

a double sugar, meaning that they are joining two monosaccharides together

Answer 61

disaccharide

Question 62

condensation polymers made up of thousands of monosaccharide units

Answer 62

polysaccharides

Question 63

What are two forms of polysaccharides

Answer 63

starch and cellulose

Question 64

the stored version of glucose and it is stored within the liver and muscles

Answer 64

glycogen

Question 65

a polyamide or polypeptide, that is, a polymer built from amino acid monomers

Answer 65

protein

Question 66

those amino acid links that are incorporated into the peptide chain

Answer 66

amino acid residues

Question 67

a compound formed from two amino acids

Answer 67

dipeptide

Question 68

proteins are the principal source of what element for the body?

Answer 68

Nitrogen

Question 69

those 9 amino acids that are required to be eaten through the diet for use in the body

Answer 69

essential amino acids

Question 70

the combining of foods that complement essential amino acid content so that the total diet provides a complete supple of amino acids for protein synthesis; that is used with vegetarians

Answer 70

protein complementarily

Question 71

those substances that are needed only in minuscule amounts but are still essential to life

Answer 71

micronutrients

Question 72

organic compounds that provide a wide rate of physiological functions; essential for good health, proper metabolic functioning, and preventing disease

Answer 72

vitamins

Question 73

molecules that work in conjunction with enzymes to enhance their activity

Answer 73

coenzymes

Question 74

ions or ionic compounds that, like vitamins, have a wide range of physiological functions

Answer 74

minerals

Question 75

elements that are necessary for life but not nearly as abundant in our bodies O, C, H and N

Answer 75

macronutrients

Question 76

those minerals that they body requires in lesser amounts, such as iron, copper, and zinc

Answer 76

microminerals

Question 77

are measured in microgram amounts, and those they are in tiny quantities, they are still important for they provide us with good health benefits

Answer 77

trace minerals

Question 78

what mineral is most abundant in the body?

Answer 78

calcium

Question 79

the minimum amount of energy required daily to support basic body functions

Answer 79

basal metabolic rate (BMR)

Question 80

What percentage of our planet is covered in water?

Answer 80

70%

Question 81

What percentage of our land masses are farm land?

Answer 81

40%

Question 82

What are common GMO foods?

Answer 82

soybeans, corn, tomatoes, potatoes, cotton, an papayas

Question 83

the primary route for inheriting the biological information required to build and maintain an organism; divided into short sections of instructions to produce specific reactions, chemicals, or events in a cell

Answer 83

genome

Question 84

short pieces of the genome that code for the production of proteins

Answer 84

genes

Question 85

all genetic information is stored within what organelle of a cell

Answer 85

nucleus

Question 86

46 company structures of intertwined molecules of DNA, and about 30,000 genes

Answer 86

chromosomes

Question 87

the biological polymer that carries genetic information in all species; the special template of life, containing all the biochemical information needed

Answer 87

DNA

Question 88

How long would a DNA strand be if unraveled?

Answer 88

2 meters long

Question 89

The three fundamental chemical units of DNA

Answer 89

nitrogen-containing bases, deoxyribose sugars, and phosphate groups

Question 90

What are the four bases of DNA?

Answer 90

adenine, guanine, thymine, and cytosine

Question 91

The larger bases are?

Answer 91

Adenine and guanine

Question 92

a covalently bonded combination of a base, a deoxyribose molecule, and a phosphate group, which is what each monomer is called

Answer 92

nucleotide

Question 93

an analytical technique in which a crystal is hit by a beam of X-rays to generate a pattern that reveals the positions of atoms in the crystal

Answer 93

X-ray diffraction

Question 94

a serial consisting of two strands that coil around a central axis

Answer 94

double helix

Question 95

the process of cell reproduction in which the cell must copy and transmit its genetic information to its progeny

Answer 95

replication

Question 96

rod-shaped, compact coils of DNA and specialized proteins pack in the nucleus of the cell

Answer 96

chromosomes

Question 97

the term used for an amino acid that has been incorporated into the peptide chain

Answer 97

amino acid residue

Question 98

a sequence of three adjacent nucleotides that either guides the insertion of a specific amino acid or signals the start or end of protein synthesis

Answer 98

codon

Question 99

the unique sequence of amino acids that make up each protein; the first and most basic identifier of a protein, the list of amino acids read over the length of the polymer

Answer 99

primary structure

Question 100

the folding pattern within a segment of the protein chain;

Answer 100

secondary structure

Question 101

the overal molecular shape of the protein defined by the interactions between amino acids far apart in sequence, but close in space

Answer 101

tertiary structure

Question 102

part of the enzyme where the catalytic reactions binds only to specific reactants and accelerates the desired reaction

Answer 102

active site

Question 103

the first manipulation of the DNA in an organism

Answer 103

genetic engineering

Question 104

rings of DNA that are within bacteria

Answer 104

plasmids

Question 105

an organism resulting form the transfer of genes across species

Answer 105

transgenic

Question 106

a modified plasmid used to carry DNA back into the bacterial host

Answer 106

vector