Exam 2 Flashcards
(291 cards)
1
Q
Boundary between living cell and its environment
A
Plasma membrane
2
Q
Control entry and egress
A
Selective permeability
3
Q
Most abundant lipid
A
Phospholipid
4
Q
Amphipathic
A
Phospholipid
5
Q
Molecule with both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions
A
Amphipathic
6
Q
Made by Singer and Nicolson (1972)
A
Fluid mosaic model
7
Q
Mosaic of proteins dispersed in phospholipid bilateral
A
Fluid mosaic model
8
Q
Move laterally
10^7 x per second
A
Phospholipids
9
Q
Seldom flip flop due to water properties (poss 1/month)
A
Phospholipid
10
Q
Temp decreases membrane decreases fluidity
A
Phospholipids
11
Q
Solidification depends on protein and lipid content
A
Phospholipid
12
Q
More unsaturated FA greater fluidity
A
Phospholipids
13
Q
Fluid regulation for proper functioning
A
Phospholipid
14
Q
Cholesterol buffers temp changes
A
Phospholipid
15
Q
Cholesterol restrain lipid movement
A
Temp > 37C
16
Q
Cholesterol help maintain fluidity
A
Temp
17
Q
Protein movement more restricted
A
Phospholipid
18
Q
Not embedded
A
Peripheral
19
Q
- Peripheral
2. Integral (transmembrane)
A
Membrane proteins
20
Q
Penetrate and often span the membrane
A
Integral proteins
21
Q
Have to have hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions
A
Integral proteins
22
Q
Nonpolar AA
A
Hydrophobic
23
Q
Polar AA
A
Hydrophilic
24
Q
Inside cytoplasm
A
Integral protein
25
1. Transport
2. Enzyme activity (provide reaction site)
3. cell to cell recognition and communication
4. Signal transduction
5. Cytoskeleton attachment
Functions of membrane proteins
26
Sidedness
Membrane proteins
27
Distinct faces
Sidedness
28
Determined when cell is formed by ER and Golgi apparatus
Sidedness
29
Selectively permeable
Membrane proteins
30
Regulate cell traffic
Selectively permeable
31
Hydrocarbons
Nonpolar molecules
32
Pass through rapidly
Nonpolar molecules
33
Do not cross easily
Polar molecules
34
Allow hydrophilic molecules to get through FA layer
Transport proteins
35
Channel "water-loving pathway" proteins
Transport proteins
36
Aqua porins
Transport proteins
37
Move H2O
Aqua porins
38
Change shape to shuttle molecules across
Carrier proteins
39
No ATP
Passive transport
40
Tendency of molecules to spread the venue through space
Simple diffusion
41
Each molecules movement is random
Simple diffusion
42
Dynamic equilibrium [high] --> [low]
Simple diffusion
43
Move H2O across a selectively permeable membrane
Osmosis
44
[low solute] --> [high solute]
Osmosis
45
Ability of a solution to cause cells to gain or lose water
Tonicity
46
Solute concentration same inside and outside the cell
Isotonic solution
47
Solute concentration greater outside the cell
Hypertonic solution
48
Solute concentration less outside the cell
Hypotonic solution
49
Isotonic
Hypertonic
Hypotonic
Osmosis
50
Control H2O movement
Osmosis regulate
51
Aid in movement of molecules
Transport proteins
52
[high] --> [low]
Facilitated diffusion
53
Channel proteins
Facilitated diffusion
54
Simple diffusion
Osmosis
Facilitated diffusion
Passive transport
55
Ion channels with hydrated channels
Channel proteins
56
Shuttle proteins
Facilitated diffusion
57
Firm pressure
Turgor pressure
58
Plasma membrane pulls away from cell wall
Plasmolysis (hypertonic solution)
59
Contains ATP
Active transport
60
Move against concentration gradient
Active transport
61
Embedded proteins
Active transport
62
Sodium potassium pump
Active transport
63
Attachment of a phosphate
Phosphorylation
64
1. Na attaches to pump
2. Phosphorylation of pump (ATP--> ADP)
3. Change conformation of pump
4. Release Na into extracellular matrix
5. Binding of K
6. Conformation change of pump
7. Release of K into cytosol
Sodium potassium pump
65
Voltage difference across a membrane
Membrane potential
66
Occurs in all cells across a membrane
Membrane potential
67
-50mV --> 200 mV
Membrane potential voltage
68
Outside is more positive than inside the cell
Membrane potential voltage
69
Favor passive transport of cations
Electrochemical gradient
70
Electrochemical gradient
Membrane potential
71
Ions move down gradient
Chemical force
72
Voltage difference
Electrical force
73
1. Chemical force
| 2. Electrical force
Electrochemical gradient
74
Transport proteins that generates voltage across a membrane
Electrogenic pump
75
Example of Na-K pump (animals)
Electrogenic pump
76
Move across membranes via vesicles
Bulk transport
77
Bulk transport
Large molecules (proteins, polysaccharides)
78
1. Vesicles migrate to plasma membrane
2. Fusion of vesicles with plasma membrane
3. Release contents outside the cell
Exocytosis
79
Cell engulfs a particle into a vesicle
Phagocytosis "cell eating"
80
Cell drinking
Pinocytosis
81
1. Binding of ligands to receptor
| 2. Triggers vesicle formation
Receptor mediated endocytosis
82
Any molecule that binds specifically to another molecule
| at the receptor site
Ligand
83
1. Phagocytosis
2. Pinocytosis
3. Receptor mediated
Endocytosis
84
Cholesterol travels in blood bound as LDL
Endocytosis
85
1. LDL binds to LDL receptors on PM
2. Vesicle formation
3. Endocytosis
Endocytosis
86
LDL acts as a ligand to PM receptors
Endocytosis
87
Very high levels of LDL and cholesterol in blood
Familial hypercholesterolemia
88
Totality of an organisms chemical reactions emergent properties
Metabolism
89
Break down complex molecules into simpler ones
Catabolic pathway
90
Release energy
Catabolic pathway
91
Using simple compounds to make complex molecules
Anabolic pathway
92
Consumes energy
Anabolic pathway
93
Study of how organisms manage energy resources
Bioenergetics
94
Capacity to affect change
Energy
95
Possessed by matter due to location or structure
Potential energy
96
Associated with motion
Kinetic energy
97
Random movement of molecules
Heat --> thermal energy
98
Available for release during a reaction
Chemical energy
99
1. Potential
2. Kinetic
3. Chemical
Energy
100
Open system
Organism
101
Energy can be transferred, transformed, but not created nor destroyed
1st law of thermodynamics
| "Principle of conservation of energy"
102
When transferring or transforming energy some is unusable - lost as heat -
2nd law of thermodynamics
103
Increase entropy (disorder) of universe
3rd law of thermodynamics
104
Ordered structures formed from less ordered materials
Cell entropy
105
Organisms replaced with less ordered
Cell entropy
106
Increase or decrease abased on level examined
Entropy
107
Living systems energy that can do work when temp and pressure constant
Free energy
108
Measure of a systems tendency to stabilize
Free energy
109
Max stability in system examined
Free energy equilibrium
110
Change in free energy
🔺G
111
Change in enthalpy
🔺H
112
Energy contained in chemical bonds
Enthalpy
113
Absolute temp in Kelvin (C + 273)
T
114
Entropy in a system
S
115
H-TS
G
116
🔺H - T🔺S
🔺G
117
Spontaneous reaction
🔺G (-)
118
Non spontaneous
🔺G (+)
119
Spontaneous
Exergonic reaction
120
Non spontaneous
Endergonic reaction
121
Energy
⬇️
Reactants --> products
Endergonic reaction
122
Energy
⬆️
Reactants --> products
Exergonic reaction
123
Catalyzed by enzymes
⬇️
Specific molecule --series of reaction--> product
Metabolic pathway
124
Adenosine triphosphate
ATP
125
Lower free energy state
ADP
126
Transfer of P to another molecule
Phosphorylation
127
Motor protein
Mechanical work
128
Transport protein
Transport work
129
Formation of molecules
Chemical work
130
1. Mechanical
2. Transport
3. Chemical
Cellular work
131
-ase
Enzyme
132
Catalytic proteins
Enzymes
133
Increase reaction time without being consumed
Enzymes
134
Initial energy required to start a reaction
Activation energy (Ea)
135
Enzyme substrate
Reactant
136
Chemical groups at the active site and substrate are going to be brought into positions that enhance that catalytic reaction
Induced fit
137
Orientate substrates correctly
Lowers Ea
138
Strain bonds on substrate
Lowers Ea
139
Provide favorable micro environment
Lowers Ea
140
Covalent bonding to substrate
Lowers Ea
141
Enzyme activity affected by
1. Environmental factors
| 2. Other chemicals and molecules
142
pH, temp, salinity
Environmental factors
143
Non protein enzyme helpers
Cofactors
144
Organic molecules
Coenzymes
145
Molecules that binds to enzymes active sites
Competitive inhibitor
146
Do not bind to active site but bind to other site
Non competitive inhibitor
147
Binding to other sites changes enzymes confirmation
Changes active site
148
Genes that encode specific enzymes
Inhibitors turn on or off
149
1. Competitive
| 2. Non competitive
Inhibitors
150
Function at one site on a protein is affected by binding of regulatory protein at another site
Allosteric regulation
151
Stabilizes active site
Stimulate activity
152
Stimulate activity
Allosteric regulation
153
Allosteric regulation
Competitive inhibitor
154
Stabilizes inactive regions on enzyme
Noncompetitive inhibitors
155
End product of pathway shuts down pathway
Feedback inhibition
156
Organization of cells and structures
Order pathway
157
Enzymes used in photosynthesis located in
Chloroplast
158
The most prevalent and efficient catabolic pathway
Aerobic respiration
159
Most prokaryotes and eukaryotes respiration
Aerobic
160
Glucose
|
Organic compound + O2 --> CO2 + water + energy
ATP
161
Reduction and oxidation reaction
Redox
162
Relocates electrons
Redox reaction
163
Loss of electrons
Oxidation
164
Gain of electrons
Reduction
165
Electron donor
Reducing agent
166
Electron acceptor
Oxidizing agent
167
Most powerful oxidizing agent
Oxygen
168
Release of energy
Transfer electrons
169
Organic molecules with many hydrogens
Excellent fuels
170
Pick up electron and carry it somewhere else
Electron carrier
171
Electron carrier
Coenzyme
172
NAD +
Coenzyme
173
Oxidizing agent in cellular respiration
NAD+
174
Collection of proteins in inner mt membrane
Electron transport chain
175
Collection of prosthetic groups in inner mt membrane
ETC
176
Non protein components
Prosthetic groups
177
Aid in catalytic activity
Prosthetic groups
178
H flow through ATP synthase
Chemiosmosis
179
1. Reactions not strictly coupled
2. Differs by cell type
3. Protein motive force powers more than just ATP synthesis
Why doesn't equal exact number from ATP synthase
180
(ADP--> ATP) (ATP Cr)
----------------------- X100
(Oxidation)
Efficiency %
181
Prokaryotes in oxygen free environments
Anaerobic respiration
182
With electron transport chain but O2 not e- acceptor
Anaerobic respiration
183
No O2 or ETC
Fermentation
184
No CAC
Fermentation
185
1. Glycolysis
2. Krebs cycle
3. ETC
4. Oxygen = e- acceptor
5. 24 - 34 ATP
Aerobic respiration
186
1. Glycolysis
2. Lactate or ethanol e- acceptor
3. 2 ATP
Fermentation
187
Only do anaerobic Cr
Obligate anaerobes
188
Can't survive with oxygen
Obligate anaerobes
189
Use either anaerobic or aerobic
Facultative anaerobes
190
Use oxygen --- ME!
Obligate aerobes
191
Earliest organisms
Prokaryotes
192
3.5 bya
Fossil bacteria
193
2.5 bya
O2 in atmosphere
194
Most widespread metabolic pathway
Glycolysis
195
Something used by most organisms
Highly conserved
196
Highly conserved
Glycolysis
197
Evolved early and works
Highly conserved
198
Sucrose
Glycogen > Glucose
Starch
Carbohydrates
199
Break peptide binds --> AA
Proteins
200
Remove amino groups
Proteins
201
Enter pathway as pyruvate
Proteins
202
1g fat --> ___ATP
2x ATP
203
Digest to glycerol and FA
63 proteins
204
FA --> ___ carbon compounds
2
205
Carbon compounds
Acetyl CoA
206
ATP requirements increase
Cr rate increases
207
Cell control
ATP requirements
208
Regulation enzyme
ATP requirements
209
Primary control
Regulation enzyme
210
Active site and receptive site for inhibitor
Allosteric enzyme
211
Made from pyruvate
Glucose
212
Made from Acetyl CoA
Fatty acids
213
Converts energy from sun into organic molecules
Photosynthesis
214
Use raw materials to produce organic molecules
Self Feeding/nutrition
| |
Autotrophs
215
Use solar energy (plants, algae, protists, and cyanobacteria)
Photoautotrophs
216
Other heterotrophs
Chemautotrophs
217
Cannot directly obtain energy from organic sources
Chemautotrophs
218
Major site of photosynthesis in plants
Chloroplasts
219
Usually in plants - leaf is primary Ps organ
Chloroplasts
220
Contain chlorophyll - green in pigment and is primary pigment for Ps
Chloroplasts
221
Electromagnetic energy
Sunlight
222
Disturbances in electric and magnetic fields
Waves
223
Short wavelength
Gamma rays (10^-5 nm)
224
Long wavelength
Radio waves (10^3 m)
225
Middle wavelength
Visible spectrum (380 - 750nm)
226
Discrete particle of energy
Photons
227
Absorbs light off different wavelengths
Pigments
228
Wavelengths absorbed
Disappear
229
Wavelength reflected
Visible
230
White ---
Black ---
Reflects wavelength
Absorbs wavelength
231
Transmits blue green
Chl A
232
Transmits olive green
Chl B
233
Primary role photo protection
Carotenoids
234
Absorb and dissipate excess energy
Carotenoids
235
Production of free radicals
Carotenoids
236
Atom with unpaired electrons
Radicals
237
Oxygen free radicals
Damaging
238
Photo chemicals that protect against reactive O2 (H2O) or O2 free radicals
Antioxidants
239
All oxygen protectors
Xanthophylls and anthocyanins
240
Elevates pigment molecule ~ PE
Absorption of a photon by pigment
241
Protein complex in the thylakoids membrane
Photosystem
242
Consists of reaction center complex
PS
243
RCC surrounded by light harvesting complex
PS
244
2 specialized chl A molecules
RCC
245
Location and associated molecules
Specialized
246
Thylakoid membrane
2 PS
247
PS - I - chl A molecules
P700
248
P700
Absorb dark red
249
PS II - chl A molecules
P680
250
P680
Absorb red
251
Alternative to light reaction
Cyclic electron flow
252
Only PSI used
Cyclic electron flow
253
No NADPH ~ still get ATP
Cyclic electron flow
254
Proton motive force
Chemiosmosis
255
Starting products are regenerated
Calvin cycle
256
Anabolic (assemble carbohydrates)
Calvin cycle
257
Consumes energy from light rxn
Anabolic
258
1. Carbon fixation
2. Reduction
3. Regeneration
Calvin cycle phases
259
Selective permeability
Plasma membrane
260
Response to dehydration
Alternative Ps pathway
261
C3 plants fix CO2 using rubisco
Photo respiration
262
Hot days- plants decrease water loss by closing stomata
PR
263
Less available CO2 and increase light RXNs occurring.
PR
264
Rubisco binds oxygen
PR
265
Produces 2 C product
Rubisco
266
mt and peroxisomes to be rearranged - release CO2
2C product
267
Goes back to Calvin cycle to be used
CO2
268
Protective role
PR
269
Neutralize damaging free radicals
PR protective role
270
Decreases carbon fixation by 50% or more
PR
271
Several thousand species in 19 plant families and many grasses
C4 pathway
272
Specialized cells that surround vascular bundles in leaves
C4 pathway
273
Vascular bundles
Xylem and phoelem
274
Mesophil cells convert CO2 --> 4C product --> oxaloacetate --> malate(4C) --> transport to bundles sheath cells --> Calvin cycle --> 2 pyruvate
C4 pathway
275
Rates of PR
0 --> low
276
No reduction in growth and development
PR
277
Crassulacean acid metabolism
Camphotosynthesis
278
Occurs in cacti and pineapple
Camphotosynthesis
279
4C product
Camphotosynthesis
280
Store CO2 as organic acid
Camphotosynthesis
281
Open stomata at night
Camphotosynthesis
282
Uptake much less CO2 when evapotranspiration
Camphotosynthesis
283
Loss of H2O through stomata
Evapotranspiration
284
Calvin cycle during the day
Camphotosynthesis
285
Slow rates of growth
Camphotosynthesis
286
Supply plant with chemical energy and carbon skeleton for organic molecules (cellulose and starch)
CPs products q
287
1/2 of G3P produced --> glucose --> Cr
CPs products
288
Glucose --> Cr --> ATP --> cellular work
Chemical energy
289
Supply non Ps regions of plants (roots and reproductive structure)
CPs
290
Release of O2 --> Cr
CPs products
291
160 billion metric of carbs/ year
Estimate CPs produced
