Exam 2 Flashcards
(37 cards)
Social identity
A self-concept that is based on group membership and the emotional attachments (affiliations) associated with that membership.
Social identity characteristics
- Many groups vs. meaningful groups
- Shared values, beliefs, norms, etc.
- Reference groups - media tells you about other groups
- Events (historical & current)
Intersectionality
Def: The condition in which a person simultaneously belongs to two or more social categories and the unique consequences that result from that combination.
Significance: ethnicity, gender, age (intersect - we are made up of so many)
Stereotype
The oversimplified beliefs held about an individual or a group of people and the oversimplified characteristics assigned to them based on their group membership.
Social psychological perspective - stereotypes
- Ability to process incoming information
- Cognitive short cuts (categorization)
- Multiple schemas
- Stereotypes - 1 type of schema
- In-group (diverse) vs. out-group (stereotypes)
- Expectations
- Cultivation Theory (long term, cumulative effects)
Cultural/critical studies perspective - stereotypes
- Lens of power
- Hegemony (noun): power structure in society where political and social elite have more power over others with less power.
- –Not conscious
- –Not imposed through force
- –Pervasive
- Stereotypes reinforce and perpetuate power structure
Sex vs. Gender
- Sex: biologically determined (male, female)
- Gender: socially constructed (masculine, feminine)
Socially constructed
Identities are negotiated within a social context (not biologically determined)
Gender identity
The degree to which people see themselves and others as masculine or feminine
Gender socialization
Individuals learn about gender – about what it means to be masculine or feminine from socializing agents
Engenderment
Process by which a biological female becomes a socially constructed feminine being and a biological male becomes a socially constructed masculine being
Hyper-masculinity
Gender-based ideology of exaggerated beliefs about what it is to be a man (hyper masculine traits - media)
Hyper-femininity
Gender-based ideology of exaggerated beliefs about what it is to be a woman (hyper feminine traits - media)
Mediated images of gender and implications
- Hyperfeminine, hypermasculine - most prevalent image/traits in media
- Small segment of population
- Implications: inadequacy, exhibiting to fit in, consumer culture, judgment of others, gender ambiguity - marginalization of those who don’t fit in
Hypersexuality
An overemphasis on sexuality by way of clothing, body proportions, poses, actions and camera angles.
Gender display
The process of performing the roles expected of us by the social convention that surrounds us
Goffman’s main argument
There are patterns of masculine and feminine displays and poses in ads that perpetuate who is more powerful or dominant (hegemony)
Objectification
- Any presentation emphasizing sexually suggestive body parts - sometimes not including the heady/eyes
- Objects: demeaning, dehumanizing
- Role-product congruity
Ritualization of subordination
A classic stereotype of deference is that of lowering oneself physically in some form.
2 observations by Goffman
- Defenseless
2. Sexualized
Arguments opposing hyper-sexualized images
- Media effects? (shaper)
- Women: maintain hegemonic patriarchal system, hegemonic femininity
- Men: maintain hegemonic masculinity
- Dehumanizing, low self-esteem, low self-efficacy, marginalization, inequalities…
Three waves of feminism
- First wave: 1800’s to late 1900’s
- Second wave: 60’s, 70’s - present
- Third wave: daughters of the 2nd wave
Characteristics of today’s celebrity
- Entertainment & sports industries
- Media
- Private lives vs. professional lives
- Fame vs. initial achievements
Different perspectives on celebrity
- Consumers & investors of celebrity
- Academia
- Commentary on celebrity
