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Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are gender stereotypes of emotion?

EMOTION AND GENDER

A

Men- Emotionally muted

Women- more emotional

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2
Q

What is Dr. Spock’s historical perspective?

EMOTION AND GENDER

A
  • Girls: encouraged to cry/be emotional

- Boys: encouraged to display anger

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3
Q

What was the Condry and Condry study?
Question: How do infants react to being startled?

EMOTION AND GENDER

A

-video tape infants reactions , had parents rate emotions of infants

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4
Q

What were the findings from Condry and Condry study?
Question: How do infants react to being startled?

EMOTION AND GENDER

A

-Found: startle response didn’t differ
BUT
-Girls rated more fearful
-Boys rated as more angry/determined

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5
Q

What was Robyn Fivush’s study?

EMOTION AND GENDER

A

conversation between mother’s and children

topic: Discuss emotional event

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6
Q

Findings from Robyn Fivush’s study

EMOTION AND GENDER

A

Key finding: difference in how moms spoke to sons/daughters

  • sons: one negative emotion- anger
  • daughters: many different emotional states, used rich emotional vocab
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7
Q

Subjective: Do men & women differ in emotional responses in lab?

EMOTION AND GENDER

A 
YES if: rating emotion directly, 
-public display of emotion, 
-around other people,
-reporting general feelings
NO if: emotion assessed indirectly,
-Private experience,
-When alone,
-reporting specific emotions
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8
Q

Subjective Report: Conclusions

EMOTION AND GENDER

A
  • Differences Context dependent

- greater difference in emotion expression than emotional experience

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9
Q

Subjective: Future Research

EMOTION AND GENDER

A

-Disentangle

emotional landscape of men and women from influence of expectations

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10
Q

Behavioral: Indicators
(Kring & Gordon (1998)

EMOTION AND GENDER

A

General: women> men - in behavioral expressions of emotions

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11
Q

Physiological: Findings
(Kring & Gordon, 1998)

EMOTION AND GENDER

A
  • No difference in brain (amygdala, prefrontal cortex)

- no difference in autonomic physiology (skin, conductance, heart rate.)

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12
Q

*****Emotion and Gender: Future research

EMOTION AND GENDER

A

Aim:

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13
Q

Background/What is laughter?

EMOTION BEHAVIOR

A
  • emerged 4 million years ago, before language,
  • series of exhalations
  • exhale= heart rate decreases
  • decreased heart rate cues parasympathetic nervous system (“rest and digest” system)
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14
Q

Laughter: What else is happening in the body?

EMOTION BEHAVIOR

A
  • 15 facial muscles contract
  • Larynx partially closed, so air intake irregular
  • tear ducts can activate
  • Endorphins released
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15
Q

Laughter Dictionary-
developed by Bachorowski (2002, 2003)

EMOTION BEHAVIOR

A

Types of laughs: cackle, hisses, pants, snorts, grunts, songlike laughs

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16
Q

Laughter Dictionary- Voiced Laughs vs Unvoiced Laughs
(Bachorowski)

EMOTION BEHAVIOR

A
  • Voiced laughs- (vocal cord vibration) elicits positive emotion
  • Unvoiced laugh- elicits negative emotion, no affiliative
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17
Q

Why is Laughter Good for us?

EMOTION BEHAVIOR

A

-build friendship/social bonds
-promotes recovery from negative emotion
(ie reduce; muscle tension, stress hormones, negative emotion)

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18
Q

What was Laughter Experiment: Frederickson & Levenson (1998)

EMOTION BEHAVIOR

A

Two part video:
First video- man almost fall off high ledge: elicit fear
Second video- puppies playing: elicit laughter
-measure physiological responses

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19
Q

Findings from the Laughter Experiment: Frederickson & Levenson (1998)

EMOTION BEHAVIOR

A

-Findings: People who laughed more in second film- faster return to baseline physiological levels

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20
Q

Crying: Is it healthy?

EMOTION BEHAVIOR

A

Context Dependent:
-60-70% report crying cathartic
BUT Lab study: researchers showed sad films–> made people cry–> took measurements
-found people felt worse/ showed more physiological arousal with sad films

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21
Q

Crying: Is it healthy when already in sad emotional state?

EMOTION BEHAVIOR

A
  • depressed–> crying–> less improvement after crying

- high anxiety less likely feel better after crying

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22
Q

Crying: Gender Differences?

EMOTION BEHAVIOR

A

Women cry more frequently and intensely than men.

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23
Q

Physiological: Is Touch rewarding?

EMOTION BEHAVIOR

A

Brain: Touch feels good

  • associated with activation of orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), –> encoding reward behavior
  • OFC associated with self reported pleasantness
  • touch activates neural regions associated with reward
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24
Q

Touch is soothing: benefits of 15 minute Swedish massage

EMOTION BEHAVIOR

A
  • associated with decrease in cortisol
  • increase oxytocin (love hormone)
  • (method- drew blood during massage)
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25
Touch is soothing: Study- 16 married women awaiting electric shock in fMRI (Coan ) *EMOTION BEHAVIOR*
``` 3 condition: -alone -stranger holding hand -Husband holding hand Results: hand holding-decreased activity in amygdala & even more so it husband holding hand ```
26
Touch: Study- Infants heel lance for blood *EMOTION BEHAVIOR*
``` conditions: -held/touched by mom -no touch Results if touched -62% less cried -65% less grimaced -lower heart rate ```
27
Touch increases cooperation: Petition-signing Study *EMOTION BEHAVIOR*
Participants asked to sign petition on local issue Touch: 81% signed Not Touch:55% signed
28
Touch increases cooperation: Medical Compliance Study *EMOTION BEHAVIOR*
-medical compliance study med practitioner touches patient while communicating importance of medicine -people touched more likely to take medicine
29
Touch: Soothing and Cooperation *EMOTION BEHAVIOR*
introduce new object 1 year - if (+) touch, infant more likely approach object - if touch (-)infant more likely pull back
30
Emotions communicated through touch *EMOTION BEHAVIOR*
Communicated- fear, anger, disgust, love gratitude, sympathy Not communicated- pride, envy, embarrassment
31
What is Psychophysiology *PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY*
General Definition: Study of psychological phenomena as revealed through physiology -broader than brain study- focuses on (PNS)
32
Importance of Psychophysiology *PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY*
- Physiology tells us something different than self-reports | - info outside conscious awareness, social desirability
33
Limitations of Psychoshysiology *PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY*
- methods difficult/expensive - lack of clarity of what results tell us - i.e. hear rate elevate- does that mean anger? excitement? fear?
34
What is the Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS)? *PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY*
-facilitates energy expenditure
35
What is the Parasympathetic Nervous System (PNS)? *PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY*
-facilitates energy storage
36
Measurement Tools: Electrocardiogram *PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY*
-measures HR | how?- electrodes on skin
37
Measurement Tools: Skin Conductance *PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY*
``` measure sweat how? -Indirectly, by applying current and measuring conductance, more sweat increases conductance (pure measure of SNS activity) -lie detector test ```
38
Measurement Tools: Respiration *PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY*
measure breathing frequency -how? Respiration belt placed our chest, amount of respiration measured by how much belt moves
39
Measurement Tools: Heart Rate Variability (HRV) *PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY*
measure HR fluctuates or remains constant, how much HR influenced by PNS how? variety of tools goal: non invasive
40
# Define: Neuroscience and 2 types of Neuroscience *EMOTION AND THE BRAIN*
Study of the biological basis of mental processes and behavior 1) Affective neuroscience 2) Behavioral neuroscience
41
What is a Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)? *EMOTION AND THE BRAIN*
- tracks blood/oxygen | - measures function
42
# Define: Limbic System and 3 Main Parts *EMOTION AND THE BRAIN*
Supports many function- emotion and behavior 1) Amygdala 2) Hypothalamus 3) Hippocampus
43
# Define: Amygdala *EMOTION AND THE BRAIN*
-influence aggression and fear
44
Amygdala Cat study *EMOTION AND THE BRAIN*
- Electrically stimulate one part of normally calm cats amygdala--> aggressive reaction - Stimulate another part--> extreme fear
45
# Define: Hypothalamus *EMOTION AND THE BRAIN*
Influences motivational and emotional behavior including - Eating - Drinking - Body Temperature - Aggression - Sexual behavior * *Four F's*
46
What are the Four F's of the Hypothalamus? *EMOTION AND THE BRAIN*
1) Fighting 2) Feeding 3) Fleeing 4) Fornicating
47
Limitations: Limbic System (LeDoux, 1990's) *EMOTION AND THE BRAIN*
Some structures not involved in emotion & others not specific to emotion
48
What is Neuroplasticity? *EMOTION AND THE BRAIN*
changes in neural pathways and synapses due to changes in behavior, environment, neural processes, thinking, and emotions
49
Benefits of meditation and neuroplasticity? *EMOTION AND THE BRAIN*
link between meditation and physical/emotional health - inflammation - happiness, compassion - depressive symptoms -anxiety
50
Who is Richard Davidson? *EMOTION AND THE BRAIN*
Pioneer in affective neuroscience (meditation study)
51
Social Dimension of Emotion: Are intense emotions usually about just us? *EMOTIONAL & SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS*
No. Emotions are usually connected to others.
52
Positive Emotion increase helping behavior: Examples of Positive mood inductions *EMOTIONAL & SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS*
- Success on a small task - Receiving cookie/candy - Finding a dime - Soothing music - Receiving a free sample -Pleasant pictures - Receiving praise - Good weather - Remembering positive events
53
Positive Emotion increase helping behavior: Examples of Helping Behavior *EMOTIONAL & SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS*
- Mail a lost letter - Pick up dropped items - Donate/solicit for charity -Give positive advice - Make a phone call for a stranger
54
Three Theories: Why would positive mood increase helping behavior? *EMOTIONAL & SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS*
1. Focus of attention - Focus on own good fortune promotes good will towards others 2. Social outlook - Cheered by interpersonal event; triggers prosocial values 4. Mood maintenance - Keep the good feelings coming
55
# Define: Emotion as information *EMOTIONAL & SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS*
- emotional expression helps others know emotions, beliefs intentions - ie facial expression interpret others feelings/thoughts
56
# Define: Emotion as reinforcement *EMOTIONAL & SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS*
- Emotion serves as incentive/deterrent for others’ behavior | - ie children behavior- kids repeat actions if given smile (reward), stop actions if frown
57
# Define: Emotional Reciprocity *EMOTIONAL &; SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS*
``` -Emotions evoke reciprocal reactions in others Sympathy evoked by -embarrassment -guilt distress Anger evoke fear ```
58
Conflict in Romantic Relationships: Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse (Gottman) *EMOTIONAL &; SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS*
1. Criticizing 2. Defensiveness 3. Stonewalling 4. Contempt
59
Emotion and Groups Study: Same scenario/different relationship status: Two people feeding one another french fry video *EMOTIONAL &; SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS*
1/2 Subjects told they were couple 1/2 told they are co-workers Disgust: Co-worker> romantic Same activity but different relationship
60
Emotion and Groups Status: High vs. Low *EMOTIONAL &; SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS*
High status: More freedom in emotions | Low Status: Less so (e.g. cant express anger)
61
Self vs other Judgements for Moral Situation: Results? *EMOTIONAL &; SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS*
Difference for all emotions for self and other | • Individuals predict they would feel more negative emotion

Emotions (4 decks)

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