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Physiology II Fall 2015 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

(101 cards)

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1
Q

Which tract fibers cross gradually to the other side

A

Ipsilateral fibers

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2
Q

Which tract fibers cross immediately

A

Contralateral fibers

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3
Q

What percentage of corticospinal tract fibers originate from areas behind the central sulcus including the primary somatosensory cortex

A

40%

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4
Q

What percentage of corticospinal tract fibers originate from the precentral gyrus

A

60%

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5
Q

Greater than 1/2 of the primary motor cortex is devoted to control of what

A

Hands and speech

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6
Q

What assumes the least amount of space on the motor homonculous

A

Axial trunk/ equilibrium

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7
Q

A stroke that lesions the posterior limb internal capsule would be associated with what

A

Loss of movement

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8
Q

A stroke that lesions the post central gyrus would be associated with what

A

Loss of sensation

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9
Q

A stroke that lesions the occipital lobe would be associated with what

A

Loss of vision

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10
Q

If there is a lesion of the high brain stem also known as a decorticit lesion would have what clinical findings

A

Spasticity

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11
Q

If there is a lesion of the middle brain stem also known as a deceribrit lesion would have what clinical findings

A

Rigidity

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12
Q

If there is a lesion of the low brain stem also known as a spinal lesion would have what clinical findings

A

Flaccidity

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13
Q

Which brainstem area that receives stimulation from the vestibular nuclei and transmits excitatory signals to stimulate the axial trunk and extensor muscles that support the body against gravity

A

Pontine reticular nuclei

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14
Q

What nucleus stimulates extensor tone

A

Pontine reticular nuclei

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15
Q

What nuclei inhibits extensor tone

A

Medullary reticular nuclei

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16
Q

With regard to postural control, if descending cortical signals are blocked, what is expected result

A

Increased extensor tone

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17
Q

What is the function of dynamic signal from pyramidal cells to alpha motor neurons

A

Initiation of skeletal muscle contraction

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18
Q

What is true about postural reflexes

A

Impossible to separate from voluntary movements
Maintain body in up-right balanced position
Maintain stable postural background for voluntary movement
Adjustments include both static reflexes and physic reflexes
Can be altered with training

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19
Q

As the neck is rotated to the right what happens

A

Flexors facilitated on the left, extensors facilitated on the right

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20
Q

At the onset of clockwise rotation what would you expect happens in the VIII cranial nerve on the left side

A

Decrease in firing rate

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21
Q

After 20 clockwise rotations with the eyes closed on a revolving stool the subject is abruptly stopped and the eyes are opened. What is observed

A

Lateral nystagmus with the slow component clockwise

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22
Q

When supine head tilt is best detected by what

A

Saccule

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23
Q

What is used to detect head tilt when the person is upright, sitting or standing

A

Utricle

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24
Q

Signals from neck proprioceptors typically augment signals from the vestibular apparatus as the head and neck are rotated and have similar effects on limb flexion

A

False

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25
In backward sway what sequence of contraction of muscles to maintain balance would occur
Tibialis, quadriceps and abdominals
26
When leaning forwards what is the sequence of muscle contractions
Gastronemius, hamstrings, then paraspinals
27
What would happen to a repetitive simple stretch reflex if when the muscle contracts it destabilizes posture
It would be inhibited
28
What are the spinal pathways discussed in class
Spinocerrebellar Nigralstriatal Rubrospinal
29
Which basal ganglia circuit plays a major role in cognitive control of motor activity
Caudate circuit
30
What circuit is related to muscle memory of learned movement
Putamen circuit
31
Ones sense of upright is generally a combination of cues that include both visual and vestibular formation
True
32
What effect does the striatum babe on the substantial nigra
Inhibitory GABA projections
33
Which area acts As a comparator, comparing intention with actual , motor performance and can effect the cerebellum via climbing fibers
Inferior olivary nucleus
34
Strong stimulation of one climbing fiber would elicit what
Complex action potential from a few purkinje cells
35
Spontaneous and continuous writhing movements is associated with a lesion in which are
Globus pallidis
36
Lesion in what region is related to hemiballism, violent random movments
Subthalamus
37
Lesion in which region is related to flicking, resting tremor (Parkinsonian tremor)
Putamen
38
A patient presents with a resting tremor, lead pipe rigidity in the extremities, voluntary movments are accurate but sllow where is the lesion likely found
Basal ganglia
39
Lesion in which area would be related to loss of control of emotions and rational
Hypothalamus
40
Lesion in which area is related to loss of control, paralysis
Brain stem
41
Lesion in which area is related to loss of skilled movement
Cerebellum
42
A patient presents with ataxia, upon examination they are unable to perform rapid alternating movements and unable to check movements of the right arm, where is the lesion likely found
Right side of the cerebellum
43
What is the name up the super long fucking ridiculous spinal tract that we have to know
Cortico-ponto-cerebello-rubro-thalamo-cortico-spinal
44
Then ventral spinocerebellar tract gains access to the cerebellum primarily via which peduncle
Superior
45
If you administer yohimbine (alpha 2 blocker) and then stimulate the sympathetic nervous system, what effect do you expect on the amount of norepinephrine released
Increased
46
What is associated with a mass SNS discharge
Increased arterial blood pressure Decreased flow to visceral organs Increase in blood glucose metabolism
47
Denervation supersensativity is likely associated with what adaptation
Up regulation of receptors by the target tissue
48
What is the effect of the SNS stimulation on most vascular smooth muscle
Constrict
49
Inhibitory neurons from the my enteric plexus release what neurotransmitters
Dynorphin | Vasoactive intestinal peptide
50
Excitatory motor neurons from myenteric plexus releases what neurotransmitters
Acetylcholine | Substance P
51
A patient presents with a slight ptosis of the left eye, but the right pupil appears dilated compared to the left, and they report that the left side of their face never sweats what your opinion Doctor
Interruption of the left sympathetic supply to the face
52
In primary cultures of postganglionic SNS neurons, what inhibits the release of norepinephrine
Nitric oxide | GABA
53
In primary culture of postganglionic SNS neurons what facilitates the release of norepinephrine
Acetylcholine | Corticotrophin
54
If there is a facilitated spinal segment at T6. What would you expect when 3Kg of pressure is applied to the spinous process at T10 which is not in a state of segmental facilitation
Exaggerated respond in adjacent paraspinals muscles only at T6
55
How much pressure can be applied to a normal vertebrae eliciting only a minimal response in the adjacent paraspinal muscles
7Kg
56
The CNS coordinates host activity
True
57
Which corticospinal fibers form the ventral corticospinal tract
Ipsilateral fibers
58
Bipolar, ganglionic, horizontal and a scribe cells are all associated with what
Retina
59
The image on the retina is inverted, the brain flips the image
True
60
What effect does parasympathetic stimulation have on the lens
Makes it more convex
61
A convex lens with a focal length of 10 meters would have a refractive power of how many diopters
1 D'
62
When the lens is concave would the dioptic power be positive or negative
Negative
63
If the lens is convex would the dioptic power be positive or negative
Positive
64
When reading small print from a book, stimulation of what division of thee autonomic nervous system would help bring those words into focus
Parasympathetic
65
In an individual with an astigmatism, what would be most commonly defective
Cornea
66
The are of most acute vision on the retina is the fovea central is, what contributes to increased acuity
High density of cones Slender cones Neuronal retinal layers pushed aside
67
Blockage of the canal of schlemm by debris accumulation in the trabeculae spaces would lead to what condition
Glaucoma
68
Sympathetic stimulation has what effect on the amount of light entering the eye
Increases
69
Light striking the retina causes what effect in the rods and cones
Hyperpolarization which decreases the neurotransmitter release
70
Which bipolar cells are depolarizes by the neurotransmitter glutamate
OFF cells
71
As the head moves, objects closer move across the visual field at what rate compared to objects further away
At a faster rate
72
What is the function of a scribe cells in the retina
Transform sustained signal in the retina
73
Which ganglion cells receive input mostly from bipolar cells, project to the parvocellular layers of the lateral geniculate nucleus, and are important in color vision
X cells (also known as P cells)
74
In the visual cortex what is important in deciphering color signals
Blobs
75
A lesion destroying the right optic tract would cause what type of visual field loss
Complete loss of vision in the left eye, left half of visual field bilaterally
76
Loss of what population of cones results in the greatest reduction in their overall visual spectrum, in addition to creating color blindness
Red
77
In dark adaptation which receptors adapt faster
Cones
78
A lesion in the right IV CN would be detected in which of the following eye movements
Right eye unable to look up and medial | Right eye unable to look down and medial
79
In the primary visual cortex, which cells are motion sensative to a bar of light moving across the retina
Complex
80
Sound at 20 dB and 2000 Hz would be perceived as which of the following
Whisper
81
As frequency of a sound increases from 20 to 1000 Hz what happens to hearing threshold
Decreases
82
What best describes the normal function of the ossicles as sound is transmitted from the tympanic membrane to the oval window
Increases force but decreases amplitude
83
Contraction of the draperies and tensor tympani muscles would hav what effect on impedance matching the ossicles
Decrease
84
A person with know hearing loss in the right ear is tested with a tuning fork. Upon activation the tuning fork is placed on the midline of the skull and the sound lateralizes to the right ear. What can you conclude about hearing loss
Air conduction loss in the right ear
85
Increased dis placement of the basilar membrane is associated with an increase in which aspect of sound
Loudness
86
Which chamber is filled with endolymph
Scali media
87
Hair cells near the helicotrema respond best to what sound
Low frequency
88
What is the function of endochoclear potential
Sensitized hair cells
89
What is part of the central auditory pathway
Cochlear nucleus Lateral leminiscus Inferior colliculus Medial geniculate nucleus
90
In the primary auditory cortex, low frequency sounds activate which neurons
Those located more anterior
91
If an individual is blindfolded, a sound originating from directly in front of the subject is likely to be confused with a sound originating directly behind the subject due to primarily to what mechanism
In both cases no difference in time lag
92
Which taste is most likely to cause a rejection of food
Bitter
93
How is propylene glycol (anti-freeze) likely to taste
Sweet
94
The VII CN carried impulses for taste from which area
Anterior 2/3 of the tongue
95
All neural traffic for taste is projected to which stem nuclei
Nucleus traffic solitarius
96
Corticofugal fibers can inhibit olfactory transmission by stimulation of what cells in the olfactory bulb
Granule cells
97
Olfactory stimulation can elicit powerful emotional responses due to what
Connections with the luminiferous system
98
Which olfactory pathway projects to the cortex without relaying through the thalamus
Less old-lateral
99
The medial olfactory area is concerned primarily with what
Basic olfactory reflexes
100
The lower tip of the post-central gyrus in the parietal Cortes and adjacent opercular insular area in the Sylvia's fissure is the critical processing area for which modality
Conscious analysis of taste
101
What is the date of an olfactory cell firing at a rate of 20 impulses/sec
That is a normal level of activation associated with stimulation

Physiology II Fall 2015 (2 decks)

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