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Physiology II Fall 2015 > Exam I > Flashcards

Exam I Flashcards

(92 cards)

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1
Q

All sensory systems do not extract the same basic information from stimuli

A

False

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2
Q

A vibration of 200 Hz would be detected best by what type of receptor?

A

Pacinian corpuscle

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3
Q

The deeper the receptor the larger the receptor feild

A

True

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4
Q

what receptors are slow adapting receptors?

A

Merkels disc and ruffini ending

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5
Q

A merkel’s disc receptor in the finger would have its cell body where?

A

in the dorsal root ganglion

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6
Q

if a hand is placed in water that is the same temperature as body temperature what would happen

A

both cold and warmth receptors would generate similar firing rates

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7
Q

when a pacinian corpuscle is pressed what will occur to the sodium channels at the site of deformation

A

they will open

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8
Q

as a generator becomes less negative, what will happen to the rate of firing in the associated sensory nerve

A

increase

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9
Q

what effect does lateral inhibition have on two point touch discrimination on the body surface

A

it has no effect on two-point discrimination

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10
Q

some nociceptive signals may reach the higher cortical levels via the dorsal columns

A

true

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11
Q

fast pathways of nociceptive transmission use A delta fibers, releases glutamate in spinal cord and mostly terminate in ventrobasal complex of thalamus

A

true

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12
Q

which nociceptive pathway has significant termination sites associated with the periaqueductal gray matter

A

slow

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13
Q

polymodal (slow) nociceptors respond to what

A

extremes of temperature, bradykinin, mechanical deformation

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14
Q

an inhibitory spinal cord interneuron can block nociceptive signals by the release of what

A

enkephalin

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15
Q

what effect would pottasium ions have on nociceptors

A

it would lower their threshold (sensitization)

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16
Q

the raphe nucleus sends projections to the spinal cord that release what neurotransmitter which has what effect on nociceptive transmission

A

serotonin which inhibits nociceptive transmission

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17
Q

of all the spinal joints, which one is most heavily innervated with mechanoreceptors

A

cervical

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18
Q

which type of spinal joint mechanoreceptors are low threshold, rapidly adapting and completely inactive in immobilized joints

A

type II

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19
Q

which spinal joint mechanoreceptors function in the perception of posture and movement, and have tonic effects on lower motor neuron pools effecting neck, limb, jaw and eye muscles

A

type I

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20
Q

type IV receptors in the spinal joints are low threshold and always fire as the joint is moved

A

false

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21
Q

type IV receptors in the spinal joints are high threshold and dont fire as the joint is moved

A

true

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22
Q

an increase in signal strength due to activation of a greater number of fibers is an example of what

A

spatial summation

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23
Q

as a sensory signal is transmitted from the skin to the cortex what is observed

A

generalized pattern of divergence

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24
Q

cervical spinal joint dysfunction at the level of C2 could cause a headache through what mechanism

A

incoming signals from C2 spill over and stimulates V cranial nerve nucleus

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25
headache due to constipation is probably due to what mechanism
absorption of toxic products which then irritates meninges
26
in a reverberating circuit signal prolongation to a fixed input is enhanced by what
stimulation of facilitatory input
27
when considering the stimulatory field of an incoming axon what is true
as you move away from the center of the field, innervation decreases
28
complex feature detection neurons for tactile stimulation are located in the
primary somatosensory cortex
29
a single neuron in BM 1,2 could respond strongly to a stroking tactile stimulus on the skin in one direction, but weakly to the same stimulus in the opposite direction
true
30
pain and nociception are terms that mean the same thing and can be used interchangeably
false
31
what substance is the only substance that is released by nociceptors themselves
substance P
32
why is surgery to destroy nociceptive pathway to alleviate pain a bad idea
new pain sensations post surgery, worse than before
33
the mechanism of feffered pain could be
visceral nerve fibers and skin nerve fibers sharing common synapses in the cord
34
thermal receptors (both warmth and cold) are non-adapting in nature
false
35
which type of headache has a vascular origin and may respond favorable to chiropractic care
migraine
36
what is a means of stabilizing nervous system function and helps prevent over-stimulation and excessive spread of stimulation
inhibitory circuits and synaptic fatigue
37
what allows muscle spindles to operate over a wide range of muscle lengths
co activation of both alpha and gamma motor neurons
38
which muscle spindles are best suited to detect changes in muscle length
nuclear chain and dynamic bag
39
in response to a sustained stimulus a neuron will typically show a decreased firing rate over time
true
40
which spinal joint mechanoreceptors has a low threshold, slow adapting and has tonic effects on lower motor neuron pools
ruffini ending
41
if a portion of the skin is cooled to 0 degrees centigrade what receptors would be most active
nociceptors
42
in the gating theory of pain what stimulates the inhibitory interneurons in the spinal cord effectively closing the gate, decreasing nociceptive transmission
A alpha fibers (type I)
43
most vibratory signals are transmitted to the cortex via what pathway
anterolateral (spinothalamic)
44
in the somatosensory homunculus which area of the body would normally have the largest cortical representation
hands
45
what is characteristic of the anterolateral (protopathic) system
initiate actions, small fibers, pain, and temperature
46
a hemisection of the spinal cord on the right side at T5 that disrupts both ascending and descending projections would create what deficits below the lesion
loss of nociception on the left side, vibration on the right
47
a cortical neuron in Brodman area 2 that fires strongly as a tactile stimulus is drawn across the hand from the ulnar to radial but weakly from radial to ulnar is an example of what
direction sensitive neuron
48
in type III (A delta fibers) nociceptors, which neurotransmitter is released by first order neurons in the spinal cord?
glutamate
49
what neurotransmitter(s) is/are released by type 4 nociceptors
glutamate and substance p
50
what is the major function of anandamide produced by the brain
stress induced analgesia
51
how can dysfunction of the cervical spine refer pain to the head
some C2 projections synapse in the nucleus of CN V
52
a first order neuron when stimulated will both stimulate second order neurons as well as inhibit other second order neurons simultaneously
true
53
lateral inhibition in the somatosensory system is associated with what function
enhances edges
54
interneurons in the cord that block nociceptive transmission by second order neurons release what neurotransmitter
enkephalin
55
the perception of something wet on your skin is associated with stimulation of what receptors of your skin
thermo receptors and pressure receptors
56
brodman area 7 integrates stereognostic input with what special sense
visual
57
the somatosensory cortex is important in initiation and guidance of movement
true
58
what is the dioptic power of a convex lens with a focal strength of .1 meters
+10 diopters
59
in distant vision what error of refraction can be compensated for by contraction of the ciliary muscle
hyperopia
60
stimulation of what division of the autonomic nervous system will increase refractive power of the lens
parasympathetic
61
all retinal cells generate action potentials
false
62
when light strikes a rod it hyperpolarizes
true
63
when light strikes a rod it depolarizes
false
64
which ganglion cells are important in color vision
P(X)
65
what ocular muscle elevates the adducted eye
inferior oblique
66
what is important in involuntary fixation of the eyes
superior colliculus
67
a lesion of the VI CN on the right would cause what
double vision when the subject looks to the right
68
what causes pupillary dilation
sympathetic stimulation
69
what frequency sound is most likely heard by the human ear at 30 dB
1000 Hz
70
impedance matching is a function of what
ossicles
71
what chamber of the cochlea is enriched with K+ ions
scali media
72
neurons in the anterior area of the primary auditory cortex respond best to what audible frequency sounds
low
73
what are the components of the auditory system
superior olivary nucleus, medial geniculate, cochlear nucleus and inferior colliculus
74
glycols, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones would have what taste
sweet
75
what cranial nerve is associated with taste in the anterior 2/3 of the tongue
VII
76
what taste receptor utilizes ion channels
sour
77
as an olfactory cell is stimulated with an ordorant, what prolongs depolarization
efflux of Cl-
78
in the olfactory bulb, what is the function of the glomerulus
connect olfactory cell axons with dendrites of mitral and tufted cells
79
olfactory fibers can directly penetrate into the limbic system
true
80
All sensory systems extract the same basic information from stimuli, which include modality, intensity, duration and location
True
81
Gentle stimulation of pressure receptors is responsible for
Ticklishness
82
Gentle stimulation of nociceptors results in
Itching
83
What will depress the adducted eye
Superior oblique
84
What will cause intorsion of the adducted eye
Superior rectus
85
What will cause extorsion of the adducted eye
Inferior rectus
86
What will elevate the abducted eye
Superior rectus
87
What will depress the abducted eye
Inferior rectus
88
What will cause intorsion of the abducted eye
Superior oblique
89
What will cause extorsion of the abducted eye
Inferior oblique
90
At what frequencies do we have the greatest acuity
1000-4000 Hz
91
What nerve is responsible for perceiving taste on the posterior 1/3 of the tongue
Cranial Nerve IX
92
What cranial nerve is responsible for taste at the base of the tongue and palate
X

Physiology II Fall 2015 (2 decks)

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