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PHY 120 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

(70 cards)

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1
Q

Newtonian Time

A

“Absolute, true and mathematical time, of itself, and from its own nature, flows equably, without relation to anything external.”

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2
Q

Event in space-time

A

A dimension, like the 3 space dimensions. Four data (3+1) are necessary to specify an “event”

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3
Q

Oscillation

A

Repetitive phenomena

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4
Q

Period

A

Time for one complete cycle

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5
Q

Frequency

A

Number of complete cycles per second

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6
Q

Amplitude

A

Furthest displacement from equilibrium

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7
Q

Simple pendulum

A

undergoes Simple Harmonic Motion at small amplitude

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8
Q

Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM)

A

The regular, repetitive motion of a harmonic oscillator. The period of simple harmonic motion does not depend on the amplitude

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9
Q

Anharmonic motion

A

Where the restoring force on an object is not proportional to its displacement from a stable equilibrium. Period depends on amplitude

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10
Q

SHM displacement

A

Same graph as (co)sine. Role of angle played by “phase angle”

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11
Q

SHM velocity

A

Same as SHM displacement but shifted earlier (left) by T/4 of pi/2

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12
Q

SHM acceleration

A

Shifted earlier than SHM displacement by T/4

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13
Q

Sinusoidal

A

A curve having the form of a sine wave

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14
Q

Phase angle

A

The fraction that lags or leads the function

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15
Q

KE transformations in SHM

A

1/2kx^2

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16
Q

PE transformations in SHM

A

1/2mv^2

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17
Q

Resonance

A

If something can oscillate at natural frequency then it may absorb energy from its environment selectively, at or near natural frequency (if any present), and will begin or increase oscillation

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18
Q

Natural frequency of an oscillator

A

The frequency or frequencies at which an object tends to vibrate with when hit, struck, plucked, strummed, or somehow disturbed

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19
Q

Sympathetic resonance

A

The transfer of energy between two natural resonances that share a common frequency of oscillation.

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20
Q

Resonance sharpness: Q factor

A

How selective the system is to absorbing oscillation energy that is a little “out of tune. Sharper resonance= higher Q

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21
Q

Full-width at half maximum

A

Equals the natural frequency divided by the Q factor.

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22
Q

Speed of light

A

C = 299,792,458 m/s
30 cm in 1 nanosecond
0.3 mm in 1 picosecond

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23
Q

Picosecond/ Nanosecond

A

1 ps= 10^(-12)s

1 ns= 1 x 10^(-9) s

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24
Q

Second

A

The duration of 9,192,631,770 periods of the oscillation of a certain resonance in the ground state of the Cs-133 atom

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25
Meter
The distance traveled by light in vacuum during a time interval 1/(299792458) second
26
Precession of a top
Where the spindle sweeps out a cone in space. Direction of the angular momentum of top changes because gravity is exerting torque about the tip, tending to make the top fall over
27
Angular momentum axis of a top
Aligns with the spindle; nuclear spin and electron spin
28
Mean
Average
29
Median
Middle
30
Mode
Most common
31
Standard deviation
Spread; Bell-shaped curve
32
Atomic clock
An extremely accurate type of clock that is regulated by the vibrations of an atomic or molecular system such as Cs or Ammonia
33
Precession of a top
Where the spindle sweeps out a cone in space. The angular momentum of the top changes because gravity exerts a torque about the tip, tending to make it fall. N II
34
Angular momentum axis of a top
Spins. The rate of spinning have fixed "quantized" values that depend on invariate atomic properties.
35
2 spins in atoms
Nuclear and election. Exert torques upon one another (N III) which cause each spin to precess (N II)
36
Mean
Average
37
Mode
Most appeared #
38
Median
Middle #
39
Standard deviation
Spread
40
Sound waves
Travelling compressional waves
41
Compressional waves
The pressure of air rises and falls at the frequency of the sound
42
Longitudinal waves
The motion of air molecules moving forward and back
43
Relation of wavelength and frequency
wave speed= frequency X wavelength.
44
Wave speed
The speed at which some feature of the wave (crest) moves forward
45
Tone
A repetitive pattern of sound pressure fluctuations
46
Pitch and frequency of sound
The psychoacoustical correlate of frequency
47
Frequency range of hearing
25Hz to 20kHz
48
Musical interval
A fixed frequency ratio
49
Octave and interval names
``` .Octave 2:1 sounds same/higher .Perfect 5th 3:2 .Perfect 4th 4:3 .Major 3rd 5:4 .Minor 3rd 6:5 ```
50
Scale
Major (white keys C), minor (white keys A), chromatic Adjacent black and white keys), modal (various sequences of intervals), non-western (based on different steps or intervals)
51
Intonation (standards of tuning)
Just/natural/Pythagorean (whole #'s) & tempered (m2)
52
Harmony
Simultaneous tones in consonant intervals
53
Musical consonance
Pleasant and agreeable correspondence of sounds
54
Musical dissonance
Unpleasant and not agreeable correspondence of sounds
55
Chord
Intervals, triads, "sevenths", "tenths"
56
Transverse wave
The string moves from side to side but the disturbance moves rapidly along the string
57
Tension of a restoring force
Caused by transvers waves. Tighter -> higher
58
Linear density of a string
Inertia. Mass per unit length (kg/m). Heavier -> slower
59
Fundamental frequency
The lowest resonant frequency of an oscillatory system
60
Overtones
A resonant frequency of an oscillating system that is higher than the fundamental
61
Harmonic
An overtone whose frequency is related to the fundamental by a simple numerical multiple
62
Superposition of waves
When waves overlap, the disturbances at each point are added
63
Constructive interference
When 2 waves overlap, if the 2 waves are both + or -. The net displacement is the sum of the 2 individual displacements.
64
Destructive interference
When the displacements have opposite signs. They subtract
65
Standing waves
When identical waves travelling in opposite directions are superposed
66
Nodes
A point where the waves always cancel
67
Antinodes
A point where the waves always interfere constructively so that maximum amplitude results
68
Mode
A spatial pattern of oscillation at a single frequency that can persist in a medium
69
Harmonic series
.Fundamental (nodes at endpoints .Second- frequency 2x as fundamental (1 interior node at midpoint) .Third- frequency 3x as fundamental (2 interior nodes, 3 parts of string) And so on
70
Harmonics on a guitar
Principal sound is the fundamental. Pitch is controlled by pressing next to a fret to shorten string, preventing the upper portion of the string from vibrating

PHY 120 (3 decks)

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