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Science of Human Communication > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

(71 cards)

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1
Q

How do we define sound?

A

physical properties and perceptual properties

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2
Q

Physical properties of sound

A

defines the physical and mathematical properties of sound

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3
Q

perceptual properties of sound

A

defines the way in which we percieve sounds – based human perception

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4
Q

What is the SHM?

A

Harmonic– repeating motion

simple– restoring force proportional to displacement

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5
Q

Inertia

A

resistance of a physical object to any change in its state of motino

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6
Q

potential energy

A

energy due to position fof teh body or the arrangement of the particles of the system usually associated with restoring forces

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7
Q

kinetic energy

A

energy due to its motino

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8
Q

velocity

A

rate of change with discplacement

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9
Q

gravity

A

force with which all physical bodies attract each other. That thing that gives wright to physical object and causes physical objects to fall toward the group when dropped from a height

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10
Q

cycle

A

one complete repition

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11
Q

elasticity

A

the counter force providing movment

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12
Q

newton’s first law of motion

A

an object at rest will remain at rest unless acted on by an unbalanced force. AN object in motion continues in motion with the same speed and in the same direction unless acted upon by an extrernal forces

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13
Q

hooke’s law

A

the magnitude of restoring force (elasticity) is proportional to the displacement from rest

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14
Q

How does SHM explain sound?

A

air is made up of a bunch of molecules each with its own pattern of motion. if an object in that bunch of molecules begins to vibrate as in SHM the air molecules will also vibrate in SHM

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15
Q

Compression

A

this high pressure region with molecules close together

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16
Q

rarefaction

A

low- pressure area

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17
Q

What are the two requrements for sound

A

source and a medim

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18
Q

two requirement that both have the same two features necesssary for sound.

A

mass and elasticity

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19
Q

Transverse waves

A

a wave in which the particles of the meduium are displaced in a direction perpendicular to the directon of energy transport

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20
Q

surface waves

A

a wave in which particles of the medium undego circular motin

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21
Q

longitudinal waves

A

a wae in which particles of the medium move in a direction parallel to the direction which the wave moves
this type of wave is sound

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22
Q

Waveform

A

a series of comles waves to look at speech visually, amplitude, frequency, time and variation all of it

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23
Q

What is the range of frequency is relevant for human being

A

20 hz-20,000hz

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24
Q

what is the spectrum or frequency line spectrum?

A

we represent the frequency of a wave easily. and amplitude is represented on the y axis and frequency on the x axis

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25
period
the time it took to complete one cycle
26
how does temperature affect the speed of sound
sound is tranmitted through a medium that has its own pattern of motion. motion depends on temperature so speed of sound varies with temperature
27
amplitude
sound intensity
28
displacement
change in position the distance from a reference desceibe both distance and direction
29
instantaneous amplitude
the magnitude at the point of maximum displacement relative to the magnitude at equilibrium
30
peak to peak amplitude
the difference in magnitude of displacement between two opposite valence peak points in a wave
31
Root Mean Square
a statistical measure of the magnitude of varying wave
32
_______ is the most useful or relates best to listeners perceptions
pressure
33
Force
force be thought of as any push or pusll applied to an object
34
pressure
XXXX
35
reference point for measuring sound and amplitude?
dynes
36
dynes
a measure of weight (measure the absolute pressre level)
37
decibel
measure of the relative difference in sound pressure between two sounds
38
observed pressure
p0
39
reference sound pressure
pr
40
two features of the decibel formula that makes it good for measuring sound
logarithmic scale | ration scale
41
logarithmic scale
reduces the rance of human sensitivity to a manageable scale
42
ration scale
compares sound pressure to reference value starts the scale at 0 for human
43
How do we calculate the decibel value of two sounds added together
the pressure in dynes/ cm2 doubles
44
damping
decrease in amplitude
45
phase
a measurement of where in the cycle so think about how you can measaure it when around a circle. Measured in degrees, that's, how you know what degree the phase is
46
3 main properties of a sound wave
single frequency pure tones used for audiometry
47
intereference
combining waves lead to interference
48
construction interference
where the combination results in an increase in amplitude
49
destructive interference
where the combinaton results in a decrease in amplitude
50
a complex harmonic wave
a nice complex wave
51
fundamental frequency
lowest frequency
52
harmonics
higher frequency components that are whole number multiples of the fundamental frequency
53
a complex wave is periodic
if it is repeating
54
a fourier series
a complex wave in wich all the frequency components are related
55
square wave
odd harmonics; sounds harsh
56
triangle wave
odd harmonics; not as harsh high frequency fall off at a faster rate
57
sawtooth wave
all harmonics; closest to the vocal source= most relevant to speech because it is the most like speech like the sound our vocal cords make
58
what is the definition of resonance
resonance is defined as the increase in amplitude that occurs when an object vibrates at is preferred frequency
59
preferred frequency
the point of vibration in which objects start to resonate
60
a child on a swing
a child on a swing is essentially a pendulum. The swing will vibrate at a frequency determined by its length. an increase in amplitude is called resonance
61
mechanical resonance
when an external force is applied to a system vibrated in SHM or at the perfect times, its amplitude increased but its frequency stays the same
62
acoustic resonance
involves achange in frequency of the otupt more than one resonant frequency
63
for acoustic resonance what determines the preferred frequency
determined by the physical properties of the structure meaning length
64
what are the two consequences of acoustic resonance
the sound coming is low and the sound is coming out louder; increase in amplitude the sound that comes back isfiltered
65
traveling wave
the type of wave that is shown traveling through a medium
66
standing wave
its the pattern resulting from the presence of two waves (sometimes more) of the same frequency with different direction of travel within the same medium
67
nodes
are where there is no displacement of the particles (no displacement)
68
antinodes
are where the displacement is maximum
69
why do we talk about a tube when talking about acoustic resonance
the sound that resonates will have a wavelength that is proportional to the length of the tube
70
what is a feature of sound matters for tube resonance
the length-- that's what 's changing. besides it's preferred frequency it will also vibrate a harmonics of its preferred frequency
71
What happens at a tube's end? what happens at a tube's close end?
node at wall of the tube and an antinode at the opening

Science of Human Communication (3 decks)

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