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Science of Human Communication > FINAL > Flashcards

FINAL Flashcards

(74 cards)

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1
Q

Tidal Volume

A

amount of air inhaled and exhaled during a single cycle of respiration

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2
Q

Inspiratory Reserve Volume

A

amount of air that can be inhaled above tidal volume

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3
Q

Expiratory Reserve Volume

A

amount of air that can be exhaled above tidal volume

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4
Q

Residual Volume

A

the air that remains in thelungs, even after maximum exhalation

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5
Q

Total Lung Capacity

A

total amount of air the lungs are capable of holding

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6
Q

The laryngeal Bone

A

hyoid bone :

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7
Q

Where does the hyoid bone sit?

A

small U shaped bone at the top of the larynx (attachment for the tongue)

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8
Q

What are the (9) laryngeal cartilage

A 
thyroid 
cricoid
arytenoid
corniculate 
cuniform
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9
Q

How does a speaker change vocal pitch

A

they change the frequency because that is the subjective measure of pitch

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10
Q

How does pitch differ between speakers

A
  • -For older children, vocal folds lengthen and thicken, causing decrease in fundamental frequency
  • -At puberty male larynges become longer and thicker, causing decrease in fundamental frequency
  • -Female larynges undergo similar development but not as extrmeme
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11
Q

The source filter theory

A

The source of a sound pushes air through a filter that acts the same for everyone and that is how we make sounds

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12
Q

Formants

A

the peaks in spectral energy, at what frequencies there is the most energy

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13
Q

F1

A

tells about how high the tongue is in the out when making vowels

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14
Q

F2

A

is whether the tongue is in the front or the back of the mouth. These both determine the different frequencies of each peak

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15
Q

What is the relationship between F1 and F2?

A

the relationship expalins the position of the tongue in the mouth as well as the different fequencies for each vowel sound

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16
Q

What determines differencess in formant frequencies frequencies between different speaker?

A

Your age, sex, and as you get older for males their vocal cords get thinner and female vocal cords get thicker

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17
Q

What is articulation?

A

Articulation is modifying the output of the respiratory and phonatory systems to create individual speech sounds.

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18
Q

What is the purpose of articulation?

A

to manipulate resonance by altering the shape of the articulatory cavities

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19
Q

What is the velopharyngeal port

A

the velum and the oral cavity that constricts in order to close off the nasal cavity

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20
Q

How is the velopharyngeal port related to speech?

A

your velum makes contact when you want to produce oral sounds, it opens when you make nasal sounds

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21
Q

What is the distinction between vowel production and consonant production ?

A

Vowel production doesn’t restrict airflow consonant production does. And in vowels one thing is being manipulated that is the tongue. For consonants there are mutltiple things being manipulated

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22
Q

Manner

A

the way air is flowing; so like what is happening with the air when you are saying something

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23
Q

Place

A

where the air is being constricted in your mouth

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24
Q

voicing

A

wheher the vocal folds are activated during articulation

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25
What are stop consonants
they are produced by completely blocking the flow of air then releasing it as a burst
26
What are nasals
they are produced like stop consonants except that velum is lowered to allow air to resonate in the nasal cavity
27
How do tongue tip position, lip, and ptich play into vowel production
They add to the formants in distinguishing vowels from each other
28
What is coarticulation
In conversational speech we're producing 150-200 words a minute or about 10 phonemes each second.
29
Coarticulation affects speech production
because when we produce phonemes so rapidly, adjacent phonemes affect each other they overlap in frequency
30
What is lack of segmentablility
the phonemes that you don't know wha'ts befre and after that its impossible to separate phonemes from surrounding ones
31
conduction
passing along sound vibration in the air
32
transduction
changing from one from of energy to another
33
What are the four structures of the outer ear
the pinna concha typanic membrane external auditory canal
34
What are the four functions of the outer ear
the four functions are conduction, resonance, protection and localization
35
What is the landmark between the outer and middle ear?
The landmark between the outer and middle ear is the typanic membrane
36
What are the structures in the middle ear?
ossicles (malleus, incus and stapes) The eustachian tube (connects to the middle ear to the nasopharynx) also impedence mismatching
37
impedence mismatching
the middle ear helps to overcome the impedence mismatch between the outer, middle and inner ear.
38
why is it necessary in the auditory system?
it ensures the adequate transmission of sound energy to inner ear. The ossicular chain increses thepressure by 32x
39
The middle ear both amplifies and attenuates loud sounds. What causes amplification?
The surface area differences between the TM and the oval window of the cochlea, the lever action of the ossicles (malleus longer than incus so malleus moves a greater distance and incus moves with greater force) and the conical shape and flexibility of the TM
40
What are the interaural timing differences ?
how your brain integrates the two sounds coming in your ear at different times. The time difference can help you localize the sound or find out where it is coming from
41
What is the interaural level differences ?
Your brain is integrating the loudness in each ear, it also helps you localize because its easier to find out where the sound is coming from
42
What are the 3 chambers of the cochlea? Which is the ascending path, and the descending path?
Scala vestibuli, scala media and scala tympani. The scala vestibuli is the ascending path and the scala tympani is the descending path
43
Which is the difference between the base and the apex?
apex: farthest away/inward from Middle ear space Base: closest to middle ear
44
What are the two physical features that contribute to what happens at the base and apex of the basilar membrane?
the apex is narrow and the base is wider
45
What is the actual organ of hearing?
Organ of Corti is located behind the typanic membrane.
46
Where is the organ of corti located?
It rests upon the basilar membrane .
47
What are the sensory receptors called ?
Hair cells
48
What is the pattern of movement within the cochlea called?
Tonotopic organization: it is along the basilar membrane which vibrates in response to sound. it is a traveling wave and vibration depends on frequency of the sound. The higher frequencies go towards the basilar the lower frequencies go to the apical end. That is because the lower frequencies are going to go slower
49
tonotopic organization
frequency organized by a place along the basilar membrane. (each plot onthe Basilar Membrane tuned to a different frequency) near the base of high frequencies PEAK near BASE
50
inner hair cells
transduce mechanical vibration into electrical signals
51
outer hair cells
vibrate in response to sound as a result they also produce sounds in the ear called acoustic emissions
52
How do auditory brainstem implants work?
ABI stimulates the cochlear nucleus, they don't work for everyone
53
afferent fibers
send sensory info from the brain back down in the cochlea
54
efferent fibers
send sensory info from the brain, back down to the cochlea.
55
Where in the brain is the Auditory Cortex?
Temporal lobe
56
What are the three aspects of a sound that are conducted to cortex?
Frequency intensity timing
57
What are the three aspects of a sound that are conducted to cortex? Frequency
the brain knows which frequencies are in the sound by where in the CAS neurons are firing
58
What are the three aspects of a sound that are conducted to cortex? Intensity
the brain knows the relative amplitude of a sond by how many neurons fire and how fast they fire
59
What are the three aspects of a sound that are conducted to cortex? Timing
Timing is very important for separating detailed informaiton about a sond (ie voice onset time, or when the folds vibrate during speech)
60
What are the two sources of info in the speech stream?
Phonetic Variables | Speker Variables
61
Phonetic Variables
place, manner and voicing
62
Speaker Variables
size, shape of vocal tract, subglottal pressure
63
Is categorical perception the same in all languages ?
there is categorical perception across languages but it varies across languages.
64
The studies that compared CP in English/ Spanish and English/Japanese: What did they find?
they found that Spanish speakers start voicing sooner than English speakers. This affects how they percieve the same toekns CP depends on your language (nurture)
65
What are the three basic claims of the Motor Theory?
- - you learn to speak ont based on what you hear but based on how you produce it. - -Relative to perceiving the phonemes we learn the ways to produce them. How you produce the sound helps you learn the sound - -perception is species specifi
66
First basic claim of the Auditory Theory?
Perception is not based on production | ---speech perception is like the perception of any auditory sound (General Mechanisms)
67
Second basic claim of Auditory Theory?
Perception is not species - specific | --any species with a comparable auditory system should percieve speech like humans do
68
Third basic claim of Auditory Theory?
perception may be innate | --because the auditory system is pretty much fully developed at birth, speech percpetion abilites may be innate
69
what are fricatives
produced when air is forced through a narrow constriction creating a noisy airflow
70
what are affricates
produced with a stop like closure with a fricative release
71
approximants
produced when articulators approach one another but don't actually touch (ie. they approximate one another)
72
Liquids
a type of approximant that (rolls off the tongue)
73
Glide
a type of of aproximant that refers to the gradual articulatory motions that characterize these phonemes
74
diphthongs
vowels that start with one constriction but move to another

Science of Human Communication (3 decks)

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