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Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

How has radio been opened up to a two-way medium?

A

Listeners can call in/enter contests

Listeners can respond to podcasters via Facebook/Twitter

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2
Q

When was the “Golden Age” of the radio?

A

1930s - 1940s

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3
Q

What type of radio advertising rates are rising?

A

local radio

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4
Q

What kind of radio is becoming more popular and why?

A

Talk radio because of competition of online radio

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5
Q

Benefits of streaming services like Google Play or Tidal

A

Artists benefit whereas a lot of normal radio stations’ $ goes to songwriters

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6
Q

The process of passing on culturally relevant knowledge, skills, attitudes and values from person to person or group to group

A

cultural transmission

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7
Q

phonograph

A

First patented by Thomas Edison in 1877 as a “talking machine”, it used a tinfoil cylinder to record voices from telephone conversations. Edison held a monopoly in the recording industry for 9 years.

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8
Q

graphophone

A

An improvement on Thomas Edison’s phonograph in recording audio, it used beeswax to record sound rather than tinfoil.

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9
Q

They invented the graphophone

A

Alexander Graham Bell and Charles Tainter

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10
Q

Gramophone

A

Followed the graphophone and was developed by inventor Emile Berliner, it used a flat disc rather than a cylinder to record sound.

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11
Q

why have music revenues declined steeply since 2001?

A

digital piracy

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12
Q

Cash or gifts given to radio disc jockeys by record labels in exchange for greater airplay of the label’s artists or most recent songs. After several scandals in the 1950s the practice is now illegal

A

payola

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13
Q

long tail marketing

A

the principle that selling a few of many types of items can be as or more profitable than selling many copies of a few items, a practice that works especially well for online sellers such as Amazon and Netflix

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14
Q

Originally a reference to casting seeds widely in a field that was subsequently applied to the fledgling electronic medium of radio and later television

A

broadcasting

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15
Q

freemium

A

subscriptions that provide some content for free but require a monthly subscription to take advantage of all the site has to offer

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16
Q

amplitude modulation (AM)

A

Radio carrier signal modified by variations in wave amplitude.

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17
Q

frequency modulation (FM)

A

Radio carrier signal modified by variations in wave length/frequency

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18
Q

Explain some non-music functions of radio

A

transmits agricultural instructions, emergency broadcast system for natural disasters/military conflict, talk radio, news programming, traffic/weather reports,

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19
Q

True of False: The radio has a flexible and portable power source

A

True - Radio receivers can operate easily for long periods of time on battery power alone

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20
Q

Heinrich Hertz

A

Demonstrated the existence of radio waves in 1885, setting the stage for the development of modern wireless communications. The measurement unit of electromagnetic frequencies was named for Hertz.

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21
Q

Granville T. Woods

A

Inventor of railway telegraphy in 1887, a type of wireless communication that allowed moving trains to communicate with each other and with stations, greatly reducing the number of railway collisions

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22
Q

Guglielmo Marconi

A

Italian inventor and creator of radio telegraphy or wireless transmission, in 1889

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23
Q

Lee de Forest

A

Considered the father of radio broadcasting because of his invention that permitted reliable voice transmissions for both point to point broadcasting.

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24
Q

Edwin Howard Armstrong

A

Columbia University engineering professor who invented FM radio transmission

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25
David Sarnoff
Head of RCA, he promoted the development of television as a mass medium yet blocked the development of FM radio for years because RCA produced and sold AM radio receivers
26
Radio Act of 1927
An act of Congress that created the Federal Radio Commission, intended to regulate the largely chaotic airways and based on the principle that companies had a civic duty to use airwaves, a limited public good, responsibly.
27
Federal Radio Commission (FRC)
Formed by the Radio Act of 1927, the commission, the precursor to the FCC, created a policy that favored fewer high-power radio broadcasting stations rather than more numerous low-power stations
28
Federal Communications Commission (FCC)
Established in 1934, the principal communications regulatory body at the federal level in the U.S.
29
daypart
segment of time radio and television program planners use to determine their primary audience during that time of day or night
30
Benefits of podcasts
easy to get/download, listening live or visiting a website for the audio file are no longer necessary, easy/inexpensive to produce
31
How does satellite radio differ from standard radio?
Uses digital signals from a satellite that broadcast across a much larger territory. Subscriptions = more content like cable TV
32
Why is 3D so popular right now?
cheaper, no longer causes headaches and people are willing to pay for it especially with blockbusters,
33
How have marketing windows changed?
There used to be "first run" and "second run" theaters, now there is domestic and international release with some movies going straight to cable/streaming
34
Most common medium to advertise movies
TV
35
Why do movie franchises thrive?
They can afford marketing to reach all audiences
36
Kinetoscope
Created by Thomas Edison, "peep show" precursor to the motion picture viewer. He failed to patent it and two French brothers, the Lumieres, build a more portable film processing unit and projector
37
Georges Melies
Melies was the first to make objects disappear, appear or change. He pioneered special effects like split screen, double exposure and dissolve.
38
D.W. Griffith
Created first major full-length film, Birth of a Nation. Introduced many innovative cinematic techniques - crosscutting and depicting action moving right to left while another moved left to right.
39
When did color films emerge
1920s
40
What year was Steamboat Willie made
1928
41
autear
Director as storyteller
42
time shift
Recording of an audio or video events for later listenings or viewings
43
place shift
Viewing TV from anywhere using the Internet to access video originally delivered digitally to the home
44
coercion
People are forced to change because of real or perceived threat
45
Scientific presumptions of persuasive communications
1. How people process information about the world affects the process of persuasion: People process info differently 2. A persuaders characteristics affect persuasion 3. People's behaviors and actions are somehow linked to their cognitions and affects the world (Awareness- Acceptance- Action)
46
Central route | Under scientific presumption #1
Being persuaded by the contents or argument of the message
47
Peripheral route | Under scientific presumption #1
Being persuaded by superficial cues such as the attractiveness of the speaker
48
appealing strategies of persuasion
logos, pathos
49
Things to include to clarify and simplify message
Analogies, Comparisons, Examples, Statistics
50
Effects of humor on an argument
- Useful in reinforcing exiting attitudes and behaviors - reduce credibility/likability of speaker - Humor is effective with dull topics when funny
51
What becomes news?
Something extraordinary: "Man bites Dog" Something predictable: holiday shopping, fashion trends, movie releases Something of public interest: accidents, crimes, political corruption, accidents, recent discoveries
52
Criticism to News
Too many negative stories = distorted reality | Pseudo events - events staged to attract media attention (i.e. press conference,red carpet events)
53
Agenda setting theory
Media's ability to influence the importance of topics on the public agenda. Media tells the public what to think about but not necessarily what to think
54
Who proposed the Agenda Setting Theory
Maxwell McCombs and Donald Shaw
55
First level agenda setting
WHAT to think about - ex: politics
56
Second level agenda setting
HOW to think about - attribute importance to something: race, hand motions, education of speaker
57
PR
management function that helps an organization build mutually beneficial relationships with publics
58
Employee/Member PR
Communicating to internal members
59
Community PR
Developing ways to benefit community and organization
60
Industry PR
Relating with other firms in the same industry as the organization
61
Investor PR
Build/maintain confidence among investors
62
Public affairs PR
Developing strategies to get involved in public policy
63
Government affairs PR
Relating with legislature - lobbying is a part of it
64
Media relations PR
Seeking out more publicity
65
Counseling (PR)
providing advice to management
66
Role of Research in PR
To understand public's needs and wants
67
PR vs. Journalism
Journalism informs public, PR informs/persuades Journalists = objective observers, PR professionals are advocates Both are based on facts Journalism = for mass audience PR carefully segment audience into specific demographics
68
PR vs. Advertising
Both utilize mass media to send messages PR - goes through gatekeeping process/unpaid, no control over space and time, addressed to internal/external audience Ads - paid, has assigned space/time, addressed to consumers/external audience
69
Nathan B. Stubblefield
created a wireless communications device that could even transmit voice and music over a short distance (about 500 ft.)
70
Consequences of Agenda-Setting
The media may not reflect the reality; they filter and shape | Example: JAWS (1975) - when this movie came out, news started featuring more shark-attack stories
71
Penny press
newspapers that sold for a penny, making them accessible; supported by advertising rather than subscriptions. Goal = Largest Possible Audience
72
James Gordon Bennett
founded NY Herald in 1835, introduced editorial and a financial page + public affairs reporting, common in modern journalism
73
Persuasion vs. Coercion
Persuasion- lets people freely persuade/change themselves (different from coercion) Coercion- people are forced to change because of real or perceived threat
74
PR
a management function that helps an organization build mutually beneficial relationships with publics
75
Associated Press (1848)
non-profit co-op by six NY newspaper publishes to share the cost of gathering news by telegraph. Today, 1500 newspapers and 5000 TV and radio stations are members
76
Sensational journalism
news that exaggerates or features lurid details and depictions of events to increase its audience
77
Joseph Pulitzer
American newspaper magnate who competed with Hearst. After 1900, he moved from sensational journalism to socially conscious reporting/muckraking; Pulitzer prize
78
William Randolph Hearst
same as Pulitzer, noted for sensation journalism and political influence
79
Yellow journalism
Hearst + Pulitzer, stories are wholly or partially fabricated for dramatic purposes
80
Edward R. Murrow
a radio, TV journalist/announcer who set the standard for journalistic excellence during TV’s Golden Age (1930-1940)
81
News hole
amount of total space available after advertisement space has been blocked out (specifically for NEWSPAPERS)

COM 100 (6 decks)

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