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Undergrad Kinesio > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

(97 cards)

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1
Q

Angular kinematics

A

describes the motion of rotating bodies

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2
Q

Angular kinematics units

A

degree
radians
revolutions

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3
Q

measures of angular kinematics

A

describe the movement around a joint (how rapidly and far a joint can move)
flexibility (ROM)
goniometers (electrical or manual)

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4
Q

angular displacement

A

absolute angles
relative angles
vector quantity (clockwise or counter-clockwise)

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5
Q

absolute angle

A

measured from a horizontal line

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6
Q

relative angles

A

measured between two segments in reference to anatomical position

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7
Q

angular and linear displacement

A

humans joints are set up for range of motion and not for lifting heavy objects
straight line of linear displacement is shorter than the actual distance moved of the angular displacement

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8
Q

angular velocity

A

omega
joint angular velocities
represent angular speed of anatomical motions
help to determine rehabilitation and training

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9
Q

angular velocity units

A

degrees per second

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10
Q

angular velocity equation

A

ω= Δθ/Δt

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11
Q

tangential velocity equation

A 
v = ω*r
velocity = angular velocity*radius
ω = rad/s
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12
Q

1 radian =

A

57.3°

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13
Q

1 degree =

A

rad*180°/π

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14
Q

angular acceleration

A

alpha

rate of change in angular velocity

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15
Q

angular acceleration units

A

Deg/s2 or rad/s2

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16
Q

isokinetic action

A

same speed through whole action
continuous circular motion
assumption that it is going the same speed the whole time it is spinning

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17
Q

angular acceleration equation

A

α= Δω/Δt

angular acceleration = change in angular velocity/change in time

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18
Q

acceleration

A

rate in change of velocity

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19
Q

radial acceleration

A

component of angular acceleration directed toward the center of rotation
centripetal acceleration
responsible for the change in the direction of the linear velocity
changing this will change the direction of the line that the ball is released at

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20
Q

tangential acceleration

A

component of angular acceleration tangent to the path of the motion
responsible for the change in the magnitude of the linear velocity (how fast it will be)

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21
Q

how do track athletes develop radial acceleration during turns?

A

radial acceleration - leaning into the curve

tangential - how much you are speeding up around the curve

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22
Q

planes of movement

A

sagittal
frontal (coronal)
transverse (horizontal)

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23
Q

sagittal plane movements

A

flexion - extension

dorsiflexion - plantar flexion

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24
Q

frontal plane movements

A 
abduction - adduction
lateral flexion
elevation - depression
inversion - eversion
upward - downward rotation
ulnar - radial deviation
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25
transverse plane movements
internal - external rotation pronation - supination protraction - retraction horizontal abduction - adduction
26
multiple planes movements
circumduction opposition pronation-supination of foot
27
torque definition
amount of force produced in a rotation
28
torque equation
``` T = F*d(upsidedown T) torque = force (N) * distance of the moment arm (m) ```
29
torque units
Nm | Newton meters
30
resultant joint torques
the product of muscle tension (Fm) and the muscle moment arm (dm) is the joint torque, therefore joint torque represents amount of muscular activity in a joint each muscle has a different length so you have to factor in each of the muscle's moment arm
31
concentric joint torque
net torque and joint movement are in the same direction | muscles shorten
32
eccentric joint torque
net torque in direction opposite to joint motion | lengthening a muscle
33
net joint torque
sum of movements acting about an axis
34
isometric joint torque
no action | when muscle torque is equal to the torque of whatever you are holding
35
isokinetic measures
generate torque against a machine that is moving at a constant speed used to study muscle strength old technology
36
types of levers
``` first class second class third class ```
37
first class lever
designed for lifting/balance teeter totter axis with torque applied to each side nodding head
38
second class lever
designed for lifting wheelbarrow not really joints like this in the human body not efficient for ROM
39
third class levers
designed for ROM | most human joints are 3rd class
40
another name for torque
moment
41
static equilibrium
sum of forces = 0 | Tw = Tm
42
Tw
torque due to weight of the object | external torque
43
Tm
torque due to the muscles | internal torque
44
Tw > Tm
eccentric contraction | lengthen muscle
45
Tw < Tm
concentric contraction | shorten muscle
46
center of gravity and stability
point in a body or system around which its mass or weight is evenly distributed or balanced, and through which the force of gravity acts
47
mathematical determination of center of gravity
sum of torques must equal zero
48
center of gravity of the human body
55-57% of total height cannot be changed while in the air contact with external object can move COG
49
pole vaulting/high jump and COG
long legs and short torso move up COG bend around bar and COG never passes over top of the bar because of the bend ability to move CG outside the body
50
stability definition
capacity of an object to return to equilibrium | how hard it is to push you out of equilibrium
51
factors that affect stability
base of support height of COG weight friction
52
equilibrium definition
mechanical concept sum of external forces and torques must be zero
53
balance definition
ability to control equilibrium | based on physiological factors included the inner ear, joint receptors, and proprioceptors
54
lift with legs not back
doesn't change weight of object that is being lifted changes the moment arm the farther away the object is from the rotation point (hip), moment arm length is increased so torque is increased
55
computations of COG in humans
sum of torques equal zero about axis | torque = weight of each body segment * distance of each body segment from the axis
56
torque and structural deviation
head of femur in each of us varies in length | people with longer neck tend to need hip replacements more because of increased stress from higher torque
57
angular inertia
property of an object to resist changes in angular motion
58
principle axes of rotation
sagittal frontal longitudinal
59
axes of rotation of a somersault
sagittal
60
axes of rotation of a cartwheel
frontal
61
axes of rotation of a twist
longitudinal
62
moment of inertia definition
quantity that describes angular inertia about an axis of rotation if inertia increases, rotation decreases
63
moment of inertia equation
I=m*r^2 m = mass r^2 = radius squared
64
ice skating and moment of inertia
start with arms away from body (increased inertia, decreased angular velocity (speed)) to go faster, decrease length from axis of rotation arms in (decreased inertia, increased angular velocity)
65
higher moment of inertia =
better at resisting changes in momentum
66
the greater the moment of inertia,...
the lower the angular velocity
67
catting
front paws come in, back paws go out decreased moment of inertia in front increases speed to get body into landing position front paws go out, back paws come in to repeat the process not changing overall momentum, just adjusting angular velocity
68
Newton's 1st law of angular motion
a rotating object will continue rotating unless is acted on by an external torque
69
angular momentum definition
amount of angular motion that an object possesses about an axis constant in the air
70
how to change angular momentum
create an angular impulse
71
momentum is made up of...
inertia and speed increase moment of inertia, decrease speed must add an external force to change momentum
72
fluid mechanics
the study of fluids (e.g. liquids, gases, and plasmas) and the forces acting on them
73
fluid statics
study of fluids at rest
74
fluid dynamics
study of fluids in motion
75
wind tunnel
easy way to study fluid mechanics | able to see how fluid acts on the body
76
relative motion
total air resistance is equal to 20m/s can't change air resistance can change aerodynamics
77
more aerodynamic =
face less air resistance
78
types of flow
laminar | turbulent
79
laminar flow
smooth parallel layers of fluid | occur at low velocity and with streamlined shape
80
turbulent flow
mixing of adjacent layers of fluid | occur at high velocity and with poor shape
81
flow and airplanes
take of feel rocky from turbulent flow off ground and from previous planes high altitude = more turbulent flow from air mixing more easily
82
drag definition
force acting in the direction of the fluid flow and generally opposite to the motion any fluid moving across an object creates drag due to the movement
83
square law
drag increases with the square of the velocity | the faster an object moves, the greater the drag across the object
84
surface drag
slowing down of the boundary layers
85
factors that affect drag
roughness velocity surface area viscosity
86
golf ball vs baseball design and drag
impact viscosity dimples in golf ball reduce surface drag stitches on baseball increase surface drag to create more motion
87
Bernoulli's Principle
regions of high velocity are associated with regions of low pressure and vice versa
88
form drag
aka pressure or profile drag | caused by the resistance created by difference in pressures
89
factors that impact form drag
velocity (higher velocity = lower form drag) pressure gradient size of surface (larger surface = more drag) shape
90
lift
perpendicular to the drag fluid flow affected by the direction of the fluid force and the orientation of the object impacted by angle of attack
91
magnus effect
deviation in the trajectory of a spinning object toward the direction of the spin caused by the difference in pressure created by the spin hard to limit this effect
92
buoyancy force
forces that act upward anytime an object is in water | caused by immersion in the fluid and pressure
93
Archimede's principles
buoyancy force is equal to the weight of volume of water you displace
94
why do objects float?
``` specific gravity Wo/Ww weight of object/weight of water if < 1, floats if >1, sinks ```
95
drag in swimming
surface drag - swimsuit material, hair form drag - turbulent flow of water hydrodynamic shape - want to be streamlined wave drag - other competitors, wake
96
Drafting prevention in swimming
lane markers - reduce wake and keep swimmers away from each other deeper pools - less wake streamline body pool construction
97
swim propulsion percentages
arms > 70-80% | legs > 30-20%

Undergrad Kinesio (3 decks)

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