Exam 2 Flashcards
(180 cards)
1
Q
Define Pre-Socratic period of philosophy
A
Anything before Socrates
2
Q
Define the classical period of philosophy and when was it
A
450-400 BC during Socrates
3
Q
Define Hellenistic period of philosophy
A
After Socrates
4
Q
Name the philosopher demonstrating the Ionia tradition what was his idea of study
A
Thales
Look at things with questions and analyze. Talking about the material rather then the spirit
Was challenged everything is air and fire
5
Q
What was the Pythagorean tradition who created it
A
Pythagoras
Created Pythagoras theory
The mathematical relationship between things
Relationships to the universe
6
Q
What was the Dionysian tradition who created it
A
Orphics
7
Q
What was so dominant about the 5th century BCE Athens
A
A changing society
Democracy= eliminates many aristocrats
8
Q
Education was done by a group of people called________ what did they teach
A
Sophists
Taught how to answer questions
Were wise the idea of politics
9
Q
Who was Socrates, how did people feel about him
A
Was a philosopher who disliked the sophists and answered and asked questions of WHY
People didn’t like him and was put on trial and killed
10
Q
What did Ionians study vs what did Socrates study
A
Ionians= cosmopolitan Socrates= ethics
11
Q
Who was Plato what field did he study
A
A philosopher who travelled He studied political philosophy Said we don't truly see the real sides to things Was idealism
12
Q
What did Plato do to change the polis
A
Created specialties •king •citizens •soldiers •producers His ideal polis was a CASTE system
13
Q
Who was Aristotle
A
A philosopher was platos pupil
Focused on political philosophy wrote the book Politics
14
Q
What is Aristotle often considered
A
The Golden Mean
15
Q
Who were the 4 Hellenistic philosophers
A
Pyrroh
Diogenes
Epicurus
Zeno
16
Q
Who were the 3 philosophers of the pre-Socratic period
A
Thales
Pythagoras
Orphics
17
Q
Who were the 3 philosophers of the classical period (during Socrates)
A
Socrates
Plato
Aristotle
18
Q
Who was pyrroh
A
A philosopher who was SKEPTICAL!
19
Q
Who was Diogenes
What was his view
A
A philosopher who said everything is pointless no need for houses we should live like animals
A cynic view (philosophy for dogs)
20
Q
Who was Epicurus
A
He was a philosopher who believed the universe was made up of little balls (atoms) that RANDOMLY formed themselves
Everything is random maximize pleasure minimize pain
21
Q
Who was Zeno
What was his view
What Romanian empire believed in Zeno’s ways
A
A philosopher who taught in a Stoa Stoic= all brothers of each other be the best you can Marcus Aurelius (1800AD)
22
Q
Describe the land of Rome
What is on the west what is on the east and which river is it on
A
Similar to Greece
In the east have the Appinanines (mountains)
In the west are plains
On the Tiber river
23
Q
What does Mare Nostrum mean
A
“Our sea” the sea Rome believed was theirs
24
Q
What was Latium
A
A large central plain
With good soil (live volcano)
And cattle
25
Where was Rome established (what plain)
| When was it established
On Latium
| In 753 BCE
26
What does civitas mean?
Like a polis
A city or community
(Civilization)
27
What was the Via Salaria
A road that was a trade route for salt up the Tiber valley
28
What was the Ostia
A port of trade in Rome
29
What was south of Rome
Manga Graecia
30
What was north of Rome
Truscans
31
What are the three periods of Rome
Manrcular Period -753BC to 31BC
Res Publica -509BC to 31BC
First phase of Res Publica -275BC
32
What occurred in the period of Res Publica (509-31BC)
Was a republic
| Rome starts to expand controlling Italia
33
What occurs in the first phase of Res Publica (275BCE)
Rome has taken over Latium
| Attempting to take Magna Graecia
34
Who tried to stop Rome from gaining Magna Graecia. Did he succeed
Pyrrhus, he won against Rome but lost too many men so forfeited
And Rome then gained Magna Graecia
35
In 275 what does Rome control
All of the peninsula
36
Who was Cincinatus and what did he represent
A mid 5th century Roman leader
He was called to fight and left his plot exactly the way it was
Demonstrates leaders of Rome were simple patriotic
37
What were two things Rome would do when they had won/defeated a group
1) incorporate them to become a part of Rome and gain full citizenship
2) if too far to incorporate they would declare an alliance with them
38
What was the official public religion of Rome
What was this religion like
Where would they worship
Polyathesac
Family comes first, would worship their ancestors
At Lars Et Penates
39
What were the two classes of citizens in Rome
```
Patricians = 7% considered the fathers
Plebs = A CASTE 93%
```
40
What was the patricians role in society
Could be a priest
| Could make laws
41
What group replaced the kings
| How many were elected
The consul
| 2
42
Who could be a concul and what could they do
Had to be 40+ years
Only patricians
They had veto power !
43
What was the senate were they recognized
Old men - elders would meet
Retired consul members.
3PQR= a statement soldiers made acknowledging they are fighting for their senate and people
44
What would the plebeians do to try to get ability to be a consul member
They would strike or tyrant
| They made their own assembly
45
What was the plebeian consul called
Tribunes
46
What did the plebeians have done in the area of law - what was it called
Got the laws written down and put in the city centre
| Called the twelve tables
47
What changed for plebeians
Could become priests
| Could be apart of consul
48
What happened in 287 BC for the plebeians
| What was it called
They decided to pass their own law through the tribune
| The plebiscite "the people vote"
49
What was the key of change for the plebeians? What year did it occur?
When 2 plebeians were elected on the consul
| In 172 BC
50
What year was Magna Greacia defeated?
280
51
Who was a part of the Magna Graecia group what did they do why was this important
The Punics
| They built a large trading business very important in Carthage (a super power)
52
When was the first Punic war who was it between
264
| Romans and Carthage
53
When did the first Punic war end who won and why
240
| Rome won because of the Corvus
54
What was the Corvus, why did it work to defeat Carthage in the first Punic war
Turning the navel battle into a land battle
| A fight on board because the Corvus had a beak that latched into the other ship
55
After winning the first Punic war what places did Rome conquer
Sicily and Sardinia
56
Who was the "leader" of the Punic's (Carthage)
Hamebal
57
When did the second Punic war start how did it start
218 BC
| A series of battles won the hamebal
58
Who was the dictator of Rome during the Punic wars
Fabious
59
What year was Rome defeated in a battle what was the battle called
216 BC
| Battle of Cunnae
60
When was the final Punic battle where was it and who won
202 BC
Zama
Rome won
61
Why did Rome win the finale Punic war
Because they knew the Punic's were planning on sending relief armies and Rome sent one first
62
What was the impact of the Punic wars
Social and economic
63
In what way did the Punic wars impact
Italy was ruined
Farmers had to serve in the army leaving crops to die
Slaves being captured by the thousands
Rich people bought farms for cheap
Peasants moved to city because they no longer had a farm
64
What year was the first recorded slaves in Rome? Where did they work
198BC
| Latifundia= big farms
65
How did they keep people from rioting
Bread and circuses
| Keep from starving and distractions
66
What were the 2 political issues during the mid 2nd century BC 150BCE
Equites
| Citizenship
67
What were equites what was the issue
People rich enough to have horses
And made money
The problem was they weren't in the system so the system began to change
68
What did the system change to when the line between plebeians and patricians blurred
Patricians and plebeians (who were elected) = optimates
Everyone other= Populares
69
What was the issue of citizenship in the mid 2nd century
They stopped incorporating people into Rome. No longer handing out citizenship and only alliances. But alliances wanted citizenship
70
Who defeated hamibal
Skipio
71
Who was elected as tribune in 133 BC why was this important
Tiberius Gracchus
| His father had been concil his mother was daughter to skipio showing how the lines are beginning to blur
72
What bill (law) did Tiberius Gracchus try to pass
A land distribution bill
| Wants to use public money to settle the peasants on the land
73
What was different with how Tiberius Gracchus went about passing the bill
He brought the bill directly to the assembly of plebeians without showing the SENATE! It passed but was not put into affect because people (senate) was mad
And the senate had Tiberius assassinated
74
Who was Gaius Gracchus
| What did he do
```
Tiberius's brother
Got equites on his side by trying to get them on the list
Got equites to be the jurors for middle class crime
```
75
When did Gaius Gracchus become tribune of the plebs
| Was he re-elected and when?
123 BC
| Yes in 122 BC
76
What happened in 90 BC
| How long did it last
A social war
Allies pushing to get citizenship
Lasted till 88 BC
77
Who won the social war in 90 BC
| What did they declare after
Romans
| They then said they can have citizenship
78
What was proscription
Two strong men would fight who ever won got to write down their enemies and have them killed and received all their land and money but assassinators wanted a share and if they didn't get one they would kill the man
79
Who were the leading three people that unofficially came together
Pompey
Crassus
Caesar
80
What did Pompey do that caused him to be a leading person
Rid the entire Mediterranean of pirates in 3 months and his stoke went incredibly high
81
Why was Crassus so rich (leading person)
He was the richest private citizen in the world by buying land and building buildings and put immigrants in and took rent
82
Why was Caesar a leading person
Was very ambitious and was taken in by Pompey and Crassus to get a head start
83
What were Pompey Crassus and Caesar called
Triumvirane
| A trio
84
Who ruined the triumvirane and how
Crassus
| He made his own army and sent to Alexander the Great and lost and died
85
What happened in 49 BC
| When does it end
Pompey and Caesar grew suspicious of each other and broke out in a civil war.
Caesar crosses the Rubicon (a river boarder) and he defeats Pompey in 45 BC
86
What did Caesar do after defeating Pompey
Declared himself concil for life and put himself on the coin
87
When was Caesar assassinated
44 BC
88
Who was the second council in 44 BC
Antony
89
Who was Octavian
The great nephew of Caesar but also his adopted son therefore he got all of Caesars wealth and troops
90
Who was apart of the second triompany
| What was their goal do they succeed
Antony
Octavian
To revenge Caesar causing a civil war
Yes
91
What happens in 31 BC
Who won
What was it called
A naval battle between Octavian and Antony
Octavia won
Battle was called Actium
92
Who was the first empire of Rome
Octavian
93
Who was Virgil
```
The romain homer equivalent
Wrote Aeneid (an epic)
```
94
In what four ways did Octavian shift to peace
1) tamed the army
2) addressed the senate: got rid of a lot of them
3) equitates: they were named professionals
4) the people: cheap grain and debt reduction
95
What was the imperator
An oath soldiers made to Octavian saying he was the commander and chief
96
What was Octavian real secret to his success
The possession of Egypt
97
What was Octavian named by the people
| What did he ask to be called
```
Augustus = god like
Princeps = first citizen
```
98
What was the period 31BC and on for 200 years called
The printicape period
99
What was north of the Mediterranean
Egypt
| And the Rhine river
100
Which way does the Danube river flow what was north of it
The east to the Black Sea
| Dacia
101
What was to the east of the Mediterranean
The Persians
102
When was Hadrian's walk built and by who and why
120 AD
By the emperor Hadrian
Because he didn't want to be outside the Mediterranean
103
What time was Rome an empire what was this period called
Augustus to 180 AD
| The Pax Romana (roman peace)
104
What were the three elements in the time of the Roman Empire
Senatorial
Army
Imperial court
105
Who was Commodus
Markus's son (emperor)
| He was crazy and was assassinated
106
Why was the 3rd century a terrible time
1) economy collapses
| 2) army- no longer a career choice goes back to forcing
107
How many emperors in the period of 211-284 AD
21
| Too many for such a short period
108
Who became empire in 284 AD
Diocletian
109
What does Diocletian do to stop the dark times
He intensifies the correlation between emperor and god
Told people to stay were you're born
Declared bakers must have a son to continue
Created prices
110
What was the period after the Principate called
Dominate period
111
What else did Diocletian do to the Roman Empire
Divided into east and west
Shares power to a Co. Augustus position (high placing) and a Co. Caesar position (just below) for both east and west to keep the empire stable
112
What happened to the system when Diocletian died
It fell apart CO's fought
113
Who became a single leader by defeating his Co?
Constantine
114
How long did the east empire last (Constantinople)
Until 1453
115
How long did the west empire last
Who was the last empire
who ended it
476 AD
Romulus Augustulus
Odoacer
116
Who wrote a book on the fall of the west Roman Empire
| According to him why did it fail
Edwin Gibbon
| Due to the triumph of the barbarians and religion is why it ended
117
How did invasions occur
Through trade or recruiting into army
118
What does Allemanni mean
All men
| A tribe of cast offs
119
Who were the Germanic barbarians
Not considered Germans yet
Language gives rise to Dutch/German
North of the Danube and Rhine
Northern/Eastern Europe
120
Who were the Huns
Barbarians from Asia
Horse experts
Moved west in the 4th century bumping the Germanic
121
What did the Germanic Visigoths do in 376 AD
| What did the Romans say
Went to Roman people and asked to make a deal to move just across the Danube to settle and will defend
Romans said yes
122
What happened in 378 AD where did this occur and why
Visigoths and Romans fight because Romans are taking advantage.
Fought at Adrianople
123
Who won the battle at Adrianople what did this mean
The Visigoths
| Rome was conquered for the first time!
124
Who was the ruler that controlled Rome in 410 AD
Alaric
125
Who were the vandals what did they do
A Germanic tribe
| The enter Rome and go to Spain and took and settled Carthra
126
Who were the Ostrogoths where did they settle
Germanic tribe settled in Italy
127
Who were the angles and Saxons where were they occupied
English barbarians occupied in Britannia
128
Who were the Lombards where did they settle
Barbarians settled in Italy (replacing Ostrogoths)
129
Who were the franks why were they successful
A Germanic tribe
| They expanded but never lost touch with their roots
130
Who was Ulfilas what did he do
A Visigoth that came into empire in 330 AD
| He converts many of his people to Christianity but not the right one ! Arianism
131
Why could the franks mingle and bond with the Romans
Because they both believed in the same Christianity
132
Who was Clovis
Ruled the franks in 500 AD followed the right Christianity
133
According to gibbon why was religion a factor that caused the fall of the Roman Empire
They changed and experimented with different religions "the fault of the Christians"
134
What was Mithra how could you join
A mystery religion like the Dionysian religion have to ask to join
135
What was tauroborium how did it work
A ceremony done to bring people into the Mithra religion.
| Be put in a pit and a bull was killed over top cleansing in blood
136
In 313 AD The empire did what
Allowed Christianity to be tolerated
137
What did Constantine do in 330 AD
Made Constantinople Byzantium
138
What did Justinian do in 550 AD
Got experts to make sense of Roman law for others
Built a massive church called Hagia Sophia
Attempted to restore unity of the Mediterranean
139
What happened in the 7th century
Clans came together because of Mohaba
| Islam took over Persa Seria and Egypt
140
What battle occurred in 1071 who was it between and what resulted from it
The battle at Manaikert
Between Seljurk Turks and Byzantium
Present day turkey is taken from Byzantium
141
Who came to take over Constantinople
The ottoman Turks
142
What happened in the 4th crusade
The conquer of Constantinople in 1204 to 1261
143
What was the Byzantine civilization like after
Ruling style = Diocletian autocrator
Religion = Christian the saint was Simeon Stylites (the pillar dweller)
144
What was Arianism
God the father and the son= different people
| An ecumenical came together and decides they are the same person
145
What was donatism
A religion that said Christian priests/bishops who gave up they no longer can be priests
But The church said once a priest always a priest
146
What is Pelagianism
Man and women have freewill can be good or evil
| But church said god supports them more/only if they are being good
147
What was nestorianism what century
5th century
Says Jesus was a man
But church says he was both holy man and holy god
148
What was Monophysitism
Jesus was god who seemed like a man
| Church says this is wrong
149
Where and what is Nicaea
Opposite of Corinth
| Where Arianism began
150
What is the idea of caesaropapism and who declared it
8th century byzantian leader Leo the third declared him self king and priest
151
What is the Patriarch
Super bishops
152
Where were the patriarchs located
Alexandria
Celucia (Antioch)
Rome
And Constantinople became one
153
What patriarchs lasted
Rome and Constantinople
154
What kind of art in the Byzantium culture
Icon = religious art that all looked the same
Mosaic = 2D big Christ small people what mind tells you
155
How did the west brake free form Byzantium
* Clovis was the king of France who got a Roman title
* Justinian wants to reabsorb the west into Byzantium
* the west separates from the empire
156
What happened in 660 AD that shows the separation of the west
The bishop was said to not be loyal and was put on trial
157
How was the west able to have such a different religion
```
(Roman catholic)
The Rome patriarch was the only one that was Latin
The Petrine Claim
The double martyrdom
Pope Leo 1
Gregory 1
Growth of monks
```
158
What was the Petrine Claim
The Roman church claimed Jesus gave first place to peter (prince) and all of his successors
Therefore Roman church was more powerful then other patriarchs
159
What was double martyrdom
Believed if your city provides martyrs it had a closer connection with god.
Rome had peter and St. Paul martyr making them closer with god
160
Who was pope leo 1 (450 AD)
Pope Leo 1 went to the Huns who were threatening Rome to leave and they did
Making Rome seem very close to god
161
Who was Gregory 1 (600AD)
Lombards threatened Rome
Gregory 1 took church money to build walls and training for defence
Making Rome seem desirable to god again
162
Growth of the monks (540AD)
Benedict made a more balanced way of monks 1/3 cleansing 1/3 studying 1/3 labour
Benedict monks were favoured
163
Who was St. Augustine (590 AD)
Was a Benedict monk who was sent to convert cities
164
How did St. Augustine help the physical separation in the west
With St Augustine (450AD) changing to Christian bringing manichaeanism ideas and said Rome was the city of god
165
How did Gelasius help with the physical separation of the west
Pope of 490's
| He wrote to the empire "2 sword doctorine" saying two powers is what rules the world mainly the priest and then the king
166
Who was Gregory 2 (8th cent)
Pope during Leo the 3rd
| Wrote to Leo and said the bishop is more powerful then him
167
What year did the west finally brake from Byzantium
1054
168
What was the Filioque dispute
"And from the son" was added into the Cred
| Orthodox didn't like this and they stopped communicating
169
What year did the east empire collapse
476 AD
170
Why was 751 AD such a pivotal year in the west
The massive shift of dynasty
171
What happened in 751 with Revena
Lombards took Revena
172
What did Pepin do in 751 AD
Asked the pope who should wear the crown pope says the one who exercises power
Therefore the Mayavigians are kicked out
173
Who was Boniface
A successful missionary who crowned pepin on the popes behalf
174
Who was carl or Charles Magne
```
Pepin's son
Charles leads armies into Spain is defeated but established a strip of Spain to be Christian (Spanish march)
Converted Saxons
Converted Auars (Asia)
Took over Lombards
```
175
What does the poem "song of Roland" represent
An epic
| The defeat of franks by the basks in Roncesvalles
176
Who were the missi do minici
Teams sent by Charles with a priest and a member of the court to go find out what was going on in the country
177
What did Charles try to do to the law was he successful
Tried to make one law
| Didn't succeed
178
What happened at the end of the 8th century
Pope Leo 3 was arrested but he escaped to the Frankish court for Charles
Charles went to Rome (800AD) and Leo 3 was able to get his position back
179
What happened on Christmas Day in 800 AD
During church
Pope Leo 3 took crown and put on Charles head
Congregation chanted saying "Charles Augustus"
Charles was furious
180
What do historians call what is thought of the recreation of the Roman Empire when was this period
The Holy Roman Empire
| 800AD to 1806 AD
