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Biology 103 > Exam #2 > Flashcards

Exam #2 Flashcards

(103 cards)

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1
Q

What is Female Sex Cell

A

1 large egg cell

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2
Q

What is Male Sex Cell

A

4 small sperms

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3
Q

What are the sources of variation in sexual reproduction

A

Crossing over in meiosis, random assortment, and FERTILIZATION.

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4
Q

What is Cancer?

A

Cell Division (Mitosis) Out of Control

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5
Q

What are the two bad features of cancer?

A
  1. Disease: Mass of cells w/ uncontrolled cell division

2. Cancer cells invade others

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6
Q

What is a tumor?

A

Mass from abnormal cell division
Cancer cells do not die
Takes just one cell via a mutation

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7
Q

What is Metastasis?

A

Process of establishing new tumor from old one

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8
Q

What is Energy

A

MOTION!
When objects move
Energy is movement or potential to move

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9
Q

What are descriptive words for energy?

A

movement, metabolism, respond to stimuli, transporting materials

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10
Q

What are the two categories of Energy?

A

Kinetic and Potential

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11
Q

What is Kinetic Energy?

A

Motion

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12
Q

What is Potential Energy?

A

Energy in object not moving
Has potential to move
Stored Energy
Covalent Bonds

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13
Q

What are two properties of the Nature of Energy?

A

1st: Energy can change form (Kinetic to Potential)
Ex: Movement
2nd: Transfer of energy NEVER COMPLETE!
Ex: Light bulbs

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14
Q

What are the Two Universal Laws of Energy?

A

1st: Law of Thermodynamics: Energy CAN’T ber CREATED OR DESTROYED!
2nd: Transformation of Energy is NOT 100% efficient!

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15
Q

What are the forms of Energy?

A

Mechanical-movement, chemical-bonds, Electrical, Nuclear, Radiant

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16
Q

Where are energy stored?

A

They are stored in bonds between atoms

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17
Q

What is require to make bonds?

A

ENERGY!

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18
Q

What is released when breaking bonds?

A

ENERGY!

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19
Q

What is Life’s Fuel?

A

ATP!

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20
Q

All Organisms contain what?

A

1 Type of chemical bond for energy!

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21
Q

Who causes what goes in the cell?

A

ATP!

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22
Q

How do organimisms move across the membrane?

A

Move via protein

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23
Q

When Diffusion is taking place is energy required?

A

NO! it is Passive!

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24
Q

What requires energy?

A

Active Transport! This moves molecules from area of low to high concentration

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25
What are three particle movement?
Simple Diffusion Facilitated Active Transport
26
What is Osmosis?
Water Movement!
27
Definition of Osmosis?
Movement of H2O molecules across the membrane
28
Can water still pass through membrane when others can't?
yes! (in channels)
29
What area does water move?
High to Low concentration
30
What is hypertonic solution?
greater solutes!
31
What is Hypotonic solution?
less solutes!
32
What is isotonic solution?
equal solutes on both sides
33
What is Diffusion?
any particle movement, but water
34
What is Osmosis?
Water moving
35
What is the Primaru source of energy?
SUNLIGHT
36
What is the name of light energy?
PHOTON
37
What does the sun produce?
heat and light energy
38
Does all cell have the ability to capture energy from the sun?
NO!
39
Give examples of things that don't use sun
Green things! Some bacteria Single celled Eukaryotes Algae
40
What is ATP?
Formed with sun energy Large and hard to transport made in chloroplasts in only some plant cells
41
What is Glucose?
Smaller than ATP Easier to transport Stose energy of many ATP in glucose Energy in glucose used to make ATP again
42
What is photosynthesis?
light energy captured and stored as chemical energy in covalent bonds of carbohydrates
43
What is the input of photosynthesis?
Sunlight+H2O+CO2
44
What is the output of photosynthesis?
O2+Sugar
45
What is thylakoid?
Stacks of green coins
46
What is the Stroma?
Space between thylakoids
47
What are two parthways of photosynthesis?
1st: light dependent reaction 2nd: light independent reaction-no sunlight needed
48
Two examples of ligth dependent
SUN AND CHLOROPHIL
49
What is Respiration(cellular respiration)?
Transformation of food(sugar) back into energy(ATP)
50
Two meanings of Respiration
1. To breathe | 2. cellular process that releases energy from glucose
51
What is the universal source of energy for ALL living organisms at sub cellular level
ATP
52
What are two types of respiration
Aerobic and Anaerobic | Both generate energy but in everu different quantities
53
What splits into two-three carbon molecules?
Glycolysis. It takes place in the Cytosol. It has two ATP
54
Where is Aerobic found?
Mitochondria Eukaryote cells only 2 pathways
55
What is the formula of Aerobic Respiration?
Glucose+Oxygen=Carbon Dioxide+Water+Energy
56
What is the 1st Pathway aerobic?
yield 2 ATP per Sugar releases CO2 Electrons with energy
57
What is the 2nd Pathway aerobic?
Electron transport H2O by-product Produces 32 ATP
58
What is Aerobic Respiration?
Alternate pathways (w/o O2)
59
What is fermentation?
Anaerobic without Oxygen process uses Glycolysis to produce ATP
60
What is a gene?
Segment of DNA that codes for a protein
61
What is Genome?
Entire nucleotide sequence for ALL DNA in a species
62
What is a DNA?
Genetic molecule of ALL life! | Responsible for traits and growth
63
What are the three parts of molecule?
Sugar, Phosphate, Nitrogenous bases
64
What are the five types of Nitrogenous bases?
G,A,C,T, U T only in DNA U only in RNA
65
What are the two pair bases?
G-C and A.T
66
What is the structure of DNA?
Double-Standard Helix
67
What are the 2 functions of DNA?
1. Passing instructions to new cells A. Cell Division B. Cell reproduction 2. Instructions for proteins synthesis
68
Give some DNA facts
Process only in a few hrs extremely long and thin In humans 10 ft long in EACH cell In Humans about 3 billion base pairs
69
What are 2 energy molecules important to life?
ATP and Glucose
70
Describe both ATP and Glucose
ATP-Sun energy, large, hard to move, one energy bond | Glucose-ATP energy, small, easily moved
71
What is the difference between light dependent and light independent pathways in photosynthesis
Thyglykoids=ATP=dependent | Stroma=Glucose=Independent
72
What is Glycolysis?
Where cell is split 2 of 3 carbon and it occurs in the Cytosol
73
Where does aerobic respiration take place?
Mitochondria
74
What is RNA?
Different sugar It has U U pairs with A Single Strand
75
Where does transcription occur?
Nucleus of cell
76
Where does translation occur?
Cytosol
77
Who is the assembly of mRNA strand and is complimentary to DNA in nucleus?
Transcription
78
Who assembles protein from uRNA code in ribosome in cytosol?
Translation
79
What are two types of RNA?
mRNA and tRNA
80
What is mRNA?
messenger | carries DNA's instructions for proteins from nucleus to ribosmes
81
what is tRNA?
transfer animo acids from Cytosol to Ribosomes
82
What is Codon?
groups of 3 bases in mRNA
83
What is Anti-Codon?
groups of 3 bases in tRNA
84
What is Mutation?
Change in DNA code
85
What is Mitosis?
Cell Divisions in Asexual Reproduction | Eukaryotes
86
What is Meiosis?
Sexual Eukaryote 'half of chromosomes
87
What is Differentiation?
specialization of cell type
88
What are the five phases?
Growth 1, Synthesis of DNA, Growth 2, Mitosis, Cytokinesis
89
What is Diploid?
Cell containing as many chromosomes as parent | 2 sets of chromosomes
90
What is Haploid?
Cell containing half as many chromosomes as parent | 1 set of chromosome
91
What is Prophase?
Chromosomes coil visible, nuclear disappears and centrioles at poles
92
What is Metaphase?
Chromosomes line up in the middle and spindle fibers attach to centromeres
93
What is Anaphase
Sister chromatids pulled apart
94
What is Telaphase?
Nuclear Membrane and chromosomes uncoil and are not visible
95
What are the results of Mitosis?
Division of nucleus (DNA) 2 Daughter cells-identical to parent Occurs in body cells and not sex cells Asexual Reproduction
96
What is the definition of Sexual Reproduction?
2 parent, each contribute.5 DNA to make "new" offspring | Offspring ins not identical to parent!
97
How many sexes does sexual species need in order to reproduce?
2
98
How many times does Asexual population grow compare to sexual?
twice the rate
99
What advantages does sexual reproducation confer?
sexual reproduction generates more variation in offspring
100
How many chromosomes do us humans have?
46
101
how many homologous?
23 2 sets to make 26
102
Does each chromosome of pair have one copy of gene?
yes
103
How many copies of each gene to each person?
2

Biology 103 (2 decks)

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