Exam 2 Flashcards by Liv Kenn

Epistemology

the theory of knowledge; the branch of philosophy that investigates how people know what they know.

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Positivist Paradigm

Objective
"real reality"
driven by natural laws
context minimized
aims to describe, predict, explain & control
neutral observer
experimental method
truth sought via replicable observation

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Constructivist Paradigm

Subjective
multiple realities
influenced by culture  & environment
context emphasized
aims to describe, understand, transform
active participant
dialogic, transformative
truth determined by individual and group

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What paradigm is qualitative research?

Constructivist

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*Phenomenology

Method: Individual’s LIVED experience
Foundation: Philosophy

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Bracketing

Identify & set aside personal biases

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*Grounded Theory

Method: Used to develop/CONSTRUCT** a theory
Foundation:
Data collection: Constant comparison*

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Modifiability

ability to change theory in light of new data

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Grounded theory data collection & analysis uses a ___ construct

Constant Comparative Construct

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Ethnography

Method: description of cultural groups or subgroups
Foundation:cultural anthropology
Data collection: Fieldwork/ field notes

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*Emic View

Insider’s view; view of the participants or members of the social group

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*Etic View

Outsider’s view; researcher’s interpretation of views about the human social life in a social science perspective

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*Ethnography utilizes which kind of data collection

Field notes / Field work

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Historical Method

Method: Systematic compilation of data to describe some past event
Foundation: philosophy, art, science

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Basic components to research

Identify the phenomenon
Structuring the study
Gathering the data
Analyzing the data
Describing the findings

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*Credibility

TRUTH OF FINDINGS are judged by participants and others within the dicipline

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*Auditability

Accountability as judged by the ADEQUACY OF INFORMATION leading the reader from the research question and raw data through various steps of analysis to the interpretation of findings.

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*Fittingness

FAITHFULNESS TO EVERYDAY REALITY of the participants, described in enough detailso that others in the discipline can EVALUATE IMPORTANCE FOR THEIR OWN PRACTICE, RESEARCH & THEORY DEVELOPMENT

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*Confirmability

Findings that reflect implementation of CREDIBILITY, AUDITABILITY and FITTINGNESS standards.

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*Trustworthiness

Rigor or goodness of data

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Triangulation

Combining methods, theories, dat sources, or investigators to converge on a single construct.

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*Constructivist

Truth determined by the individual or cultural group

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*Positivist

Truth sought via replicable observation

Purpose of research design:

Avoid bias
Provide plan to aid in solving problem/question/hypothesis
Allows researcher to apply different levels of control so it can be said that the independent variable REALLY changed the dependent variable and not something else

Internal Validity

Asks if it is the independent variable (or something else) that caused or resulted in the change in the dependent variable.

Threats to internal validity

``` Selection Maturation Testing Mortality Instrumentation ```

External Validity

Questions the conditions under which the findings may be generalized. Deals with the ability to generalized the findings outside of the study. -across types of persons, settings, & times.

Threats to external validity

``` Selection effects (Who) Reactive Effects (where-how) Measurement effects (how-when-what) ```

3 Characteristics of a true experiment or RCT/Experimental Design Features

Randomization Control Group Manipulation

Types of Experimental designs (Level II)

True experimental design Solomon four-group design After-only design

Experimental Design - Advantages/Disadvantages

- MOST appropriate for testing cause-&-effect relationships - Provides highest level of evidence for single studies - Not all research questions are amenable to experimental manipulation or randomization - Costly - Threats to internal validity not controlled by RCT: Subject mortality, Testing - Difficult logistics in field settings

Hawthorne effect

just participating in atrial alters the behavior of the subjects, which can effect validity of study/results.

Types of Quasi-experimental design types (Level III)

- Nonequivalent control group design - After-only nonequivalent group design - One-group (pretest, post-test design) - Time series design

Quasi-experimental advantages and disadvantages

- Practical and more feasible, especially in clinical settings - Some generalizability - UNABLE to amke clear cause-and-effect statements - May not be able to randomize - May control some extraneous variables: A priori by design, statistically

Experimental & Quasi-experimental studies offer

Strongest evidence for interventions

Non-experimental designs (Level IV & V)

(are still RESEARCH) - No manipulation of an independent variable (independent variables have already occurred) - Concepts of control still observed - Cohort- subjects of a specific group that are being studied

Corhort

subjects of a specific group that are being studied

Random Assignment controls for?

Selection Bias

Another name for study weakness is:

Limitations

The threat to internal validity that is most difficult to control is?

Mortality

The degree to which study results can be applied to the larger population refers to :

External Validity

Which type of design controls for the reactive effects of the pretest?

Solomon four-group

*A true experiment requires:

Control Manipulation Randomization

*What must be present in a quasi-experimental research?

Manipulation of a variable

*The paradigm guiding a qualitative researcher is:

Contructivism

*Population

a well-defined set that has certain properties - People - Animals [BENCH SCIENCE] - Objects - Events

*Target population

The overall group of subjects or events to which the researcher is interested in generalizing conclusions

*Accessible Population

The group of people available to the researcher from which to pick a sample

*Sampling

a process of selecting a portion or subset of the designated population to represent the entire population

*Sample

a subset of sampling units from a population

*Sampling frame

a list of all units of the population

*Element

the most basic unit about which information is collected

*Sampling strategies - Probability

RANDOM SELECTION | each subject has an equal chance of being chosen to be in the sample

*Sampling strategies - Non-Probability

NON-RANDOM

*Probability sampling - Simple random

-Names out of a hat; table of random numbers -LEAST bias =population representativeness maximized

*Central Limit Theorem

Given any parent population, not necessarily normal, having mean u and standard deviation o, the sampling distribution for fixed n which is generated from this population will be approximately normally distributed with mean u and standard deviation of (insert equation)

Need what three assumptions for confidence

- Normally distributed - Equality of variances - Independence of data