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Cognitive Psychology > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Episodic Memory

A

Autobiographical, tagged with spacial and temporal context, and learned in single exposure

can turn into semantic

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2
Q

Two different definitions for Encoding

A

1: the process of getting information into LTM
2: Phase of experiment where info MIGHT go into LTM

[ex of seeing shoes on bus, but not actually storing that in LTM]

(?)

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3
Q

Articulatory Control Process

A

The ability to talk to yourself

(like making a phone number a jingle in order to remember it)

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4
Q

Why must attention be selective?

A

With attention being limited, it must be selective to which stimuli it processes.

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5
Q

Central Executive’s role in Working Memory?

A

This is the attention controler, and the coordinator of cogntive processes, it also helps maintain information in working memory

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6
Q

Why do we say “diversity where there could be unity” when talking about memory and anterograde amnesic patients?

A

Anterograde amnesic patients have been found to be able to perform and learn at standard rates or ability when asked to do tasks of motor skills.

This indicates that different parts of the brain are responsible for memory learning and motor skill task learning

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7
Q

Implicit memory

A

Different form of memory that isn’t accessible through conscious thought

(?)

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8
Q

Stem completion

A

List of words and some task to go along with them

*break for an hour doing other stuff*

Subject receives a list of stem words and must complete them

Typically the words that were on the list are used to complete the stems, and in control conditions a varity of other words would work to finish the stems

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9
Q

After Encoding, Does the memory just simply sit quietly?

A

NOPE

In the begining memories are fragile. Over time Consolidation takes place which is the process by which they become more stable, even if they are not practiced

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10
Q

Free Recall Measure

A

The minimal amount of information is given and context is usually implied

(ie. “remember”)

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11
Q

Experiment Used to Test Working Memory?

A

N-back test

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12
Q

Introspectionists’ goal in studying Sensory Memory?

A

Wanted to see how much information can we get into consious thought at one time

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13
Q

Shiffrin and Schneider’s Experiment

A

Cards with either 1 character or 4, and after 2100 trials automaticity is gauged. With a lot of practice the task became as if you didn’t have to look for the character but it would “pop out at you”

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14
Q

How could one test the 2 model theories of selective attention?

A

Attended ear listening VS. Unattended ear listening

The abilitity to report back meaning from an unattended source indicates that do process meaning to some extent early on

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15
Q

What two components does the Phonological Loop have?

A

Phonological store

Articulatory control process

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16
Q

How did Sperling test sensory memory?

A

showing a flash of an array of letters and having subject report them back, varying the cue to which the subject understands as what (row) to report

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17
Q

Late filter model (Late Selection model)

A

Incoming information is processed to the level of meaning before the message-to-be-processed is selected

(attention doesn’t occur until messages are processed enough to determine their meaning)

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18
Q

Flashbulb memories

A

Idea that we can store a massive amount of info about a time of very high emotion, although irrelevant and not dealing with the actual memory/event

Seem very complete

Seem very accurate

Immune to forgetting

(Confidence is very high but accuracy isn’t that great)

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19
Q

Visuo-Spacial Sketch Pad

A

Coding things in terms of mental immagery

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20
Q

two types of memory systems?

A

Skeletal conditioning

Emotional conditioning

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21
Q

What do these 3 tests represent/illistrate?

Stem completion

Tachistoscopic Identificant

Gollin Figures

A

Repetition Priming

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22
Q

What are the four ways to measure memory

A

1) Free Recall
2) Cued Recall
3) Recognition
4) Savings and relearning

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23
Q

Gollin Figures tests

A

Picture of object with much of the lines taken away and subject tries to guess what it is. Slowly more lines and details are added until subject figures it out.

Bring subject back after period of time, and they should be able to improve performance with shorter amounts of time and fewwer details to identify the objects.

Patient H.M. could do this at standard for his age

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24
Q

Retrograde Amneisa indicates that New memories _________ and Old memories are______

A

New memories are encoded normally

Old memories are lost

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25
Working Memory | (Model #2)
Storage and Thinking "a work space"
26
Neural evidence supports how many part of the brain involved in attention processes and what are they?
3: Disengage, Move, Engage
27
N-Back Test experiment
the subject must remember and give back number repeated either 1 back, 2 back, 3 back ..etc.
28
Corteen and Wood Experiment
Measure: Sweatiness of palms (GSR) Phase 1: classical conditioning of city names paired with shock Phase 2: heard city names in either attended or unattended ear. Results: response 38% of time (GSR)
29
Short Term Memory "Modal Model" (Model #1)
Awareness is STM
30
Change Blindness
When attention is directed in the right place, only then do you see the change
31
Difference between automatic task and controlled task
Automatic task requires very little or no attention, while a controlled task has an attentional cost and will only occur if one is aware of it
32
If engage is damaged:
Valid trials: don't seem to use the cue much Invalid trials: don't seem to use the cue much, easily distracted by irrelevant stimuli
33
Resolution Load theory
The idea that we unconsciously check if there are other more pressing stimuli
34
Repetition Priming
When you experience something a second time, you are bias due to the first exposure
35
Early filter model
1. Sensory memory holds info for a second 2. filter identifies the attended message based on physical characteristics (tone, pitch, speed) 3. Detector processes information for meaning 4. STM receives output
36
If move is damaged:
Valid trials: very slow to show the advantage of the cue, but DO Invalid trials: slow but not a special problem at short delays cue is not used.
37
Ways Top down section is practiced
Overt: specific thing in mind you want to attend to and search for it Covert: not moving eyes away from what you want to attend to
38
The factors that affect Encoding
Imagery Emotion (at time of event) Repetition Thinking about meaning (depth) Effort/Desire to learn
39
How did Hyde and Jenkins test whether effort had an effect on encoding
"Intentional VS. Incidental" They had groups that went into a task know there was going to be a memory test following, and a group that did not. There was not a significant change in the results :(
40
Perception doesn't really happen without \_\_\_\_\_\_\_, so ________ acts as the binder of experience
Attention (both of them)
41
If disengage is damaged:
Valid trials: Ok ok on either side Invalid trials: Really bad on contralateral side because it is difficult to disengage attention from the invalid side.
42
Recognition failure of recallable words occurs why?
Becasue some words in isolation cue different memories what what was paired previously. EX: Chair: Glue \*forgetting period\* Chair:\_\_\_\_\_ ......? wood? the cue chair doesn't make you think of glue but if you saw "Chair:Glue VS. Chair:Ghost" You'd be cued to the right pair
43
Spelke, Hirst, & Neisser Experiment
Subjects read stories as someone dictates another. After 6 weeks found that comprehension and accuracy improved and subjects became better at "Switching" between the self paced task and the other out of their control
44
Conjunctive (serial) search
coming together of features to distinguish the target (need to know if multiple triats share the same space)
45
Why is it that people are better able to remember concrete nouns versus abstract nouns? What does this indicate?
When you encounter a concrete noun your STM generates a mental image. This indicates that there must be a "go between" for stimuli to be interpreted and represented
46
Bottom up selection
Avoiding external sources of distraction by either removing the distracting object or removing yourself from the distracting situation, or by habituating the stimuli
47
How did the Introspectionist Jevon Bean test sensory memory?
Using only himself, he would flash a random number of beans and then trying to list them back "I know you flashed 9 but as i am identifying them i am rapidly forgetting.." 5 beans at 100% accuacy, and 9 beans at 50%
48
Reading Span [test]
Keep in working memory the sentence you just read to answer the question, and then at the end you must repeat back the numbers at the end of each sentence
49
Does repetition help encoding?
Eh... It needs to be the right type of repetition, but the sheer idea that repeatedly being exposed to something doesn't actually mean you'll better rememeber it
50
Phological Store
Can keep about 2 seconds worth of auditory informaiton (from the environment)
51
How has emotion been found to help encoding?
When shown photos that elicit emotions they are remembered better Yet it is not ethical to manipulate major emotions, so more is known about smaller emotions... There is possibility that another trait like novelty or the objects in the "emotional" photos make them better remmebered
52
Treisman's interpretation of the way we pay attention to features...
Feature Integration Model. Where a part of the brain knows about if something is red, another part knows if something is circular, and another.. etc. Map covers entire visual field which makes disjunctive (parallel) search easier
53
Crucial aspect of Automaticity
The same stimulus must always illicit the same response
54
When someone asks you if something happened while the goes very concurent with your script of the event, you are more likely to...
Say that it did happen even if it didn't, becasue it fits so well with the script.
55
Sensory Memory
A very complete representation but falls apart quickly, pretty accurate, and much better with physical properties than semantic(meaning)
56
Semantic Memory
Factual based ("I Know.."), no context surrounding, typically not learned from a single exposure, strengthened by repetition
57
Relationship between Encoding and Retreival
Retreival is the response to probes, and those probes search for specific aspects, and if you didnt encode the information in terms of that specific aspect, you wont be able to retrieve it.
58
Reaction time is greater when you have to perform a Conjunctive or disjunctive search?
Conjunctive
59
When one is high in multitasking ability, what does it say about their attention control?
Attention control is Worse in those who are high multitaskers. You would have to keep track of the things that you're not focusing on
60
Automatic Tasks...?
Will happen with or w/o attention given. Anything that you can do on "auto-pilot" like driving or getting lost in reading a story
61
Transfer appropriate processing
When processes are the same at encoding and retrieval, then memory will be successful when the processes are different at encoding and retrieval, then memory will not be successful (deep VS shallow processing and the type of cue VS how it was encoded)
62
Skeletal conditioning is similar to...
Classical conditioning
63
Retrival + Prior knowledge =
a memory that tells you what ***probably*** happened "Memory is a construction" almost always the actual event combined with prior relevant knowledge
64
Attention/Selective attention
Ability to focus on one message while ignoring all others
65
The two models of Selective Attention
Early Filter/selection Model Late Filter/selection Model
66
Episodic Buffer
The ability for working memory to code in terms of meaning And the "go between" for other types of representations
67
Has Imagery been found to help encoding?
Yes, specificially when one is told to engage in mental imagery at encoding phase
68
The role of Temporal Gradient when retrograde amnesia occurs
Not all older memories are affected equally, the more recent memories are very much affected while the distant ones aren't. (Effects of consolidation?)
69
Disjunctive (parallel) search
Single feature that separates distractors from target
70
**Anterograde Amnesia** indicates that New memories _________ and Old memories are\_\_\_\_\_\_
New memories cannot be formed Old memories are fine (in tact) (50 First Dates)
71
72
Recognition Measure
All of the "to-be-remembered" information is give, along with distractors. Subject must be able to distinguish *New from Old*
73
Event Schemas are called:
Scripts
74
Thinking about meaning
How this new stimuli or event relates to something you already know. Varying degrees of depth determine the aid of encoding Craig and Tulving: Shallow\<--\>Depth memorization test
75
Cued Recall Measure
given partial information or something related to the infomation... like hints
76
Cahill et al. had drill conditions with dolls VS. car crash victms....
The emotional slides from phase 2 had a great number of slides recalled
77
Two major properties of attention
Attention is limited Attention is selective
78
People who aren't good at ______ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_, choose to multitask more.
Regulating attention
79
The recognition measure depends on the difficulty of the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_, this is due to ______ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Distractors, Transfer appropriate processing [-deep v. shallow and cue v. how encoded]
80
Tachistoscopic Identificant
Time 1: list of words and some task with them \*time between doing other things\* Time 2: flash of a words from list from time 1 in addition to other words It is found to be easier to identify the words that were on list 1 Patient H.M. could do this at standard for his age
81
Schema
A memory represnationa of a type of event, and its characteristics that are true for that type of event in general EX: Drs. Office vist, and a clown with a hoverboard walks in... This doesnt fit into the schema of Drs. office visits
82
Cognitive "Fuel" or resources
high-load tasks leave little room for additional tasks low load tasks leave more room for additional tasks
83
Stroop Test
This test is the one with the color names written in different colors
84
Why is it that when one has Anterograde amnesia, some degree of retrograde amnesia is experienced as well?
It seems that what is responsible for transfering STM to LTM is that same thing that preforms consolidation, therefore older memories never get more stable, and those that aren't as stable may just be losted too
85
Why is it that younger people seem to be better at multitasking?
Working memory Younger people are better able to keep more stuff in your mind at one time
86
does effort have a real effect on encoding?
No... just wanting to remember something had no effect on actually remembering it
87
Proof in the phonological loop is found in...
People that talk fast can keep more in working memory Long words are harder to keep in WM Alike words stored in Phonological Store are mixed up When ACP is busy you cannot utilize the store, and . ust code the information in another way
88
What do we mean by attention is limited?
Not all stimuli can be simultaneously processed at once.
89
What types of skills are revealed only through performance tasks? What type of memory is this?
Motor skills, Priming Implicit memory
90
Emotional conditioning is when...
you pair something with an emotional response (like a rat with anxiety)
91
Savings and Relearning measure
The subject will learn the information to some degree, and the number of trials is recorded \*Period of Forgetting\* Subject relearns the information again to the same degree and the number of trials typically is less.....[Savings]
92
Mirror Tracing test is where..
You trace a shape, with a sheild between your eyes and your hands. You can see what you are doing only through a mirror. Difficult at first, after practice it gets easier. Patient H.M. could do this at standard for his age
93
What would you call a test that the cue is matched well with how it was encoded?
Sensitive Memory test
94
Things that are concurent with your schema or script of a situation are typically...
forgotten, and things that conflict with your script/schema are attended to more, and therefore remembered.

Cognitive Psychology (3 decks)

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