Exam 3 Flashcards

Question

Morphemes

Answer 1

the smallest language units that carry meaning

Answer 2

Smallest unit of sound that can serve to distinguish words in language

Answer 3

Vocal folds (aka vocal cords although they are not cords at all)

Answer 4

the vocal folds rapidly opening and closing producing a buzzing sort of vibration

Answer 5

the ability to distinguish sounds [first] according to how the airflow is restricted

Answer 6

the ability to distinguish sounds according to where the airflow is restricted

Answer 7

the "slicing" of the stream of speech into appropriate segments (creates illusion of hearing pauses between words)

Answer 8

the fact that in producing speech one does not utter one phoneme at a time, instead the phonemes overlap

Answer 9

the guidance of broader knowledge of the context in which one will use to figure out missing phonemes, and sort of just supply the missing sound themselves (weird because people report actually hearing missing phoneme, along with the disruption noise[around the missing phoneme but not specifically on it])

Answer 10

the fact that we are much better at hearing the differences between categories of sounds than we are at hearing the variations within a category of sounds

Answer 11

the base noun ends | Ex. Books VS. Bags

Answer 12

what a word refers to

Answer 13

the capacity to create an endless series of new combinations, all built from the same set of fundamental units

Answer 14

Rules governing the sequence of words in a phrase or sentence

Answer 15

the rules that specify the elements that must be included in the sentence and what the sequence of these elements must be

Answer 16

rules that describe how language is "supposed" to be | often used to determine social class

Answer 17

rules characterizing the language as it is ordinarily used by fluent speakers and listeners

Answer 18

this reflects the speakers intentions in uttering or writing a sentence including whether the sentence is a question or a comment, what the emphasis will be on, etc.

Answer 19

principles that apply to every human language

Answer 20

figuring out each words syntactic role

Answer 21

the early part of a sentence being open to multiple interpretations, but the later part of the sentence clears things up

Answer 22

initially being led to one interpretation, but this interpretation ends up wrong, so you have to change/find a new interpretation

Answer 23

the listener or reader proceeds through a sentence seeking the simplest phrase structure that will accommodate the words heard so far

Answer 24

its most frequent meaning whenever you encounter the word

Answer 25

factors outside of language itself

Answer 26

the rise and fall of speech intonation and the pattern of pauses (rhythm and pitch cues)

Answer 27

knowledge of how language is ordinarily used | the soap opera script behind "I'm leaving you", "who is he?"

Answer 28

brain damage that causes the disruption of language

Answer 29

non-fluent aphasia Extreme: virtually unable to utter or write a word Less extr: part of normal vocab is lost, but speech becomes labored and fragmented

Answer 30

Fluent aphasia can produce speech, and talk freely and rapidly, but actually say very little and composed largely of little filler words

Answer 31

loss of the ability to name various objects , as if their brain damage caused disruption to their mental dictionary

Answer 32

people with normal intelligence, and no problems with muscle movements needed, but are slow to learn a language throughout their lives, and have difficult producing and understanding sentences.

Answer 33

they do not need to memories each word's past tense as a separate vocabulary item

Answer 34

children over using/generalizing the rules of a language | ex: I goed there yesterday

Answer 35

children rely on their knowledge of semantic relationships as a basis for figuring out syntax

Answer 36

the specific language we speak forces us into certain modes of thought

Answer 37

using the solution to a similar problem to guide solution of a new problem

Answer 38

the transfer of their experience from solving one problem to another

Answer 39

the problem you're trying to solve

Answer 40

Problem that shares similarities with the target problem

Answer 41

specific elements that make up a problem

Answer 42

underlying principle that governs a solution

Answer 43

where participants compare two cases that illustrate a principle and become more likely to see the underlying structure

Answer 44

participants in psych studies tend to focus on surface features in analogy studies

Answer 45

observing people to determine how they solve problems in real world situations

Answer 46

thinking that is open ended involving a large number of potential solutions and no "correct" answer

Answer 47

thinking that works toward finding a specific problem that usually has a correct answer

Answer 48

how fixation can inhibit problem solving, because you limit yourself to one way of thinking

Answer 49

Way to train people to think creatively

Answer 50

events that are more easily remembered are judged as being more probable that events less easily remembered

Answer 51

when a correlation appears to exist but in reality doesn't

Answer 52

Over simplified generalization about a group or class of people

Answer 53

the probability that A is a member of class B can be determined by how well the properties of A resemble the properties we associate with B

Answer 54

relative proportion of different classes in a population

Answer 55

the probability of a conjunction of 2 events (A and B) cannot be higher than the probability of the single constituents (A or B alone)

Answer 56

the larger the number of individuals randomly drawn from a population, the more representative the resulting group will be

Answer 57

Assumes people are rational, so if they have all the relevant information they will make a decision that results in maximum utility

Answer 58

Outcomes that achieve a persons goal

Answer 59

emotions that they predict they will feel for a particular outcome

Answer 60

emotions experienced at the time a decisions is being made (2 kinds)

Answer 61

emotions experienced associated with the act of making a decision

Answer 62

Emotions that are unrelated to the decision being made at hand

Answer 63

tendency to avoid taking risks

Answer 64

The tendency to do notion to avoid having to make a decision that could be interpreted as causing harm

Answer 65

process of drawing conclusions

Answer 66

2 premises followed by a conclusions which can be followed from premise to conclusion based on rules of logic

Answer 67

arriving at a conclusion about what is probably true

Answer 68

the premises and conclusion describe the relation between 2 categories using statements that begin wit; "all", "no", or "some"

Answer 69

it is considered valid when its conclusion follows logically from the two premises

Answer 70

where the first premise is an "if...then..." statement

Answer 71

to test a rule, it is necessary to look for situations that would falsify that rule

Answer 72

a way of thinking about cause and effect in the world that is learned as part of experiencing everyday life

Answer 73

if a person satisfies "A" then they can do or participate in"B"

Answer 74

a way for two people to cooperate in a way that benefits both parties

Answer 75

Psychophysical abilities and judgmental abilities

Answer 76

sensory acuity, physical strength, motor coordination

Answer 77

problem solving, reasoning

Answer 78

IQ= (Mental age/Chronological age)x100

Exam 3 Flashcards

(104 cards)