Exam 2 Flashcards
1
Q
green algal sister clade to land plants
A
stoneworts
2
Q
how are stoneworts different from other green algae
A
- prominent, multicellular gametangia
- calcium carbonate crusts
- dominated by multicellular haploid individuals
- 5-15cm in length
- food for fish/geese
3
Q
angiosperms include
A
monocots and eudicots
4
Q
problems had to be overcome living on land
A
- desiccation
- structural support
- move h20 and nutrients
- disseminate gametes
5
Q
land plants are distinguished from gleen plants by:
A
- terrestrial
- cuticle w/ pores ( most have stomata)
- alt. of generations
- retention of embryos
- thick-walled spores
- complex gametangia
6
Q
Desiccation land vs water
A
- water-larger leaves=more photosynthesis
- land-larger leaves=more evaporation
7
Q
cuticle w/ pores/stomata does:
A
regulates water and gas exchange in terrestrial environments
8
Q
Evolutionary changes in the water conducting cells of the vascular tissue enabled plants to:
A
- grow larger
- be farther from water
9
Q
sporopollenin
A
water tight material covering pollen/spores
10
Q
problems w/ land plat reproduction
A
- getting gametes together
- protecting and disseminating
- Protecting embryo
11
Q
what land plants have swimming sperm
A
mosses and ferns
12
Q
gametangia
A
protected structures that produce gametes
13
Q
gametangia for sperm
A
antheridium
14
Q
gametangia for eggs
A
archegonium
15
Q
what do gametangia do
A
protect gametes from desiccation and damage
16
Q
2 critical innovations for land plant reproduction
A
- offspring retention
- gametangia
17
Q
gametophyte dominant
A
- (n)
- bryophytes (moss)
18
Q
sporophyte dominant
A
- 2n
- pteridophytes (ferns)
- Gymnosperms (conifers)
- Anthophyta (flowering plts)
19
Q
body plan
A
describes an organism’s architecture
20
Q
Meristem
A
- role in growth
- divide rapidly by mitosis
- undifferentiated
21
Q
Parenchyma
A
- versatile and abundant
- living when mature
- totipotent
- sites of
- photosynthesis (leaves)
- carbohydrate storage (roots)
- nutrient transport (phloem)
- important for wound repair and some growth
22
Q
callus
A
undifferentiated cells
23
Q
collenchyma & sclerenchyma ____________
A
provide support
24
Q
Collenchyma
A
- living when mature
- thickened cell walls–bend and stretch
- support young stems and leaves
25
sclerenchyma
* support after growth ceases
* dead when mature (no cytoplasm)
* hollow cells
* in mature plants--2º cell walls w/ lignin
* xylem: tracheids & vessel elements
26
Tissue
group of simillar cells functioning together as a unit
27
4 plant tissues
1. meristem
2. epidermis
3. ground tissue (mesophyll)
4. vascular tissue
28
meristem
Initially meristematic, differentiates into parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma
29
epidermis
* covers entire plant
* protects
* control flow in/ out of plant
* composed of parenchyma
* stomates: guard cells
* secretes cuticle
* trichomes
30
trichomes
* defense
* temperature regulation
31
mesophyll
* plant 'bulk'
* **parenchyma**
* collenchyma
* sclerenchyma
* functions:
* photosynthesis
* carbohydrate storage
* support
* make/release
* hormones
* pigments
* defensive toxins
32
vascular tissue: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
xylem and phloem
33
vascular tissue
* localized conducting tissue
* transport water& nutrients (root to shoot)
* support structure:
* vessel elements
* tracheids
* dead at maturity" no membranes & conduct fluid
34
tracheids
* pits-holes in 2°cell wall
* h2O moves vertically and laterally through pits
35
vessel elements
* perforations- lack 1° and 2° cell wall
* less resistance: width and perforation
36
phloem structure
* sieve-tube members and companion cells
* parenchyma, some sclerenchyma for support
* sieve tube: few organelles
* companion cells-many organelles
37
phloem structure
transport sugar, hormones, amino acids, toxins
38
the root system \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
stabilizes plants and aquires nutrients
39
root structure
* modular
* high surface area:volume ratio
* long
40
* rhizods _______ vascular tissue
* true roots\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ vascular tissue
* no
* have
41
* cacti have \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_roots
* pines have ________ roots
* shallow, wide-spreading
* deep
42
storage root function
carbs: carrot- fuels reproduction
43
prop roots function
anchorage: corn-adventitious- stem origin
44
aerial roots function
gas exchange: mangrove
45
phenotypic plasticity
change phenotype depending on environment
46
indeterminate growth
grow throughout life
47
dynamic growth
growth to areas of high nutrients (roots)
48
Root
* Eudicot
* oak, maple, roses
49
Root
* Monocot
* Grass, wheat
50
shoot system provides ______ & \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
support and circulation
51
rhizome
* continuously growing horizontal underground stem
* pterophyta
52
node
point where plant branches
53
internode
segment between two nodes
54
axillary bud
bud that grows from axil of a leaf ( where branches out)
55
types of modified stems
* water-storage structure
* stolons
* rhizomes
* tubers
* thorns
56
stolons
stems growing horizontally along soil surface, creating new plants at each node
57
tuber
underground, swollen rhizomes that store carbs
58
thorns
protect plants from large herbivores
59
stem
eudicot
60
stem
monocot
monkey face
61
lateral bud
* forms leaves
* off branch
62
petiole
stalk that connects to blade of a leaf
63
function of compound leaves
(doubly compound) large but rarely damaged by wind/rain
64
needle function
adapted to v hot/cold climates
65
66
parallel veins
monocot
67
branching veins
eudicot
68
growth direction and shape via
direction of cell vision and direction of cell enlargement
69
Apical meristems
* root and shoot tips
* lengthens plant
* herbaceous growth
70
lateral meristems
* rings along roots and shoots
* widens plant
* woody growth
71
primary growth
increased length
72
primary root growth
ensures access to water and nutrients
73
root cap
* protects root meristem
* contionously sloughed off
* secretes mucigel
* senses gravity
74
mucigel
* slimy polysaccharide that covers the root cap
* protects, prevents desiccation
75
modular architecture of stems
* terminal bud
* bud scale
* bud scale scars
* nodes
* internodes
76
min plant age determined by
counting bud scale scars
77
xylem ray
lateral transport (parenchyma)
78
cork
bark (protection)
79
cork cambium
adds cells to outside
80
vascular cambium
adds some cells to ouside and many to inside
81
secondary growth
increases plant width
82
vascular cambium and cork cambium produce _______ and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
wood and bark
83
lateral meristems
* cork cambium
* bark
* vascular cambium
* wood
84
heartwood
old secondary xylem
85
sapwood
secondary xylem transporting water
86
dormancy
when vascular cambium stops growing
87
growth rings
hanges in secondary xylem cell size and wall thickness
88
water & nutrients abundant →
thin cell walls/big cells
89
water & nutrients decrease →
thick cell walls/small cells
90
phenology
study of the ways in which aspects of biological events such as reproduction, growth are affected by climate
91
osmosis
a.diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane
92
transpiration
* water loss from aerial plant parts
* water replaced from roots in passive process
93
water potential
tendency of water to move by osmosis
94
solute potential
tendency for h2o to move as a result of different solute concentrations
95
Pressure potential (ψp)
* tendency of water to move in response to pressure
* turgor (+)
* wall(-)
96
Water potentials are \_\_\_\_\_\_
* dynamic
* weather (temp&humidity)
* soil conditions
* highest in soil, lowest in atmosphere
97
Turgor
* provides structure
* presence of wasll pressure
* sells resist continued influx of water due to osmosis
98
plasmolysis
* extreme wilting
* loss of water due to osmosis
99
symplastic route
water enter via plasmodesmata
100
transmembrane route
water enters via water channels
101
apoplastic route
water enters w/in porous cell walls
102
endodermal role in root pressure
* night: stomates close
* epidermal cell actively pumps ions into xylem
* xylem water potential decreases
* root pressure not sufficient to account for movement of water from roots to leaf crown
103
capillarity
short distance transport
104
surface tension
pulls water up to minimize air-water interface
105
adhesion
water attracted to glass is pulled up
106
cohesion
holds water molecules tight together
107
cohesion tension theory
1. 1.ψ leaf \> ψ air
2. transpiration
3. cohesion pulls h2o up xylem
108
adaptations to prevent water loss
1. close stomata and limit co2 intake
* photosynthesis-transpiration compromise
2. increase co2 in leaves to limit when stomata are open
* cam/c4
109
morphological traits to prevent water loss
* stomata on underside of leaf
* sunken stomata w/ hairs
* thick cuticle
* decrease leaf surface area
110
Translocation
sugar transport
111
sources
* summer: leaves
* spring: root storage
112
sinks
* summer:
* meristems
* seeds
* fruit
* root storage
* spring
* developing leaves
113
sugars move through cells in
phloem tissue
114
pressure-flow hypothesis
* sugars transported by turgor pressure gradient
* companion cells move sugars into sieve tube members
115
phloem loading is a(n) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
* active process
* invloves proton pumps
* pumps concentrated sugar in campanion cell
116
proton-sucrose symporter
pumps sucrose and protons inside companion cell
117
phloem unloading
* active into roots
* secondary active transport across tonoplast requires proton gradient
* into vacuole
* passive into leaves
118
Living on land requires changes in:
* control water transport and retention
* reproduction
119
embryophytes
early development supported by parent
120
antheridia→
sperm
121
archegonia→
eggs
122
gametes develop within and are protected by \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
123
gametangia
all plants except angiosperms
124
homosporous
* single type of spore develop
* nonvascular plants (mosses)
125
gemma cups
cuplike structures holding gametes
126
pollen
* reduced male gametophyte
* surrounded by sporopollenin
* sperm no longer need water to be disperesed
127
seeds
* nourish and protect the embryo
* facilitate embryo dispersion
128
microsporangia→\_\_\_\_\_\_\_→\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_→\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
microspores→male gametophyte→sperm
129
megasporangia→\_\_\_\_\_\_\_→\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_→\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
megaspores→female gametophyte→eggs
130
archegonia (gametangia) in gymnosperms
produce egg cells and sites of fertilization
pollen grain
131
flowers found on
angiosperms
132
flower function
* reproductive organ
* promote pollination by animal vectors (pollinators)
* flower shapes
* colors
* taste
133
adaptive radiation
rapid evolutionary diversification
134
angiospersm underwent \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
adaptive radiation
135
monocots have ______ cotyledon
1
136
dicots have __ cotyledon
2
137
cotyledon
embryonic leaf in seed-bearing plants
138
vascular tissue _______ throughout monocot stem
scattered
139
vascular tissue ______ throughout dicot stem
circular
140
monocot vein
parallel
141
dicot vein
branching
142
angiosperm reproduction
* asexual
* mitosis
* produces genetic clones
143
angiosperm reproductive structure
* rhizomes
* corms
* plantlets
144
corm
rounded underground storage organ
145
plantlet
young or small plants
146
sexual reproduction in angiospersm resembles gymnosperms except
* flower facilitate pollination
* double fertilization
* embryo (2n) and endosperm (3n)
147
flower
modified leaves that promote fertilization
148
petal
* colorful whorl
* signal to pollunator
* may contain nector
149
sepal
* outermost whorl
* protection
150
stamen
* male reproductive structure
151
anther
contans microsporangia
152
male gametophyte
pollen
153
filament
holds anther in place
154
tube cell
produces pollen tube
155
generative cell
produce sperm
156
carpel
contains female reproductive structures
157
158
monoecious
on same plant
159
dioecious
on separate plants
160
Pollination
gametophytes are brought together
161
vectors
* transport pollen
* abiotic-wind/water
* biotic-birds/bees
162
Pollination syndromes
groups of flower characteristics associated w/ certain pollinators
163
self-incompatibility purpose
promote out-crossing and prevent self-fertilization
164
germination
* pollen tube delivers sperm to the ovule
* generative cell (n) to 2 sperm nucleu (n)
* sperm released into embryo sac (female gametophyte)
165
female gametophyte
embryo sac
166
fertilization
* embryo sac contains:
* 1 egg
* 2 polar nuclei
167
double fertilization
* sperm + egg=zygote
* sperm+ polar nuclei = cell (3n) -\> endosperm (starch)
168
fruit is \_\_\_\_\_\_
* ovary tissue
* protection
* dispersal
* develops from flower ovary
169
essential nutrients
* required for growth&reproduction
* cannot be made by plant
* role: specific structural or metabolic function
* ID and studied using hydroponic cultures
170
macronutrients
* building blocks
* large quantities
* C,O,H
* chlorophyl
* activates enzymes
171
micronutrients
* small quantities
* Cl,Fe,Mn
* enzyme cofactors
172
Limiting nutrient
growth/development controlled by availability
N,P,K
173
Essential nutrients come from
* Soil
* Decomposition
* organic (humus)
* weathering
* inorganic component (rock)
174
soil characteristics affect:
* root penetration
* nutrient availability
* oxygen and water availability
175
cation-exchange
positively charged minerals become available after being displaced by H+ in soil
176
mycorrhizal fungi
collect nutrients and supply to plants
177
roots (nutrient uptake)
absorption occurs at zone of maturation
transport proteins/ions
178
proton gradient operates w/in roots
* proton pumps establish electrochemical gradient
* cations enter root hairs via channels
* anions enter root hairs via cotransporters
179
nitrogen fixation
atmospheric nitrogen is assimilated into organic compounds by microbes (rhizobium)
180
adaptations for nutrient uptake
* epiphytes
* parasite
* carnivores
181
Tropism
turning of all or part of an org in particular direction in response to an external stimulus
182
Signal transduction
* converts external signal into an internal signal
* characteristics
* energy conversion
* involves phosphorylation
* results in amplified affect
183
internal signal forms
* transcription
* ion flow
* translation
184
light detection
plants detect diff wavelengths resulting in diff responses
185
Phototropism
movement in response to light
186
plants positively phototrophic toward _______ light
blue
187
what part of plant detects light
tip
188
phototropins
* detect blue light and afect phototropism
* located in shoot tip
* pigment receptor coded by PHOT1 gene
189
hormone involved in phototropic response
auxin
190
auxin characteristics
* small, diffusible compound
* amplified effect
* critical role in plant responses
191
. Redistribution hypothesis
auxin causes stem elongation,
distributed to outer side of plant
192
Acid-Growth Hypothesis
* proton pumps acidify cell wall
* cell wall loosens and ions move into cell, [solute] up
* water enters by osmosis & turgor pressure up
193
Gravitropism
* movement in response to gravity
* sensor: root cap
* receptors detect changes in position
* respond w/ changes in auxin concentrations
194
statolith hypothesis
* starch-storing amyloplasts respond to gravity and provide positional info to root tip
* amyloplasts pulled to bottom of cells by gravity and avtivate pressure receptors
195
Auxin has _____ effect in roots
opposite
196
Apical dominance
* growth pattern restricted to main stems
* lateral buds dormant
* absense of apical bud, lateral bud grow
197
auxin in apical dominance
continuous polar flow from the tips of growing shoots to the tissues below signals the direction of growth
198
Two hormones initiate growth in changing environmental conditions
* gibberellins
* ABA
199
ABA
* inhibits seed germination
200
gibberellins
* turn on growth and embryo development
* activate a-amylase (digestive enztme that releases sugar to developming embryo)
201
ABA does what w/ stomata
* closes guard cells
* transported to leaf and overrides signal of blue light
202
how does ABA close guard cells
stops proton pumps, h2o and ions exit
203
Senescence
regulated aging process
204
ethylene
* associated w/
* fruit ripening
* flower fading
* leaf abscission
205
ethylene does what for ripening process
* induces production of enzymes required for
* starch converted to sugar
* cell walls degraded
* chlorophyll broken down
* pigments/aromas produced
206
constitutive defenses
* constantly produced
* cuticle
* secondary compounds
207
bioprospecting
* discover new uses for plants
* ex malaria
* is lab and field endeavor
* hydroponic growth
* ethnobotanists
208
Induced defenses
produced in response to threat
209
hypersensitive response
* fast, localized response to infection
* infected cells self-destruct
* phytoalexin produced to fight pathogen
* cell walls change to seal off infection
* methyl salicylate produced
210
SAR
* systematic aquired resistance
* hypothesized role of methyl salicylate
* long rage, aquired signal for plant to protect itself
211
proteinase inhibitors
interfere w/ digestion
212
army worm
* signal transduction pathyway
* jasmonic acid signals proteinase inhibitors and volatiles to be made
213
latex
* effect heart function in vertebrates
* catarpillars eat and make butterflies toxic
214
casparian strip
* waxy layer containing suberin
* a water repellant substance that prevents movement of water and ions into vascular tissue
