Exam 3 Flashcards
1
Q
animals
A
- multicellular, ingestive heterotrophs
- unique tissues for impulse control and movement: nerves&muscles
- except sponges
2
Q
life history
A
pattern of development & growth from inception to maturity
3
Q
animal life history
A
- sexual reproduction
- diploid
4
Q
gastrulation
A
The process in which the embryo develops into a gastrula following blastulation
5
Q
gastrula
A
an embryo at the stage following the blastula, when it is a hollow cup-shaped structure
6
Q
blastula
A
embryo that is a hollow ball of cells
7
Q
archenteron
A
- cavity of an embryo at the gastrula stage.
- develps into the gut
8
Q
blastopore
A
opening of the central cavity of the gastrula
9
Q
germ layers
A
- ectoderm-originates from outer layer of germ cells
- endoderm-innermost layer
10
Q
direct development
A
development without a metamorphosis
11
Q
indirect development
A
metamorphosis
12
Q
hox genes
A
- specific 180 nucleotide-long sequence
- cnidarians->humans
- determine
- cell identity
- developmental pathways of cells
13
Q
hox genes tell cells ________
A
where and when to divide
14
Q
animals are ________
A
- monophyletic
- Protometazoan resembled choanoflagellate protist
15
Q
Body plan
A
- body oranization
- embryonic germ layers
- symmetry and cephalization
- segmentation
- appendage# and form
16
Q
___________ have helped us understand animal history
A
fossil deposits
17
Q
Why did diversification happen so fast
A
- ecological reasons
- predator-prey relationship
- geologic
- increasing o2 levels
- genetic causes-hox gene
- duplication and divergence
18
Q
phylum porifera
A
- common name: sponges
- no tissues
- assymetry
- one to many structural cavity, no true body cavity
19
Q
porifera organ systesm
A
support from gelatinous mesoglea
20
Q
porifera special cells
A
- choanocytes–food capture
21
Q
porifera feeding
A
- fliter feeding
- no digestive organs
- intracellular digestion only
22
Q
porifera reproduction
A
- sexual
- hermaphrodites
- sperm dispersed into water
- external fertilization
- zygotes develop into mobile larva
- planktonic larval stage
- asexual
- fission
- fragmentation
23
Q
porifera ecological niches
A
- primary consumer
- planktivore
- rarely eaten
24
Q
porifera habitat
A
aquatic (mostly marine)
25
phylum cnidaria
common name: jellies, corals, anemones, hydroids
26
cnidaria tissues?
* yes, diploblastic
* ectoderm and endoderm
* mesoglea between
27
cnidaria symmetry
radial
28
cnidaria cavities
one--gastrovascular
29
cnidaria organ systems
mouth and tentacles
30
cnidaria special cells
* cnidocyte
* stinging cells of jellyfish
31
cnidaria feeding
* suspension feeding
* mass feeding
* photoautotropic symbionts
32
cnidaria reproduction
* budding, fission, fragmentation
* sexual w/ external fertalization
33
cnidaria habitat/echological niches
* freshwater, marine
* planktonic (drifting)
* or benthic (bottom-living)
* corals may be solitary or reef-building
34
coral bleaching
* coral ejects algae that causes color
* CO2 in atmosphere is absorbed in ocean and makes water more acidic by creating carbonic acid
* changes in ocean chemistry can disrupt entire food web
35
why study protosomes?
* major ecologic consumers
* medical models
* economic impact
* diversity
36
bilatarian synapomorphies
* bilateral symmetry
* cephalization
* triploblasty (+mesoderm)
* coelom variously developed
37
coelom
* fluid-filled body cavity
* contributes to 'tube w/in a tube' body plan
* lined by mesoderm
* distinct from gut
38
coelomate
39
acoelomate
40
pseudocoelomate
pseudocoelom surrounded by muscle layer
41
coelom function
* cushion (protection)
* spaces for organs
* isolate simultaneous body functions
* **hydrostatic skeleton**
* fluid filled cavity against which muscles can contract
42
Bilaterians are divided into two lineages based on
* blastopore fate
* coelom development
43
Lophotrochozoa characteristics
* clade w/in protostomes
* protosomes
* synapomorphy-genetic sequences ---hox genes and rRNA
44
lophophore
a horseshoe-shaped structure bearing ciliated tentacles around the mouth in some lophotrochozoa
45
phylum platyhelminthes
flatworms, master parasites
46
platyhelminthes synapomorphy
genetic sequences
47
platyhelminthes habitat
aquatic and animal bodies
48
platyhelminthes cavity
gastrovascular/no cavity
49
platyhelminthes coelom?
acoelomate
50
Platyhelminthes reproduction
* sexual
* internal fertilization
* oviparous
* asexual
* parthenogenic
51
parasite adaptation
* small size & more surface area
* absorption of nutrients across body wall
* very high fertility
* complex lifecycles w/ intermediate host
52
phylum rotifera
* "wheel animals"
* tiny aquatic predators
53
rotifera Synapomorphies
* trophi
* aquatic--marine/fresh
* v tiny
* pseudocoelom
* complete digestive tract
* sexual and asexual (parthenogenic)
54
parthenogenic
embryo develops fron unfertilized egg
55
trophi
muscular throat w/ jaws
'toes' w/ adhesive glands
56
why study rotifera
* scientific model for longevity (cryptobiosis)
* some species have no males
* primary consumers
57
cryptobiosis
a physiological state in which metabolic activity is reduced to an undetectable level without disappearing altogether
58
phylum Annelida
* segmented worms are ecosystem engineers
* earthworms, bristle/fan worms, leeches
59
Annelida synapomorphy
* \>=1 pair chitinous setae (chitae)
* mostly marine, some freshwater/damp soil
* coelom
* segmented and metameric
* complete digestive tract
* sexual(hermaphrodites) and asexual
* Trochophore larvae
60
Trochophore larvae
the planktonic larva having a roughly spherical body, a band of cilia, and a spinning motion
61
metameric
having a linear series of body segments fundamentally similar in structure, though not all such structures are entirely alike in any single life form b/c all carry out diff functions
62
Phylum Mollusca
* greatest diversity in body plan variants
63
mollusca synampomorphies
* shell-secreting mantle
* scraping radula
* muscular, clinging foot
* mostly marine, few fresh/terrestrial
* coeomate
* trochophore larvae
* sexual reproduction
* hermaphrodites
* separate sexes
64
hermaphrodite
animal having both male and female sex organs
65
Class Cephalopoda
* **chromatophores**: cells that enable rapid color changes used for camoflage and communication
* phylum mollusca
66
Phylum Nematoda
* roundworms
* pseudocoelom
* support: hydrostatic skeleton
* thin, translucent **cuticle**
* **impervious to digestive enzymes**
* can only lengthen/shorten body. no muscles to thicken or thin
67
nematoda limbs/segmentation
* no limbs
* no segmentation
68
nematoda habitat/ecology
* terrestrial,marine,freshwater
* few endoparasitic on humans&pets
* little understood, but by mass most multicellular life onplanet is Nematoda
* decomposers
69
endoparasitic
a parasite that lives in the internal organs or tissues of its host
70
Nematoda feeding
* complete gut-mouth and anus
* Some have a piercing mouthpart-made from hardened cuticle
* few parasicic but important
* plant parasites
* filiarial diseases from guinea worms
* lymphatic/ocular
71
Phylum Arthropoda
* Body Cavity: reduced coelom
* Support: chitinous exoskeleton
* limbs with joints
* Head/trunk segments (trunk can be abdomen&tail)
72
arthropod habitat/ecology
* marine, freshwater, terrestrial
* primary, secondary consumers, parasites
* may live in social systems
* vectors of disease and pollen
73
protostome
pore becomes mouth
74
deuterostome
pore becomes anus
75
arthropod feeding strategy
jointed limbs grown as mouth parts for feeding, courtship, defense, movement, or sensory perception
76
Arthropod life cycle/reproduction
* sexual
* dioecy
* internal fertalization
* courtship displays, sperm storage, nuptial gift
* indirect development
* 1 to many larval stages
* ecdysis
77
dioecy
has distinct male and female individual organisms
78
molting
ecdysis
79
hemimetabolous
* infomplete, nymphs loook like mini adults
* same habitat/food source
80
holometabolous
* complete, discinct larval stage
* different body, food, habitat
81
feeding efficiency
reduce competition among life stages
82
arthropod functional specialization
* larva specialized for feeding, sessile
* adult specialized for reproduction, mobile
* leads to higher efficiency in feeding and reproduction---\>higher fitness
83
exoskeleton advantages
* use of terrestrial environment
* stiff site for muscle attachment
* keep animal from drying out
* protection against chem and mechanical trauma
84
Disadvantages
* requires resources to make
* limits growth
* animal is vulnerable during ecdysis
85
subphylum chelicerata
* aracnids, horshoe crab, sea scorpions
* no antennae
* cephalothorax and abdomen
* 6pairs of appendages including chelicerae
86
subphylum myriapoda
centipedes, millipedes
87
subphylum crustacea
* fairy shrimp, krill, lobster, crab
* 2 pair of antennae
* jaw-like mouthparts
* head may fuse w/ segments to form carapace
88
class insecta
* beetles, flies, etc
* 1 pair of antennae
* compound eye
* head
* thorax
* 2prs wings 3 prs legs
* abdomen
89
phylum echinodermata
* bentameric symmetry
* bony plates form an endoskeleton
* water vascular system
* mutable connective tissue
90
water vascular system form
* canals and tube feet
* function
* locomotion
* nutrient exchange
* gas exchange
91
mutable connective tissue
* enables movement
* dramatic effect in defense
92
phylum chordata
* master hunter
* synapomorphies
* notochord--flexibal, dorsal endoskeletal rod between nerve cord and gut
* dorsal, hollow nerve cord
* pharyngeal slits
* lateral openings in foregut body wall
* supported by stiff arches
* gas exchange and feeding efficiency
* post anal tail containing muscular/skeletal elements--POWER
93
jawless fish
* hagfish/lamprey
* eel-like body
* no paired fins
* mouth fleshy w/ no bones
* fibrous/cartilaginous skeleton w/ persistent notocord
* move by undulation
94
hagfish
* no jaws
* no paired appendages
* poor eyes
* Marine only
* Free-living (not parasites)
* Scaevnging
* mucus covered
95
lamprey
* no jaws/paired appendages
* **well-developed fins**
* **Ectoparasitic**
* suck blood using oral disk
* Reproductive migrations "anadromy"
* juveniles live in saltwater
* adalts breed in freshwater
96
Jaws allow
* dismember larger food items/prey
* facilitated development of teeth
* active predator defense
* de-emphasize armor as passive defense
* more mobility
* all these=many many vertebrates
97
chondrichthyes
* cartilagenous fishes
* sharks, rays, etc
* **cartilaginous endoskeleton**
* 5-7 separate gill slits
* electro/chemosensory ablilties
98
Chondrichthyan Reproduction
* oviparity
* ovoviviparity
* viviparity
99
oviparity
* egg laying
* bullhead sharks, rays
100
ovoviviparity
* retain eggs in uterus
* yolk sac attached directly to digestive system
* additional nourishment may be derived from other eggs
* sand tigers, whites, threshers
101
viviparity
* most complex
* when yolk gone, empty sac attaches to uterine wall
102
Class Actinopterygii
* most species rich vertebrate
* endoskeleton of bond/cartilage
* fishes w/ thin **fin rays**
* may have **swim bladder**
103
lobe fined fishes
* paired fins have their own blood vessels, may have bony elements
* homologous to legs
104
Lungfishes
* Freshwater
* Hard bones support thin fleshy side fins
* swim bladder connected to esophagus, can exchange CO2 for O2
* seek new homes during droughts
105
Tiktaalik
* fish-tetrapod intermediate
* no opercula
* air breather
* scales&ribs
* neck
* fin bones
106
Amphibians
* first tetrapods
* mostly terrestrial and freshwater
* Many--\> indirect development
107
Class Amphibia
* frogs and toads, salamanders etc
* chytrid fungi + Climate change=severe metomorphosis problems
* **climate-driven vegetation change**
108
Amniotic egg
* birds, reptiles, some mammals
* extraembryonic membranes
109
amniotes have __________ fertilziation
internal
110
amniotes-prevent dessication
* waterproof skin made of keratin
111
amniotes internalized gas exchange
**lungs** and rib cage for efficient gas exchange
112
mammal synapomorphy
* hair
* made of keratin
* endothermic
* maintains constant body temp
* also in birds
* lot of **parental care**
* **mammary glands**
113
monotremes/marsupials
* young very helpless
* no placenta
* fossils found isolated
114
monotremes
* lay eggs
* platapus-venemous
* echidna--eggs hatch in pouch
115
marsupials
give live birth, young develop in pouch
116
placental mammals
* viviparity only
* **placenta**--nourish developing embryo (**parental care)**
* most species **rodents**
* some have flight/sea
117
reptilia:lizards/snakes
* thermosensory
* can run, undulate or glide
118
snake adaptations
* ancient types have pelvis
* loss of left lung
* jaw flexibility
119
reptilia:tortoises/turtles
* terrestrial, freshwater, few marine
* vertebra/ribs fused to tough keratin shell
120
Reptilia: Crocodiles & Alligators
* freshwater/marine
* carnivory/scavenging
* aquatic adaptations
* endangered
121
crocs/alligator:mix of old and new
* oviparous (old)
* Parental Care (new)
* poikilothermic (old)
* 4-chambered heart (new)
122
poikilothermic
internal temperature varies considerably
123
reptilia: aves
* birds
* closest living relative to dinos
* shelled eggs, scales on legs
* **parental care**
* **endothermic**
* ****maintain constant internal body temp
124
aves adaptations for flight
* weight reduction
* **fewer organs**
* **hollow air sacs in bones**
* **huge flight muscles**
* **feathers**
* ****made of keratin
* structure resists flow of air
* **airfoil**
125
cephalization
the concentration of sense organs, nervous control, etc., at the anterior end of the body, forming a **head** and brain
126
radula
anatomical structure that is used by mollusks for feeding,
127
gastrovascular cavity
digestion and circulation in Cnidaria and Platyhelminthes (flatworms)
128
setae
a stiff hairlike or bristlelike structure, especially in an invertebrate.
129
notochord
a cartilaginous skeletal rod supporting the body in all embryonic and some adult chordate animals
130
tube feet
each of a large number of small, flexible, hollow appendages protruding through the ambulacra, used either for locomotion or for collecting food and operated by hydraulic pressure within the water-vascular system.
131
hydrostatic skeleton
The system of support found in soft-bodied invertebrates, which relies on the incompressibility of fluids contained within the body cavity
