Exam 2

Question 1

Geosphere is made up of

Answer 1

Crust, mantle, and core

Question 2

Rheology Model

Answer 2

study of deformation and flow of material in regards to earths interior. breaks down rocks by PHYSICAL properties.

Question 3

Chemical model:

Answer 3

breaks down rock type in the earths core by density

Question 4

Two elements that make up the center of the earth:

Answer 4

nickel and iron

Question 5

How many million years ago Pangea was made:

Answer 5

225 million yrs ago

Question 6

divergent-plates

Answer 6

move away from each other and lave flows in between the cracks

Question 7

convergent-plates

Answer 7

move towards each other magma rises and usually one plate is forced under the other through subduction

Question 8

Between two separated plates there is what

Answer 8

magma

Question 9

What creates island chains

Answer 9

Hotspots

Question 10

Volcanoes and earthquakes occur

Answer 10

Along plate boundarys

Question 11

Two plates moving past each other is called

Answer 11

Transformation

Question 12

Difference in a fault and a joint

Answer 12

Fault is a crack where there has been movement or displacement while Joint is a crack with no movement or displacement

Question 13

Dip slip fault is what kind of break

Answer 13

Vertical break

Question 14

What is produced from a Dip slip fault

Answer 14

They produce a fault scarp which is a cliff that’s created when a piece of land falls or rises vertically

Question 15

Normal vs. reverse fault:

Answer 15

Normal faults occur due to diverging tension and one slab is displaced up while the other slab goes down. Reverse faults develop from compressional forces and the hanging wall is pushed up and over the footwall.

Question 16

Horst and graben:

Answer 16

Horst is a uplifted or upfaulted piece of rock. A graben is a sunken rock often called a rift valley.

Question 17

Strike slip fault

Answer 17

faults along the boundary with sideways movement (most notable is the San Andreas fault)

Question 18

Primary and Secondary Seismic waves:

Answer 18

P wave is faster, does less damage, moves through solids and liquids and is compressive. S wave is the opposite, it is slow, does damage, moves through only solids, and moves up and down and side to side.

Question 19

Anticline:

Answer 19

convex up-fold in rock that looks like an arch.

Question 20

Syncline

Answer 20

fold where rock layers are warped downward

Question 21

Both Anticline and Syncline are results of

Answer 21

compressional stress

Question 22

Dome:

Answer 22

Upwarping, folded upward rock around a central point, older rock in the center.

Question 23

Basins

Answer 23

Downwarping with the youngest rock in the center

Question 24

8 elements that make up 98% of earth’s crust:

Answer 24

Iron, Silicon, Calcium, Sodium, Potassium, Magnesium, Aluminum, Oxygen.
MISC. SOAP

Question 25

Oxygen and Silicone make up

Answer 25

Silicates

Question 26

particle size like going smallest to largest

Answer 26

Clay is the finest followed by silt, sand and the most coarse Gravel.

Question 27

magma cools below the earths surface is called

Answer 27

intrusive

Question 28

magma cools outside the earths surface is called

Answer 28

extrusive

Question 29

Sedimentary Rock forms through

Answer 29

Lithification

Question 30

Lithification is the

Answer 30

compacting of different layers of rock over time

Question 31

Two main types of sedimentary rock:

Answer 31

Clastic And chemical

Question 32

What is lime stone made up of

Answer 32

CaCO3 (calcium carbonate)

Question 33

Sand is made of

Answer 33

Silicon Dioxide SiO2

Question 34

metamorphic rocks form through

Answer 34

heat and pressure

Question 35

3 basic types of volcanoes

Answer 35

Cinder Cone, Shield, Composite cone/strato

Question 36

Cinder

Answer 36

built from ejected lava fragments, single short lived eruptions and are small.

Question 37

Shield:

Answer 37

basaltic lava, Hawaiian Islands

Question 38

Composite cone/strato

Answer 38

• along the plate boundaries, explosive and dangerous, ring of fire.

Question 39

when magma hits the air its called

Answer 39

lava

Question 40

two types of lava flow

Answer 40

aa- thick high Silica content and Pahoehoe-high basalt content and is thinner.

Question 41

Thick lava has high amounts of what

Answer 41

silica

Question 42

Lava high in Basalt is

Answer 42

thin and runny

Question 43

4 things that soil is made of

Answer 43

rock particles, organisms, organic matter, nutrients, | ROON

Question 44

Lettering system for soil classification

Answer 44

G(ravel), S(and), M (silt), C(lay), O(rganic)

Question 45

Difference between chemical and physical weathering

Answer 45

Chemical Reactions break down the minerals into different materials ex. Hydrolisis, carbonation, oxidation. While Physical is weathering due to wind and rain

Question 46

LOAM

Answer 46

mixture of all three on the weird triangle xhart

Question 47

Horizons: from top to bottom-

Answer 47

OAEBC Parent material

Question 48

Barrier island habitat zones

Answer 48

offshore deposits of sand and sediment, parallel to the coastline, separated from the mainland by a shallow bay. Made up of dune, beach, and marsh land

Question 49

Dune

Answer 49

sand carried and deposited by winds and stabilized naturally by plants

Question 50

Beach:

Answer 50

Ocean side of the island with sand deposited by wave action

Question 51

Salt Marsh:

Answer 51

low level area on sound-side of barrier stabilized by cord grasses and helps purify runoff.

Question 52

Long shore drift

Answer 52

amount of sediment carried by a wave is proportional to the wave size, moves from area of high energy to low energy.

Question 53

off shore transport:

Answer 53

Offshore transport occurs when wave energy is high, sand is eroded from the berm and deposited onto the offshore bar.

Question 54

Onshore transport occurs with

Answer 54

sand moves from offshore bar to the berm

Question 55

Passive vs. active coast

Answer 55

Passive is no plate tectonic activity, active coast has activity and subduction

Question 56

Porosity is the

Answer 56

% of total rock volume that is voids/spaces/pores

Question 57

Permeability is

Answer 57

how well connected the pores are

Question 58

Confined aquafor

Answer 58

has a confining layer above it which doesn’t allow water to go directly into it.

Question 59

Potentiometric Surface:

Answer 59

Elevation to which H20 will flow under pressure

Question 60

beginning of a river

Answer 60

the head

Question 61

end of a river

Answer 61

the mouth

Question 62

Competence of a stream

Answer 62

is the max size particle a river can carry

Question 63

How do you find the competence?

Answer 63

Speed^2

Question 64

Settling velocity

Answer 64

speed at which a certain size particle can no logner be carried by the river bc the river is going too slow.

Question 65

Transform Fault Boundaries

Answer 65

two plates move past each other laterally, usually producing an earthquake

Question 66

In a reverse fault the ___ wall falls ___the ____ wall

Answer 66

foot, below, hanging

Question 67

what type of continental plate is the lightest

Answer 67

continental