Exam 2

Question 1

Resting state of Na+ channel:

Answer 1

Activation gate closed, Inactivation gate open

Question 2

Activated state of Na+ channel:

Answer 2

Both gates are open

Question 3

Inactive state of Na+ channel:

Answer 3

Activation gate open, Inactivation gate closed

Question 4

Deactivated state of Na+ channel:

Answer 4

Both gates closed

Question 5

Speed of Na+ channels:

Answer 5

fast

Question 6

Speed of K+ channels:

Answer 6

slow

Question 7

As Na+ channels start to become inactive, K+ channels..

Answer 7

..start opening to speed up repolarization.

Question 8

The equilibrium potential for Ca++ is..

Answer 8

..really positive.

Question 9

2 factors that influence how fast an action potential travels down cell:

Answer 9

size (smaller=slower)

Insulation

Question 10

Myelin producing cells in CNS:

Answer 10

Oligodendrocyte

Question 11

Myelin producing cells in PNS:

Answer 11

Schwann cell

Question 12

Which myelin producing cell is more likely to lay down new myelin when old myelin is damaged?

Answer 12

Schwann

Question 13

Node of Ranvier

Answer 13

Space between myelin where neuron is exposed

Question 14

Saltatory Conduction

Answer 14

Na+ jumps from one node of ranvier to the next NofR.

Question 15

Examples of demyelinating diseases:

Answer 15

Multiple sclerosis (MS), Optic Neuritis, Guillain-Barre syndrome

Question 16

Causes of demyelinating diseases:

Answer 16

genetics, infection, autoimmune hyperactivity, polyneuropathies

Question 17

CNS: Central nervous system

Answer 17

Brain and spinal cord

Question 18

PNS: Peripheral nervous system

Answer 18

Place where our spinal nerves begin

Question 19

ANS: Autonomic nervous system

Answer 19

Automated system that we aren’t aware of

Question 20

Somatic

Answer 20

something we are aware of, opposite of ANS

Question 21

A-fibers:

Answer 21

myelinated neuron
largest
fastest
-3 subsets

Question 22

A-fiber 3 subsets:

Answer 22

Alpha(skeletal motor neuron & spinal cord), Beta, Gama, Delta (largest to smallest)

Question 23

B-fibers:

Answer 23

Lightly Myelinated

between A&C as far as size and myelination

Question 24

C-fibers:

Answer 24

Non-myelinated (sensory neurons)
smallest
slowest

Question 25

Neurons:

Answer 25

Decision makers, senders, and receivers. | Low rate at which they can replicate

Question 26

Glia cells:

Answer 26

(supporting cells) supporting cells vastly outnumber the neurons Can replace themselves very quickly. Usually make up nervous system tumors.

Question 27

Types of gila cells:

Answer 27

Astrocytes, Schwann, Oligodendrocyte, Microglia

Question 28

Astrocytes:

Answer 28

One of most prevalent supporting cells in CNS. Star shape. Make up big functional component of blood brain barrier. Their appendages reach out and overlap around brain vessel walls.

Question 29

Microglia:

Answer 29

Support repairing damaged areas in CNS

Question 30

Axon

Answer 30

"Sending" information flows one way, connected to cell body

Question 31

Cell body of neuron

Answer 31

decision making portion, central portion

Question 32

Dendrites

Answer 32

receiving/collecting information

Question 33

Excitatory neurotransmitters cause _____ at the dendrite.

Answer 33

depolarization

Question 34

Axon hillock

Answer 34

The place where the axon connects to the cell body

Question 35

GABA

Answer 35

Inhibitory neurotransmitter

Question 36

When GABA receptors are stimulated...

Answer 36

..they allow cl- to move from outside to inside the cell.

Question 37

Types of neurons:

Answer 37

Multipolar, Unipolar, pseudounipolar & bipolar

Question 38

Multipolar neurons:

Answer 38

(decision making cell) | Control contraction of skeletal muscles

Question 39

Unipolar neuron:

Answer 39

not usually found in humans

Question 40

Pseudounipolar neuron:

Answer 40

Sensory neurons. Signal can bypass the cell body. Usual signal is "brain bound" .

Question 41

Bipolar neuron:

Answer 41

Sensory neurons (special senses, olfactory, taste, etc)

Question 42

Pre-synaptic potentials are almost always..

Answer 42

..inhibitory in nature.

Question 43

Gap junction

Answer 43

Pores that connect one cell to another to helps electrical signals move from one cell to the other without using a neurotransmitter.

Question 44

6 Connexin proteins make..

Answer 44

..a connexon

Question 45

2 connexons make..

Answer 45

..a gap junction

Question 46

Somatic sensory receptors | 5 categories:

Answer 46

Mechanoreceptors, Chemoreceptors, Nociceptors, Proprioceptors, UV receptors

Question 47

Mechanoreceptors look for..

Answer 47

..force or stretch

Question 48

Pacinian Corpuscle

Answer 48

pressure sensor (looks like finger print)

Question 49

Meissner's Corpuscle

Answer 49

pressure sensor (looks like scrambled finger print)

Question 50

Muscle spindle

Answer 50

(looks like twizzle) looks at mechanical force, stress, and tension. Provides feed back to let brain know if the signal was carried out. (Pseudounipolar)

Question 51

Baroreceptors

Answer 51

sense stretch/pressure and send information to the brainstem

Question 52

location of baroreceptors:

Answer 52

Brainstem, Carotid body, and aortic arch

Question 53

Nerves used by Carotid baroreceptors:

Answer 53

sends signal through hering's nerve to glossopharyngeal nerve to brain stem