Intro to cell/physiology lecture 2

Question 1

Saturated lipid

Answer 1

All carbons in a lipid tail are bound to each other via single bonds and open spaces of carbons are filled with a proton. (see Schmidts drawing)

Question 2

Unsaturated lipid

Answer 2

Contains a carbon to carbon double bond where the carbons involved can only bond to one proton. Puts a kink in tail.

Question 3

How does a double bond change the cell wall?

Answer 3

Increases cell wall fluidity. The more double bonds the more fluidity the cell wall has

Question 4

What kind of lipid is easier to break down?

Answer 4

unsaturated lipids

Question 5

What does cholesterol do for the cell wall?

Answer 5

Structural support

Question 6

How does cholesterol change the cell wall?

Answer 6

At body temperature, cholesterol stuck in the cell wall decreases cell wall fluidity.

Question 7

Is cholesterol charged or uncharged?

Answer 7

Uncharged (non-polar)

Question 8

How does cholesterol move though the body?

Answer 8

Carrier proteins. Cholesterol can’t move by itself.

Question 9

Describe a carrier protein.

Answer 9

outside: charged, water soluble
inside: uncharged

Question 10

Examples of carrier proteins that transport cholesterol.

Answer 10

LDL (lousy), HDL (healthy), VLDL

Question 11

Cholesterol tends to accumulate where in the body?

Answer 11

Circulation of the liver and GI system

Question 12

How is cholesterol used by the body?

Answer 12

Different enzymes drive chemical changes to create cholesterol metabolites.

Question 13

examples of important cholesterol metabolites

Answer 13

Cortisol, Estradiol, Testosterone, Aldosterone

Question 14

Where is arachidonic acid found?

Answer 14

in the cell wall

Question 15

What do enzymes do in metabolism?

Answer 15

catalyze chemical steps creating metabolites

Question 16

The metabolism of arachidonic acid (AA) to get prostaglandins (PG) and thromboxane (TX)

Answer 16

AA –(cox1, cox2)–> PGG2 –(cox1, cox2)–> PGH2 –> PGE2, PGI2, PGF2a, PGD2, TXA2

Question 17

COX1, COX2

Answer 17

Cyclooxygenase

Question 18

PG mediates..

Answer 18

Inflammation

Question 19

TXA2 mediates..

Answer 19

blood vessel induced vasospasms (if a vessel is bleeding, TXA2 clamps down the vessel)

Question 20

How do NSAIDS affect TXA2 production?

Answer 20

NSAIDS inhibit COX, therefore indirectly inhibiting TXA2. Can cause coagulation disorder.

Question 21

What metabolites of AA are associated with the kidneys?

Answer 21

EET, 20-HETE

Question 22

Lipoygenase (LO) metabolizes AA to create Leukotriene (LT) which is a mediator of..

Answer 22

inflammation but mostly immune system

Question 23

LT inhibitors treat what condition?

Answer 23

Asthma

Question 24

NSAIDS work in what 2 places and how?

Answer 24

1) spinal cord. prevent the signal of pain to the brain

2) Periphery to cut down on swelling. the less swelling, the less compression of nerves you have.

Question 25

"Phosphatidyl-"

Answer 25

means stuck to a phosphate that is embedded in the cell wall

Question 26

Phosphatidyl-choline (PCh)

Answer 26

Choline is an important neurotransmitter that turns to acetylcholine (runs your muscles, keeps you awake)

Question 27

Phosphatidyl-serine (cytosolic)

Answer 27

99.9% of all serine is on the inside boarder of cell walls. If cell breaks and serine is exposed, immune system comes and "chews it up." If its exposed it because of a virus, bacteria, or dead human cell. (see picture on lecture 2 at 1:07:46)

Question 28

Phosphatidyl-inositol (PI)

Answer 28

Neurotransmitter important in controlling muscle contractions (primarily, smooth muscle)

Question 29

Sphingomyelin

Answer 29

Has a myelin attached to it.

Question 30

Important precursors in the cell membrane:

Answer 30

``` Polyunsaturated fats/lipids Arachidonic Acid (AA) Phosphatidylinositol (PI) Phosphatidylserine (cytosolic) Phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) Phosphatidylcholine (PCh) Sphingomyelin Cholesterol ```

Question 31

Water moves across the cell wall through..

Answer 31

..protein channels through simple diffusion

Question 32

Facilitated Diffusion

Answer 32

move down a concentration or electrical gradient. requires no energy. Glucose is transported this way. (see drawing on lecture 2 at 1:23:20)

Question 33

Active transport

Answer 33

Pumping UP a concentration or electrical gradient.

Question 34

Na+K+ pumps

Answer 34

``` Active transport Metabolize ATP for energy 1ATP molecule moves 5 ions Pump 3 Na+ ions out Pump 2 K+ ions in NEVER pumps in reverse ```

Question 35

What happens to ATP when it is metabolized for energy?

Answer 35

A phosphate is taken off ATP to produce energy creating ADP and Pi