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Exercise Physiology > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

(79 cards)

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1
Q

The 3 energy systems?

A

ATP-PCR
Short-term Glycolytic
Long-term aerobic

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2
Q

ATP-PCR

A

Increase intensity, short duration(~10secs)
PCR greater than ATP
Full ATP depletion (~20-30secs)

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3
Q

Short term glycolytic

  • Increase _____________,Short duration(~60-180secs)
  • Glycolysis
  • ______________-forming
A

Intensity

Lactate

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4
Q

Decrease intensity, increase duration(~>3mins)
Increase oxygen uptake
Macromolecule catabolism

A

Long term aerobic

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5
Q
  • Lactate is created through an ______________ in free hydrogens
  • Decrease in ____________
  • _______________ NADH shuttling
A

Increase
Oxygen
Decrease

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6
Q

Difference between lactate and lactic acid

A

The addition of hydrogen

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7
Q

Lactate threshold

A

Muscle cells can neither meet energy demands aerobically nor oxidize lactate at its rate of formation(high amount of lactate)

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8
Q

Lactate threshold of the untrained

A

~50% Vo2max

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9
Q

Lactate threshold of trained individuals

A

~75 VO2max

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10
Q

Steady Rate aerobic metabolism(plateau) is the ___________ between energy required by working ___________ and ATP production in aerobic reactions

A

Balance

Muscles

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11
Q

Oxygen deficit

A

Difference between total oxygen consumed during exercise and the total that would have been consumed had steady rate oxygen uptake been achieved at the start of exercise

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12
Q

Maximal O2 consumption(VO2max):
-VO2 max occurs when __________ uptake plateaus or ___________ only slightly with additional increases in exercise _____________

A

Oxygen, increases, intensity

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13
Q

Skeletal muscle fiber types

A 
Slow twitch(Type 1)- endurance cyclist
Fast twitch(type 2)- swim champion
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14
Q

At ____ minutes reach 50% anaerobic and 50% aerobic during energy spectrum of physical activity

A

2

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15
Q

EPOC

A

Exercise Post-exercise Oxygen Consumption= oxygen debt

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16
Q

EPOC is the total __________ VO2 minus total _____ theoretically consumed at ________ during the recovery

A

Recovery
VO2
Rest

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17
Q

EPOC following exhaustive exercise

A

Resynthesize ATP and PCR
Resynthesize lactate to glycogen
Oxidize lactate in energy metabolism
Restore oxygen to myoglobin and blood
Restore thermogenic effects of elevated core temperature
Thermogenic effects of hormones
Restore elevated heart rate, ventilation, and other physiologic functions

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18
Q

Factors that impact EPOC recovery

A
  • Levels of anaerobic metabolism during activity

- Respiratory, circulatory, hormonal, ionic, and thermal adjustments that elevate metabolism during recovery

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19
Q

Lactate buildup

  • No lactate buildup occurs 5-10secs
  • _________ buildup occurs during. ____________ anaerobic exercise so recovery VO2 takes longer to return to _______________
A

Lactate
Prolonged
Baseline

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20
Q

Lactate removal includes _________ and __________ recovery

A

Active, passive

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21
Q

Active recovery

A

Sub maximal exercise may prevent muscle cramps and stiffness and facilitate overall recovery

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22
Q

Passive recovery: individual lies down with __________ energy expenditure; modifications include massage, _______ showers, specific body positions, and consuming cold liquids

A

Minimal

Cold

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23
Q

All the body’s metabolic processes ultimately result in ________ production

A

Heat

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24
Q

Calorimetry

A

Defines the measurement of heat transfer

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25
T/F | Direct calorimetry directly measures energy expenditure via heat production
True
26
All energy releasing reactions in humans ultimately depend on oxygen use, so measuring oxygen consumption during physical activities provides an indirect yet accurate estimate of energy expenditure
Indirect calorimetry
27
- the father of modern chemistry | - provided the means to directly measure energy expenditure by releasing energy through burning
Antoine Lavoisier
28
Wilber Atawater and Edward Rosa were the first to use a __________ for direct ________________
Human | Calorimetry
29
Atawater
Chemist
30
Rosa
Physicist
31
Direct calorimetry has theoretical implications but _________ practical applications with humans
Limited
32
Closed circuit spirometry
Simple method that directly measures O2 uptake but has limited practical applications
33
Open circuit spirometry
Simple and practical way to measure O2 uptake and CO2 production to infer energy expenditure
34
3 techniques of open circuit
Bag technique Portable spirometry Computerized instrumentation
35
The 2 ways of calibrating computerized spirometry
Micro-scholander | Haldane
36
Advantages of the doubly labeled water technique - Within 3-5% accuracy compared to laboratory _____________ - Ideal to access total __________ expenditure over prolonged periods including bed rest and extreme physical activity
Measure | Energy
37
Disadvantages of the doubly labeled water technique
- cost of labeled water | - expense incurred in spectrometric analysis of both isotopes
38
Definition of respiratory quotient(RQ)
Carbs, fats, and proteins require different amounts of O2 for complete oxidation of each molecules carbon and hydrogen atoms to CO2 and H2O end products
39
RQ=____________ / O2 consumed
CO2 produced
40
RQ for carbs
1.00
41
RQ for fats
.70
42
RQ for proteins
0.82
43
Nonprotein RQ
Computes from composition of expired air and reflects catabolism of a blend of carbohydrates, fats, proteins
44
Respiratory exchange ratio(RER)
Reflects the ratio of CO2 produced to O2 consumed when factors other than food combustion contribute to gas exchange
45
RER is ___________ the same as RQ
Computed
46
All chemical reactions of biomolecules within the body
Metabolism
47
Anabolism
Synthesis
48
Breakdown
Catabolism
49
The 3 components of total daily energy expenditure
Thermic effect of feeding(10%) Thermic effect of physical activity (15-30%) Resting metabolic rate(60-75%)
50
The normal metabolic rate is between 160 and 290___; or 0.8-_____kcal/min
ml | 1.43
51
Basal metabolic rate
- Minimum level of energy to sustain vital functions in the walking state - Reflects the body's total heat production
52
Resting metabolic rate
- Always slightly higher than BMR | - Influences: body size, health/fitness, muscle mass, age, hormones, body temp
53
O2 consumption Brain=1.6kg=____ percent of body mass Skeletal __________= 50% body mass
2.3 | Muscles
54
T/F | At rest the brain consumes more oxygen
True
55
Factors affecting Total daily energy expenditure
- physical activity - diet induced thermogenesis (food intake) - calorigenic effect of food on exercise metabolism - climate - pregnancy
56
Classifications of PA by energy expenditure: Classifying ____________ of physical tasks -_________(how hard you perform, can be based on VO2max) -Duration(how ______ you perform activity)
Strenousness Intensity Long
57
Classifications of PA by energy expenditure Physical activity ratio -classifies work as the ratio of energy required for a task to the resting energy requirement -Light work: up to ___ times the resting requirement -Heavy work: __ -8 times resting metabolism -________ work: 9 times or more above rest
3 6 Maximal
58
The average daily energy expenditure for man 19-50yrs
Expends 2900kcal
59
The average daily expenditure of a woman 19-50yrs
Expends 2200 kcal
60
Increase in body mass _______ energy expended in many activities, especially in weight bearing exercise
Raise
61
For each individual, heart rate and VO2 relate ________ over the range of exercise intensities to about 80% of maximum
Linearly
62
The variables used to estimate RDEE
Kcal/h | Kcal/d
63
Net energy expenditure
Is the true energy expenditure of activity
64
Gross energy expenditure
Includes resting energy expenditure
65
How to calculate NÉE
GEE=600kcal REE=75kcal/hr NEE=600-75= 525kcal
66
Strenuous exercise with anaerobic involvement ___________ accuracy in estimating energy expenditure
Limits
67
Movement economy: energy required to maintain a ____________ velocity of movement
Constant
68
Improvements in economy _________ VO2 uptake and usually results in ________________ performance
Reduces | Improved
69
Relates amount of energy required to perform a task to actual energy requirement of work done
Mechanical efficiency
70
T/F | ME during walking is linearly between speeds of 1.9-3.1
True
71
Factors that affect mechanical efficiency expenditure during walking
Body mass Terrain and walking surface Walking grade Footwear and other distal loads
72
Why Olympic style running reduces efficiency and economy
Because they walk faster than 8km/h about same as economy for running at same speeds
73
How to increase running speed
Increase number of steps/min(stride frequency) Increase distance between steps(stride length) Increase both length and frequency of strides
74
T/F | Children have a reduced running economy
True
75
Running economy in children vs adults
Children are less economical runners than adults; they require 20-30% more oxygen per unit body mass to run at a given speed
76
Why do children have reduced economy in running
- Larger surface are - Shorter stride lengths - Differences in body mechanics
77
Effects of air resistance on energy expenditure of running depends on
Air density Runners projected surface area Square of running velocity
78
T/F Depending on speed, overcoming air resistance requires 3-9% of the total energy expenditure Of running in calm air
True
79
Swimming requires added __________ expenditure to maintain buoyancy while simultaneously generating horizontal arm and leg movements
Energy

Exercise Physiology (3 decks)

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