Exam 3

Question 1

The pathways of the components of the ventilator system

Answer 1

Ambient air enters the _______; Mouth; ____________(and adjusts to body temperature, Filtered, and humidified); Two Bronchi; ________________; Alveoli(alveolar ducts, alveolar sac, alveolar pores)

Question 2

T/F

Alveoli have more than 600 million alveoli

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Alveoli provide the surface for _____ exchange between lung tissue and ________

Answer 3

Gas

Blood

Question 4

During inspiration the diaphragm ____________

Answer 4

Descends

Question 5

During inspiration the ribs ______

Answer 5

Rise

Question 6

During _______________ the diaphragm moves upward

Answer 6

Expiration

Question 7

T/F

During expiration the ribs lower

Answer 7

True

Question 8

Conducting zone

Answer 8

Trachea and terminal bronchioles; No alveoli= anatomical dead space

Question 9

Transitional and respiratory zones

Answer 9

Bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli; Contains the largest portion of total lung volume 2.5-3L

Question 10

Ficks law of diffusion:
Governs gas _______________ across a fluid membrane
- _____ diffuses through a sheet of tissue at a rate:
1. ______________ proportional to tissue area, a ____________ constant,and pressure differential of the gas on each side of the membrane
2. Inversely proportional to __________ thickness

Answer 10

Diffusion
Gas
Directly; diffusion
Tissue

Question 11

“Wetting agent” lipoprotein mixture of proteins, phospholipids, and calcium ions produced by alveolar epithelial cells(to reduce surface tension)

Answer 11

The Surfactant

Question 12

T/F

W/o surfactant, small alveoli would collapse from high collapsing pressures

Answer 12

True

Question 13

Tidal volume: air moved during the _______________ or expiratory phase of each breathing cycle(0.4-1.0L)

Answer 13

Inspiratory

Question 14

Inspiratory reserve volume: Inspiring as deeply as possible following a normal inspiration(2.5-___L above tidal air)

Answer 14

3.5

Question 15

Expiratory reserve volume: after a normal exhalation, continuing to ________ and forcing as much air as possible from the lungs(1.0-1.5L)

Answer 15

Exhale

Question 16

Forced vital capacity: total volume of _____ voluntarily moved in one maximal breath; it includes TV plus IRV and ERV(4-5L in young ______) and (3 to ___L in young women)

Answer 16

Air
Men
4

Question 17

Pulmonary Ventilation two views:

1. Volume of air moved into or out of the ______________ tract each minute
2. Air volume that __________ only alveolar chambers each minute

Answer 17

Respiratory

Ventilates

Question 18

T/F
Women have a reduced lung size and airway diameter, a smaller diffusion surface, and lower static and dynamic lung function measures

Answer 18

True

Question 19

Minute ventilation

Answer 19

the volume of air breathed each minute

V_e=breathing rate* Tidal volume

Question 20

Portion of inspired air reaching the alveoli and participating in gas exchange

Answer 20

Alveolar ventilation

Question 21

anatomic dead space: air in each ________ that does not enter _________ and participate in gaseous exchange with blood

Answer 21

Breath

Alveoli

Question 22

Physiological dead space: the portion of the alveolar __________ with a ventilation-perfusion ratio that approaches zero

Answer 22

Volume

Question 23

Ventilation perfusion ratio: the ratio of alveolar ventilation to ______________ blood flow

• 4.2L of air ventilates alveoli each min at rest, while 5L of blood flows through capillary
  
  • 4.2/5=0.84

Answer 23

Pulmonary

Question 24

In _______ exercise, V-P ratio remains ~0.8

Answer 24

Light

Question 25

In intense exercise V-P ratio=____L

Answer 25

5.0

Question 26

Variations of normal breathing patterns

Answer 26

Hyperventilating Dyspnea Vasalva Maneuver

Question 27

Closing glottis following a full inspiration while maximally activating expiratory muscles, creating compressive forces that increase intrathoracic pressure above atmospheric pressure

Answer 27

Valsalva maneuver

Question 28

Concentrations of gases in ambient air _______ N2 20.93%___ 0.03% CO2

Answer 28

79.04% | O2

Question 29

Partial pressure: molecules of each specific gas in a ___________ of gases exert their own _________ pressure contributing to total atmospheric pressure

Answer 29

Mixture | Partial

Question 30

Partial pressure formula percentage concentration of a specific _____ / total pressure of gas mixture

Answer 30

Gas

Question 31

Henrys law: mass of a gas that __________ is a fluid at a given temperature varies in direct proportion to __________ of the gas over the liquid

Answer 31

Dissolves | Pressure

Question 32

Solubility

Answer 32

The dissolving power of a gas

Question 33

O2 leaves the blood and _________ toward the cells, while ____ flows from cells into blood - Blood then passes into the _________ circuit for return to the heart and delivery into the ________

Answer 33

Diffuses CO2 Venous Lungs

Question 34

Oxygen transport in the blood: 1. In __________ solution dissolved in the fluid portion of _______ 2. In loose combination with _______________, the iron-protein molecule within the ______ blood cell

Answer 34

Physical, Blood | Hemoglobin, red

Question 35

Each of the 4 iron atoms in _______________ molecule can loosely bind one __________ molecule: Hb_4+4O_2 — Hb_4O_8

Answer 35

Hemoglobin | Oxygen

Question 36

Carbamino compounds are formed when _____ reacts directly with the _______ ______ molecules of blood proteins

Answer 36

CO2 | Amino acid

Question 37

As plasma bicarbonate in tissue

Answer 37

CO2+H2O— H2CO3.

Question 38

Carbon dioxide transport in the blood 1. In physical solution in plasma: ____ 2. Combines with ___________ within red blood cells:20% 3. As plasma ________________: 75%(can range from 60-80%)

Answer 38

5% Hemoglobin Bicarbonate

Question 39

During ______ and moderate exercise, myoglobin maintains high _____ saturation

Answer 39

Rest | O2

Question 40

Myoglobin facilitates O2 transfer to mitochondria when exercise begins and during _________ exercise when intramuscular PO2 _________ dramatically

Answer 40

Intense | Declines

Question 41

O2 release from Hb can occur without any increase in local tissue blood flow

Answer 41

Arteriovenous Oxygen Difference

Question 42

Arteriovenous oxygen difference: the a-VO difference describes the __________ between oxygen content of arterial blood and mixed _________ blood

Answer 42

Difference | Venous

Question 43

The Bohr Effect: any increase in plasma acidity and ___________ causes the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve to shift ____________ and to the right

Answer 43

Temperature | Downward

Question 44

Advantages of the oxyhemoglobin S-shaped dissociation curve

Answer 44

Higher temp greater dissociation of oxygen Partial pressure Higher acidity(lower #) wants dissociation w/ oxygen