Exam 2 Flashcards
(33 cards)
Blastocyst
- zygote gets split into two cells that continue to divide into 60 to 80 cells within 4 days of conception
- inner layer of blastocyst becomes embryo and outer layer becomes protective tissue
implantation
- 7-10 days after conception
- blastocyst taps mothers blood supply through uterine wall
- sperm lasts 3-5 days/eggs last 24 hours
- can still get pregnant 3-5 days before menstrual cycle
proportion of zygotes that successfully implant
25%
Organogensis
process by which every major organ takes shape in at least a primitive (early) form
neural tube, heart, and sexual differentiation
3rd week: neural tube develops
4th week: heart beat develops
7th-8th: can tell sexual differentiation
age of viability
24 weeks because they have developed their lungs and their survival is dependent on their lungs and breathing
teratogens
- any disease, drug, or other environmental agent that can harm a developing fetus
- effects of any teratogenic agent is worse during critical periods of system growth
- not all fetuses are affected equally
- higher expire, higher harm to fetus
- effects depend on quality of postnatal environment
- examples, smoking narcotics, alcohol
- stds (syphillis, hiv)
- environmental factors ( radiation, lead, pcbs(
effects of prenatal stress and anxiety
stress: preterm labor and delivery, low birth weight.. low birth rate could result in learning difficulties later on
anxiety: labor and delivery compromised, low apgar scores
safest ages for childbearing and why
16-35 because they are in better physical health
APGAR scores
- crude and quick method of gauging health of neonate (at birth & 5 minutes after)
- measurement of heart rate, respiration, color, muscle tone and reflexes
- each of five factors rated from 0-2, for a possible of 10 points
- scores of 7 & higher - healthy infant
- scores of 4 & below- at risk.. NICU
Stages and purpose of childbirth
-purpose of labor is to dilate and efface the cervis (dilates goes from o to 10 cm)
stage 1: average is 8-14 hours for first kid, 3-8 for second
-contractions, and ends when cervix is fully dialated
stage 2: delivery of baby, pushing
Stage 3: delivery o placenta
- dilation is the opening of the cervix, effacement is thinning of cervix
rooting reflex
this disappears over time, as you stroke their cheek they turn to that side.. orients baby to the breast or bottle
sleep in infancy
- moves in and out of 6 states
- regular sleep (8-9 hours)
- irregular sleep (REM)(8-9 hours)
- drowsiness (5-3 hrs)
- alert inactivity (1-3 hrs)
- crying (1-3 hrs)
crying and parental response
0-6 months they’re crying because they need something, can’t spoil an infant
- crying because they’re hungry, in pain, chills, loud noises
- moms who responded quickly to their cries cam etc cry very little
sensation
sensation: detection of stimuli
- hearing and vision: they prefer female voices and can discriminate colors by 2-3 months
- taste and smell: prefer sweet, recognize smell o from by 1-2 weeks
- they touch to promote growth and they can feel pain
perception
categorize and give meaning to sensory input
methods of studying infant perception and sensation
The preference method: present 2 stimuli at the same time, see which on eat infant looks/turns to/chooses
The habituation method: present the infant with a stimuli and present it over and over agin until they don’t react then introduce new stimuli to see if they can tell a difference
Evoked potential: habituation but tracking the brain waves ( one stimuli vs. the other)
High amplitude sucking: get base line of sucking and introduce stimuli to see if their rate of sucking changes
infant vision
- early pattern perception: not face that infant likes more 0-2 months, babies like what they can see well.. need colors that contrast
- Later pattern perception (2-12 months), more complex patterns, contrasts, contour
depth perception
- visual cliff by 6 1/2 moths, won’t cross deep side
- visual ability and experience of crawling contribute
order/principle of motor development
-lifitng head up (1 month)
- rolling over ( 2- 4 months)
- sitting up unassisted (5-7 months)
-crawling (7-10 moths) increased environmental competence, loss of interest in people, objects are more interesting
walking (12-16months) standing with support (cruising/walking with support), standing w/o support (walking)
3 principles of development
- cephalocaudal principle: humans development is a head to tail direction
-proximodistal principle: humans develop from center outward to extremities
orthodontic principle: humans develop from global to the differentiated: simple to specific
prenatal development
Stage 1: period of the zygote: from conception to implantation & the zygote becomes attached to the wall of the uterus.. lasts about 10 to 14 days
Stage 2: period of the embryo: beginning of the 3rd week through the end of the 8th. All major organs are formed and heart begins to beat
Stage 3: period of the fetus: 9th week until baby is born. All major organ systems begin to function
Timing of fetal movement
second trimester, 13-24 weeks
-if its first child, may take longer
teratogens: thalidomide
- aliveates nausea and vomiting
- ended up giving birth to babies with birth defects
