exam 4 Flashcards
(37 cards)
emergence of emotions in infancy
- positive emotions (happiness) increase over 1st year
- negative emotions (distress) over the first 2
- self conscious emotions (embarrassment, pride) emerge in second year of life
simple and complex emotions
simple: anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, surprise ( can measure physiologically)
complex: pride, shame, guilt (second year of life)
parents effects on emotional expression
- emotion coaching (discussion of emotions)
- understanding emotions is not inherited, learn through being told or societal aspects
- get cues from those who are in their world
temperament and components
- biologically based differences in reactivity and regulation that form the core of personality
- kids who were high negative stayed high negative unless their environment changed
Negatively reactive temperament
-high negative affect and motor behavior, high levels of distress to novelty, behavioral inhibition
positively reactive (exuberant) temperament
high positive affect & motor behavior, high levels of sociability, higher levels of distress to limits
stability of temperament
- irritability, sociability, and shyness are moderately stable throughout infancy, childhood and adulthood
- certain temperamental profiles are more likely to persist than others
- the most extreme, you’re not likely to change, even if in a different environment
emotional attachment
- disposed to seek proximity to and contact with a specific figure and to do so when frightened, tired, or ill
- works on a level and up basis
harlows monkey experiment
- human infants, similar to primates and lower order species, are predisposed to maintain proximity to mother for safety and comfort
- monkeys were given two surrogate mothers, one with a soft spot one without, both provided food but like the one with the soft spot more in order to seek comfort
- ones who were able to cuddle and seek comfort had an emotional attachment and normal relationship, ones that didn’t have comforting mom did not seek comfort
stranger anxiety
- fear of new people (whether or not mom is around)
- peaks at 8-10 months and then declines after 12
Avoidant Attachment
plays independently in mothers presence, indifferent to stranger and mother, unfazed by separation, ignores caregiver upon return
secure attachment
-explores when mom is there, not fearful of stranger in mothers presence, protests when she leaves, happy upon return
resistance attachment
-clings when mother is present, fearful of stranger in mothers presence, inconsolable when mother leaves, approaches upon reunion but resentful of being left
disorganized/disoriented attachment
-confusion about whether to approach mother or not, may cling and then avoid first time and not second, unpredictable responses to strangers
antecedents to attachement/parenting styles associated with attachment
- avoidant: rigid, rejecting mother, under involved parenting
- Secure: sensitive responding to infant
- resistant: inconsistent parenting
- Disorganized: depressed or abusive caregiver
secure base behavior
securely attached infant uses mother as a secure based from which to explore the environment
Ainsworth’s caregiving hypothesis
- a child’s attachment style is dependent on the behavior their mother shows towards them
- strange situation: mother and baby, mother, baby, and stranger, baby and stranger, mother and baby, baby, baby and stranger
kagans temperament hypothesis
- Strange situation attachment classifications are actually reflecting infant temperamental style and not attachment security
- Babies have an innate temperament
internal working model
- Parents leading to a “secure attachment style” are accepting, responsive, and available
- Parents leading to a “insecure attachment style” are unavailable, inconsistent, not responsive, and rejecting
rogue test
- Self-recognition test that identifies a human child’s ability to recognize a reflection in a mirror as his or her own
- Draw a mark on the child’s face to record any reactions to the mark when they see themselves
maricas stages
- Identity diffusion: these were not yet thought about or resolved identity issues
- Foreclosure: committed to an identity w/o experiencing the “crisis” of deciding what is best for them
- Moratorium: experiencing a crisis. Asking questions about life and seeking answers
- Identity achievement: resolved identity issues by making personal commitments to certain goals, beliefs, and values
eriksons identity crisis
-Adolescent’s face the hurdle of establishing an identity and can lead to an identity crisis to capture the sense of confusion and anxiety
self esteem change over time
highest at childhood and drops in adolescence, worse for girls than boys
categorical self
- Due to social interaction and cognitive advances
- Categorize into “this is like me/not like me”
- Occurs during pre-school time
- individual, relational, and collective self
