Exam 2 Flashcards
(128 cards)
1
Q
Viscous drag
A
Resistive force caused by friction between the fish’s body and the water and is a result of a velocity gradient
2
Q
Inertial drag
A
A resistive force caused by pressure differences created by the fish’s displacement of water and is a result of the separation of the boundary layer
3
Q
Boundary layer
A
Region of steep velocity gradient between still water carried by fish and the water moving freely past the fish
4
Q
Red muscle
A
Muscle that specializes in long-duration, low intensity movement and gains energy through aerobic metabolism
5
Q
White muscles
A
Muscle that specializes in short duration, high-intensity actions and gains energy from anaerobic metabolism and accumulates lactic acid
6
Q
Anguilliform locomotion
A
- entire body undulating
- more than one wave is present on the body at once
- usually benthic and swim off the bottom for short periods
- usually can reverse directions and swim backwards by reversing direction of muscle contraction
7
Q
Subcarangiform locomotion
A
- generally thick forebody with reduced flexibility
- undulations are mainly confined to the posterior part of the body
- there is typically less than one wavelength present on the body at once
- higher velocities than anguilliform
- body is generally compressed and fusiform
- head jaws back and forth as fish swims forward as median fins aren’t efficient enough stabilizers to prevent this
8
Q
Carangiform
A
- Flexure is confined to the posterior one third of the body.
- body strongly tapers to a very narrow causal peduncle
- often have large, strongly forked or lunate caudal fins
- length of waveform usually less than one half the body length
9
Q
Thunniform locomotion
A
- fastest swimmer among fishes
- lamnid sharks and some scombriods (tuna)
- musculature adapted for rapid lateral oscillatory movements of the caudal fin rather than undulations of the body
- narrow caudal peduncle, high, thin caudal fin
10
Q
Labriform locomotion
A
- common among perchlike fishes (Percidae)
- oscillatory
- pectoral fins used as paddles or oars to produce propulsive force
- pectoral fin shape widely varies among species
11
Q
Ostraciiform locomotion
A
- boxfishes (Ostracidae)
- cannot bend their bone covered bodies
- swim by oscillating a flexible portion of the caudal fin
- most forward thrust comes from the caudal fin
- rare form
12
Q
Balistiform locomotion
A
- Developed to a high degree in triggerfishes and filefishes
- body is held straight and undulatory waves of the dorsal and anal fins move the fish forward or backward
- rare
13
Q
Diodontiform locomotion
A
- Undulatory waves move pectoral fins
- seen in porcupine fishes
- runs
14
Q
Amiiform locomotion
A
Undulations of long dorsal fin while the body axis is held straight and stable.
15
Q
Gymnotiform locomotion
A
Undulations of a long anal fin
16
Q
Rajiform locomotion
A
- rays, skates, and mantas
- thrust is produced by vertical undulations along large pectoral fins
17
Q
Tetraodontitorm locomotion
A
-dorsal and anal fins are flapped oscillatory as a unit, either in phase or opposing one another
18
Q
Dynamic lift
A
Lift/positive buoyancy generated by outspread pectoral fins during locomotion
19
Q
Static lift
A
Buoyancy based on the function of density and is created through the means of a gas-filled bladder or storing low density lipids
20
Q
Squalene
A
A low density lipid found in sharks and smelts
21
Q
Trimethylamine oxide (TMAO)
A
- Osmolyte found in saltwater fish, sharks, rays, molluscs, and crustaceans
- serves as a protein stabilizer to counteract urea in sharks, skates, and rays
- counteracts protein-destabilizing effects of pressure in deep-sea fishes and crustaceans
22
Q
Pneumatic duct
A
Duct that connects the gas bladder to the esophagus and allows the fish to fill up the gas bladder by gulping air
23
Q
Physostomous
A
Term to refer to a fish with a connection between the gas bladder and esophagus
24
Q
Physoclistous
A
No connection between gas bladder and esophagus
25
Gas gland
A glandular structure that is found in the inner lining of the gas bladder. It secretes lactic acid into the blood which lowers the pH of the blood. This causes hemoglobin to unload oxygen, which is then driven into the gas bladder across the concentration gradient
26
Oval window
Region in the wall of the gas bladder supplied with capillaries that deflates the gas bladder by through the reabsorption of gas. Rate controlled by varying area of oval window
27
Rete mirabile
“Wonderful net” that uses a complex mass of intertwined capillaries specialized for the exchange of heat and/or dissolved substances between countercurrent flows
28
Iteropary
Spawns more than once in a lifetime
29
Semelpary
Spawns once in a lifetime, then dies
30
Gonichorist
Referring to individual organisms that are of one of two distinct sexes. Their sex is either genetically or environmentally determined
31
Hermaphroditic
Referring to individuals who have both male and female reproductive organs
32
Simultaneous hermaphrodites
Individuals who have both sets of sex organs at the same time
33
Sequential hermaphrodites
Individuals who change schools during their lifetime
34
Protandry
Individual who starts life as a male and changes to a female
35
Protogyny
Individuals who start life as a female and changes to a male
36
Parthenogenesis
Asexual reproduction performed by females without fertilization of males
37
Hybridogenesis
Hemiclonal reproduction in which sperm from a male of a different species fertilizes an egg and contributes chromosomes to the diploid hybrid progeny, which itself transmits only the maternal genome to the eggs of its progeny and excludes the male sex genome. Offspring will always be female
38
Gynogenesis
Reproduction in which the eggs are activated by sperm from the male but the paternal chromosomes are not incorporated in the embryo
39
Otophysic connection
Used in far field hearing detection. The use of the gas bladder as a way to amplify hearing. Have either anterior extensions of the gas bladder that go to the otoliths, have the Webarian Apparatus, or have a secondary gas bladder in the ear
40
Webarian Apparatus
Formed by ossicles (bones) that connect the gas bladder to the inner ear
41
Lateralis system (lateral line system)
Used for near field hearing detection. Consists of the neuromast as the basic unit of hearing. Detects direct particle acceleration
42
Neuromast
Sensory structure consisting of sensory cells with slender projections called hair cells and jelly-filled cup structures called cupula covering the hair cells. Functions to detect water molecule movement
43
Stereocilia
Small mechanosensing structures on hair cells that detect movement of otoliths in inner-ear or cupula in neuromast. Cannot move
44
Kinocilium
Modified flagellum on hair cell in inner ear; longer than stereocilia can move
45
Cupula
Jelly filled cup over hair cells for protection
46
Olfaction
Sense of smelling. In fishes, their nostrils open to the olfactory sac and not the pharynx - cannot be used for respiration. Lock and key mechanism of binding molecules to receptors in the olfactory rosette
47
Nares
Nostrils, not associated with breathing (not connected to pharynx). Opening to the olfactory sac. Water moves in one nostril and out the other by pumping cilia
48
Olfactory rosette
Extensively folded nasal epithelium rich with receptor cells. Water flows across them, which aid the fish with forward motion. There is an incurrent naris where water can come in and exit through with the help of ciliary hair.
49
Gustation
Sense of taste. Many fishes have taste buds in the mouth and elsewhere on the body. Experiments have shown that fish with working oral taste buds but non-functioning body taste buds can’t find food very easily. Turn off taste buds in the mouth and fish will be able to find food but will not eat it (lost final system of defense against poisonous things)
50
Electroplaques
Modified muscles made of electrolytes found in strongly electric fishes. Can be arranged in a series of parallel to generate amps and voltage to shock prey. Innervated to brain
51
Electrocytes
Specialized cells that make up the electroplaque
52
Endotherm
An organism that depends largely on internal metabolism as a heat source. Have multiple sets of enzymes optimal at different temperatures
53
Ectotherm
An organism that gains heat largely from outside sources. Have one set of enzymes optimal at one temperature
54
Regional heterothermy
Region of body that is kept at a higher temperature. Red-muscle kept warm with counter current. Degenerate rectus muscles keep the brain warm
55
Osteolepiform fishes
Sarcopterygian fishes. Most likely not monophyletic, fairly morphologically similar to tetrapods
56
Sacral connection
Bone that connects the pelvic girdle to the vertebrae
57
Polydactyl
Probably more advantageous for aquatic vertebrates based on the trend for reduction of digits from Acanthostega to Icthyostega
58
Axial skeleton
Cranium and vertebral column
59
Appendicular skeleton
Appendages and limbs
60
Cancellous bone
Spongy, bone morrow is inside, found at the end of long bone
61
Synovial fluid
Fluid in between the joints that helps lubricate movement so bone doesn’t rub together
62
Zygapophyses
Parts of vertebrae that interlock with each other to hold vertebrae together, not as flexible, more for rigidity
63
Walking-trot
Locomotion pattern that is highly conserved. Limbs move counter to each other (i.e. salamander)
64
Positive pressure buccal pump
Method of respiration used in frogs. Inhalation—raise and lower floor of buccal cavity (using nostrils) to force air into lungs. Exhalation—axial muscles used to force air out of lungs
65
Negative pressure aspiration pump
Humans use this method of respiration. Inhalation— only axial muscles used to expand chest cavity, negative pressure draws air into lungs. Exhalation—relax muscles to exhale (positive pressure)
66
Pulmonary circuit
Heart to lungs where blood is oxygenated then returns to heart to be distributed to body via the systemic circuit
67
Systemic circuit
Heart to body where oxygenated blood is distributed to the body then returns to the heart to enter the pulmonary circuit for reoxygenation
68
Vomeronasal (Jacobson’s) organ
Olfactory organ with lots of receptors for odorants molecules. Found in roof of mouth in snakes—they stuck out tongue to catch odorants on tongue then shove it to the roof of the mouth where receptors are to ‘taste the smell’
69
Keratin
Fibrous protein—make up scales in reptiles and amphibians. Birds have keratin in beaks, claws, feathers
70
Cloaca
“Common sewer” water retaining structure. Only from digestion, reproduction, and urinary systems. One output for all three systems. Water can reabsorb from the cloaca.
71
Lissamphibia
“Smooth double life” amphibian that lives aquatically and terrestrially at different points in its life — metamorphoses from one to the other
72
Metamorphosis
Developmental transition from larval to adult body form
73
Papilla amphibiorum
Inner ear where vibrations on the ground are transmitted through. Operculum-columella complex sits atop papilla and detects higher frequency sounds through air
74
Pedicellate teeth
Consists of a dentine tooth crown and a dentine pedi cell base separated by a layer of uncalcified dentine
75
Paedomorphosis
Larva becomes sexually mature without the adult body form (common in salamanders)
76
Costal grooves
Channels water across body to keep skin moist
77
Nasolabial groove
Vertical slit between the nostril and upper lip. Groove is lined with glands for chemoreception
78
Neotenes
An adult that has retained its juvenile traits (paedomorphic)
79
Dermal scales
Synapomorphy in Gymnophiona. Microscopic bony scales usually associated with annuli
80
Intromittent organ
Modified part of cloaca. External male reproductive organ
81
Parotoid glands
Highly concentrated poison glands
82
Plethodontidae
Most diverse group of salamanders, highly terrestrial, small and slender, lungless, respite through capillaries in mouth and through skin, have nasolabial groove
83
Hylidae
Tree frogs, mostly arboreal (tree dwelling), have sticky toe pads for climbing trees
84
Phallodeum
The intromittent organ (external male reproductive organ) in caecilians
85
Müllerian glands
Similar to mammalian prostate gland, secretes nutrient rich fluid to help sperm stay alive and reach female cloaca
86
Uterine milk
Caecilian mothers secrete uterine milk in yolk sac to nourish embryo
87
Spermatophore
No intermittent organ—leave sperm in the environment for the female to pick up and put in her cloaca. Has a gelatinous base and sperm capsule enclosing the actual sperm. This takes more energy than to just make sperm
88
Cloacal gland
Secretary organ that is involved in the scent-marking behavior of some reptiles, amphibians, and monotremes
89
Spermatheca
In females, receptacle for sperm storage
90
Pheromones
A chemical signal released by one individual that affects the behavior of other individuals of the species
91
Hedonic glands
Glands of various salamanders and reptiles near the cloaca that produce pheromones that function in sexual attraction and stimulation. Salamanders waft the pheromones towards the female via tail wagging or rub the female’s snout with hedonic glands on their cheeks, chin, or cloaca
92
Mental glands
Large gland beneath the chin that produces pheromones that are applied to the nares of the female with a slapping motion for courtship purposes. Can also be spread onto the female’s skin in which then the male abrades her skin with his teeth, inoculating the female with the pheromone
93
Amplexus
Mating behavior demonstrated in the form of an embrace with front legs (for amphibians) in which the male wraps himself around the female to secure her as a mate
94
Inguinal amplexus
Mating behavior in which males hold onto the female through the groin (tailed frogs)
95
Axillary amplexus
Mating behavior where the male holds onto the female under her armpit region
96
Cephalic amplexus
Mating behavior where male holds on the female through the head
97
Explosive breeding
Everyone mates at the same time in one pond, less selectivity, less calling, may occur when species need to hurry before pond dries out. Common to many toad species
98
Prolonged breeding
Breeding system in which females choose their mate based on the advertisement call used by males sitting from staked out territories. Male calls generally confer some information about the male’s physical characteristics. Applies to most species of frogs
99
Direct development
Bypass the free-living larval stage and emerge from egg as a miniature, fully developed individual
100
Premetamorphisis
Larval form is rapidly growing in size and eating
101
Protometamorphosis
Growth had slowed down and all energy goes towards the development of limbs which have not yet emerged
102
Metamorphic climax
All limbs are developed and outside of the body. Tail is completely functional
103
Cutaneous respiration
Gas exchange that occurs across the skin rather than through gills or lungs
104
Pulmocutaneous arch
Branch from the heart that connects the lung and skin
105
Pelvic patch
Specialized region of skin in pelvic region of amphibians that absorbs water
106
Unken reflex
Defensive posture assumed by amphibians that warns predators away when they feel threatened. May change dorsal color to cryptic and ventral color to a bright color for toxin warning
107
Erythristic
Refers to an animal’s reddish pigmentation of their fur, hair, skin, feathers, or eggshells. Some salamanders are erythristic to warn predators that they are toxic or to mimic toxicity
108
Aposematic coloration
Warning coloration, which may be accompanied by warning behavior
109
Chytrid fungus
Global fungal problem that is aggressive and harmful to amphibians because they thicken the keratin layer of skin which prevents respiration and water absorption. Common in soil and aquatic habitats
110
Amniotic egg
An egg that has a yolk sac and three extraembryonic membranes (amnion, chorion, and allantois), covered with a protective shell. Adaption to free species from aquatic reproduction and enable the transition to land.
111
Temporal fenestra
An opening in the bone of the temporal region of the skull that allows for the passage of jaw muscles from the skull to the lower jaw
112
Therapsids
An extinct synapsid species of Permian and Triassic time. Known for having traits that are seen as unique to mammals today, especially their four limbs extending vertically beneath the body
113
Anapsid
A skull that lacks temporal fenestrae, or an animal that has an anapsid skull. Turtles
114
Diapsid
A skull with two temporal fenestrae, or an animal that had a diapsid skull. Archosaurs and lepiodsaurs
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Synapsids
A skull with a single temporal fenestra or an animal with a synapsid skull. Mammals and their ancestors
116
Beta keratin
A fibrous protein found in birds and reptiles that forms their scales and feathers
117
Alpha keratin
A fibrous protein found in mammals that primarily forms claws and nails
118
Diaphragm
A sheet of muscle that separates the body cavity into the pulmonary cavity and the abdominal cavity and is the principal muscle of respiration
119
Urea
The main nitrogenous breakdown product of protein metabolism in mammals and is excreted in urine
120
Costal ventilation
Mode of respiration in which movements of the muscles attached to the ribs causes lung ventilation. Derived feature of amniotes
121
Alveolar lung
A lung in which airflow is tidal (in and out) and gas exchange occurs in closed-ended chambers called alveoli. Synapsid condition
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Faveolar lung
A lung in which air flows in one direction and gas exchange occurs in cuplike depressions (called faveoli) in the walls of the air capillaries. Saurposid condition
123
Turbinates
Scroll-like bones in the nasal passages covered by moist tissues that warm and humidify large volumes of air on inspiration and recover water and heat on expiration
124
Adipocytes
Fat storage cells that provide insulation and store energy
125
Uric acid
Waste product that precipitates in the bladder or cloaca when it combines with ions in the urine. This makes urine less concentrated and allows water to be reabsorbed into the blood.
126
Gastralia
Bones in the ventral abdominal wall of some reptiles
127
Olfactory turbinates
Turbinates that support the olfactory epithelium and are located above and behind the nasal passages, out of direct flow of air. Helps you smell
128
Respiratory turbinates
Turbinates that protrude directly into the main pathway of respiratory airflow. Recycled water and heat
