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general biology > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Fungi belong to the ___ clade.

A

Unikont

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2
Q

Unikont clade is defined by this synapomorphy.

A

Flagellated cells have a singular posterior flagellum.

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3
Q

Fungi ploidy, cellularity, habitat, food method, cell wall

A

haploid, multicellular (ex yeasts), terrestrial, chemoheterotrophs, chitin in cell walls.

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4
Q

group of hyphae are called

A

mycelium

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5
Q

hyphae with no cell wall separations are

A

coenocytic

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6
Q

Fungal Reproduction method is

A

spores

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7
Q

Fungal Asexual specialized hyphae and spores

A

conidiophores, conidia

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8
Q

Fungal Sexual basic model

A

Plasmogamy, karyogamy, meiosis, mitosis

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9
Q

Five types of fungus

A

Chytrids, Zygomycetes, Basidiomycetes, Ascomycetes, Glomeromycetes

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10
Q

Chytrid defining features

A

Decomposers and parasites, unicellular or small multicellular, Only flagellate fungus

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11
Q

Zygomycetes defining features

A

Molds; decomposers, parasites, mycorrhizae

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12
Q

Microsporidia are

A

unicellular parasites

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13
Q

Glomeromycetes defining features

A

only underground, only asexual, produce ENDOmycorrhizae: grow through cell walls and for arbuscles in root cortex cells

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14
Q

Ascomycetes defining features

A

yeasts, food molds, mildew, morels, truffles; decomposers, parasites, lichens, ECTOmycorrhizae

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15
Q

Fruiting body of ascomycetes

A

Ascocarp

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16
Q

specific spores and spore holders of ascomycetes

A

Asci, Ascospores

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17
Q

How many spores are in each ascus?

A

8 ascospores, which have undergone 2 rounds of meiosis

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18
Q

Basidiomycetes defining features

A

Mushrooms, shelf fungus, puffballs; decomposers, parasites, ECTOmycorrhizae

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19
Q

Fruiting body of basidiomycetes

A

Basidiocarp, which produces basidium (located on the gills) which holds basidiospores.

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20
Q

How many basidiospores are on a basidium?

A

4 basidiospores, which have undergone 1 round of meiosis.

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21
Q

Lichens are a symbiotic relationship between

A

a photoautotroph and a fungus, typically ascomycetes.

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22
Q

Seeds include 3 parts:

A

Embryonic sporophyte, food supply, protective coat.

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23
Q

Seeds vs Spores

A

Seeds are multicellular, abundant food, hardier because of coat.

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24
Q

Size of gametophyte in plants

A

microscopic

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25
Q

Sporophyte relationship to gametophyte

A

provides nutrients, protects female gametophyte

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26
Q

As the sporophyte generation becomes larger:

A

the gametophyte generation becomes smaller.

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27
Q

Homosporous

A

Homosporous have only one type of sporangium that produces only one type of spore, produces bisexual gametophyte (seedless plants)

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28
Q

Heterosporous

A

two types of sporangia, male (micro) and female (mega) (seeding and SOME seedless vascular plants)

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29
Q

Basic sexual cycle of seed plants:

A

Sperm fertilizes egg, creates sporophyte generation, meiosis in sporocytes produce spores of gametophyte generation.

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30
Q

Male sporangium:

A

microsporangium, produces microspores which develop male gametophytes.

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31
Q

Female sporangium:

A

megasporangium, produce megaspores, that develop female gametophytes.

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32
Q

Plant ovule:

A

Megasporangium surrounded by layer of protective tissue (integument)

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33
Q

Each plant ovule produces

A

one haploid megaspore

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34
Q

Megaspore develops into

A

female gametophyte, which produces egg

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35
Q

After fertilization, Ovule develops into ___ and integument develops into ___ ___.

A

1) seed, 2) seed coat

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36
Q

microspores develop into _____ inside the microsporangia.

A

pollen grain

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37
Q

male gametophyte of seed plants

A

pollen grain

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38
Q

pollen grain produces:

A

sperm

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39
Q

Pollination:

A

transfer of pollen from anther to stigma

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40
Q

Xylem:

A

carries water and minerals from root.

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41
Q

Phloem:

A

Distributes sugars, amino acids, organic compounds

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42
Q

Vascular tissue of plants is strengthened by

A

lignin

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43
Q

Gymnosperm phylum cycadophyta defining features

A

Large cones, palm leaves, located in tropics, dioecious

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44
Q

dioecious

A

male and female reproductive structures on separate plants

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45
Q

Gymnosperm phylym Ginkgophyta defining features

A

Ginkgo biloba, dioecious, naked seeds, only wild in China

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46
Q

Gymnosperm phylum Gnetophyta

A

native to tropics and desert, many variations

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47
Q

gymnosperm phylum coniferophyta

A

Largest gymnosperm gorup, woody plants with needles, evergreen, most are monoecious (male and female on same plant)

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48
Q

Monocots

A

single cotyledon; palms, grasses, orchids, irises, onions, lillies; herbaceous; parallel veins; multiples of three

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49
Q

carpels

A

females structure of angiosperms

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50
Q

Stamens

A

male structure of angiosperms

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51
Q

Eudicots

A

two cotyledon; oaks, roses, mustards, cacti, blueberries, sunflowers; herbaceous or woody; branched veins; multiples of four or five

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52
Q

flower parts

A

petals (modified leaves), sepals, stamens, carpels

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53
Q

carpel parts

A

Stigma, style, ovary

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54
Q

Stamen parts

A

anther, filament

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55
Q

angiosperm Pollen grains contain 2 cells:

A

one produces nonflagellated sperm cells, one grows into pollen tube

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56
Q

angiosperm female gametophyte consists of seven haploid cells:

A

One egg, two polar nuclei, several other cells

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57
Q

Angiosperm fertilization:

A

2 sperm, one fertilizes egg, one fuses with 2 polar nuclei (3n endosperm food source)

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58
Q

In angiosperms, ovary becomes

A

fruit

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59
Q

Birds pollinate:

A

yellow, orange, red flowers which aren’t strongly scented

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60
Q

Bats pollinate:

A

Large white petal flowers, scented, which bloom at night

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61
Q

Wind pollinates:

A

Small or no petal flower, unscented, no nectar

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62
Q

Bees pollinate:

A

yellow, blue, purple colored, scented flowers

63
Q

butterflies pollinate:

A

red and pink flowers, weak scent

64
Q

Carrion flies pollinate:

A

reddish brown flowers, smell rotten

65
Q

Asexual reproduction in angiosperms:

A

Rhizomes, tubers, bulbs, corm, stolon

66
Q

Annual plants:

A

1 year life

67
Q

biannual:

A

2 years

68
Q

perennial:

A

forever

69
Q

woody plants are

A

always perennial

70
Q

Three types of vascular plant tissues:

A

Ground, Vascular, Dermal

71
Q

Ground tissue:

A

includes three cell types which function in photosynthesis, storage, and support

72
Q

Vascular tissue:

A

Xylem and Phloem function in conduction and support

73
Q

Dermal tissue:

A

covers plant bodies

74
Q

Ground tissue cell types:

A

Parenchyma, Collenchyma, Sclerenchyma

75
Q

Parenchyma cell walls:

A

thin primary cell wall, no secondary cell wall

76
Q

Parenchyma function:

A

photosynthesize, store (starches, oil, salts, and water), secrete (hormones, nectar, and enzymes), can function as stem cells.

77
Q

Collenchyma cell walls:

A

Thicker primary cell wall, no secondary wall.

78
Q

Collenchyma function:

A

flexible support to nonwoody and young plants

79
Q

Sclerenchyma cell walls:

A

Primary and secondary cell wall (secondary cell wall thick with lignin)

80
Q

Sclerenchyma function:

A

Often dead at maturity, provide hard, inflexible support.

81
Q

Xylem cell types:

A

Tracheids and vessel elements

82
Q

Xylem cell function:

A

form hollow channels to transport water and minerals from roots to shoots (supported by parenchyma cells and fibers)

83
Q

Tracheids:

A

thin cells with tapered ends; water moves laterally through pits, in all vascular plants

84
Q

Vessel elements:

A

wider cells with end perforations and lateral pits; water moves laterally and vertically, ONLY IN ANGIOSPERMS

85
Q

Phloem cells:

A

form channels to transport organic molecules; supported by parenchyma cells, companion cells, and fibers

86
Q

Sieve tube elements:

A

Cytoplasm extends through cells, which lack organelles.

87
Q

Dermal tissue:

A

Herbaceous plants are protected by only epidermis Woody plants also have periderm which forms outer bark.

88
Q

Epidermis is perforated by___

A

Stomata

89
Q

Epidermis can be modified into trichomes:

A

outgrowths that produce hair-like structures; root hairs: increase surface area

90
Q

Periderm is comprised of ___

A

cork cells

91
Q

Meristem tissue:

A

Stem cells, allow for indeterminate growth.

92
Q

Indeterminate growth takes place in:

A

roots and stems

93
Q

Determinate growth takes place in

A

Leaves and flowers.

94
Q

Secondary growth:

A

only in woody plants; growth outward where primary growth has ceased.

95
Q

Primary growth:

A

increase in the length of stem and root.

96
Q

Vascular Cambium:

A

adds new vascular tissue layers (secondary xylem and secondary phloem)

97
Q

Wood is

A

Secondary xylem

98
Q

Cork Cambium:

A

produces cork cells, periderm.

99
Q

Bark:

A

periderm and secondary phloem.

100
Q

Leaves are the main site of ____

A

photosynthesis.

101
Q

Blade of leaf:

A

flattened, expanded portion

102
Q

Petiole

A

stalk joining blade to stem

103
Q

Veins of leaf

A

strands of vascular tissue in leaves

104
Q

Epidermal cells:

A

are transparent, other than guard cells

105
Q

Mesophyll

A

photosynthetic ground tissue layer between upper and lower epidermis

106
Q

Mesophyll is comprised of ___ cells

A

Parenchyma

107
Q

Palisade mesophyll:

A

located near upper epidermis, cells packed closely together; they perform photosynthesis

108
Q

Spongy mesophyll:

A

near lower epidermis, cells loosely packed and irregularly arranged; photosynthesis and gas exchange

109
Q

Bundle sheath:

A

protective layer of parenchyma/sclerenchyma cells around vein

110
Q

Modified leaves:

A

Spines, Tendrils (vine attachment), Storage leaves, Carnivorous plant traps

111
Q

Monocot mesophyll:

A

only spongy

112
Q

Terminal buds

A

embryonic stems at stem tips

113
Q

Axillary buds

A

form at junction between stem and leaf

114
Q

Herbaceous eudicot stem:

A

Ground tissue divided into cortex and pith; vascular bundles around periphery, between cortex and pith

115
Q

Cortex

A

outer ground tissue; provides storage, support, photosynthesis

116
Q

Pith

A

Internal ground tissue core; storage

117
Q

Herbaceous monocot stem:

A

Vascular bundles scattered throughout ground tissue of stem (surrounded by bundle sheath [sclerenchyma cells]); Ground tissue not organized into cortex or pith

118
Q

Woody eudicots and most gymnosperms stem:

A

Secondary xylem and phloem replace primary xylem and phloem. Cork cambium produces cork cells to replace epidermis with periderm. Ground tissue replaced by vascular tissue.

119
Q

Heartwood

A

inner wood

120
Q

Sapwood

A

Xylem in woody plant

121
Q

Lenticel

A

splits in periderm for gas exchange

122
Q

Xylem transport:

A

Entirely passive, water and minerals pulled from soil by roots all the way to stem.

123
Q

Tension-Cohesion-Adhesion model

A

Tension at top of plant pulls water up to replace lost water at leaves. Cohesion of water molecules forms unbroken chain, adhesion does as well.

124
Q

Plant saps:

A

xylem sap is thin, phloem is syrupy.

125
Q

Phloem transport:

A

active, pressure flow model, difference in concentration of molecules.

126
Q

Eudicot and Gymnosperm roots:

A

Taproot system derived from radicle (root that emerges from seed)

127
Q

Seedless vascular plants and monocot roots:

A

Fibrous root system; originally from radicle, then from stem (adventitious)

128
Q

Herbaceous eudicot root structures:

A

Single layer of epidermal cells; ground tissue, cortex only, no pith. Primarily parenchyma cells; Vascular tissue, stele Central vascular bundle surrounded by endodermis. X is xylem, surrounded by phloem

129
Q

Monocot root structure:

A

Ground tissue: cortex and pith, primarily parenchyma. Separate bundles of Xylem and Phloem.

130
Q

Casparian strip

A

blocks things from entering the vascular bundle without first crossing a membrane

131
Q

Modified roots

A

prop roots, pneumatophores (breathing), epiphytes (aerial roots)

132
Q

Legume

A

Mutualistic with roots, fix N2 into NH3

133
Q

Animals lack cell walls, they make up for it with

A

collagen

134
Q

Animals have these 2 cell types, unique to animals

A

nervous and muscular

135
Q

Animal gametes are produced by

A

meiosis

136
Q

cleavage

A

mitotic cell divisions of the early embryo, without cell growth.

137
Q

blastula

A

a hollow ball of cells produced by cleavage of the zygote

138
Q

blastocoel

A

fluid filled cavity of the blastula

139
Q

gastrulation

A

one end of embryo folds inward and expands; this forms ectoderm and endoderm, as well as blastopore

140
Q

gastrula

A

blastocoel after gastrulation

141
Q

archenteron

A

inside of gastrula

142
Q

blastopore

A

the opening of the gastrula

143
Q

Marine habitats features:

A

seawater provides support; temp is stable; little osmoregulation; food is available

144
Q

Freshwater habitat features:

A

Less stable temp, o2, and water volume; energy required for osmoregulation

145
Q

Terrestrial habitat features:

A

the body must be supported by a skeleton, temp is unstable, desiccation is a major issue.

146
Q

Radically symmetrical animals:

A

cnidarians, comb jellies, echinoderms

147
Q

Schizocoely

A

mesoderm splits to form the coelom

148
Q

Enterocoely

A

endoderm folds to form the coelom

149
Q

spiral cleavage and determinate development:

A

protostome and schizocoely

150
Q

radial cleavage and indeterminate cleavage:

A

deuterostome and enterocoely

151
Q

eumetazoa

A

all animals except sponged

152
Q

ecdysozoa

A

molts

153
Q

lophotrochozoa

A

has lophophore, ring of tentacles

154
Q

bilateria

A

clade of animals excluding radially symmetrical ones

general biology (6 decks)

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