Chapter 32 (animals part 2)

Question 1

This phylum is marine animals with pentaradial symmetry.

Answer 1

Echinodermata

Question 2

What is the symmetry of echinoderm larvae?

Answer 2

Bilateral

Question 3

Echinoderm skeleton

Answer 3

a CaCO3 endoskeleton covered by thin skin. pedicellariae: modified pincer-like spines.

Question 4

Echinoderm water vascular system:

Answer 4

a network of fluid-filled canals that branch into tube feet. functions in Locomotion (a hydrostatic skeleton) feeding and gas exchange.

Question 5

Echinoderm tube feet function

Answer 5

part of the vascular system. They extend when filled with water, operated by ampulla: bulb that squeezes to force water into tube foot.

Question 6

This phylum has no excretory organ, uses their tube feet or dermal gills for gas exchange, and has a complex digestive tract. They lack a brain but have a nerve ring and nerves extending into each of five arms.

Answer 6

Echinoderms

Question 7

This echinoderm group attaches to substrates by stalk, or use their arms to crawl. They suspension feed with their arms.

Answer 7

Crinoids; sea lilies and feather stars

Question 8

This group of echinoderms uses suctioned tube feet to attach to a substrate or grip their prey. They evert their stomach to feed, and have the ability to regenerate. Their body plan is a central disc with radiating arms.

Answer 8

Asteroids; sea stars

Question 9

This group of echinoderms has a distinct central disc with long flexible arms. Their tube feet lack suckers.

Answer 9

Ophiuroids: basket stars and brittle stars

Question 10

This group of echinoderms lack arms but have five rows of tube feet for movement. They have a complex jaw apparatus and a spherical or flattened test covered with spines.

Answer 10

Echinoids: sea urchins and sand dollars.

Question 11

These echinoderms have an elongated sac-like muscular body. They lack spines and their endoskeleton is reduced. They have five rows of tube feet that a modified around the mouth to be feeding tentacles. They have the ability to eviscerate their internal organs when environmental conditions are poor.

Answer 11

Holothuroids: sea cucumbers.

Question 12

This phylum has a closed circulatory system. They are segmented, usually have endoskeleton and ventral heart. There are three subphyla.

Answer 12

Chordata

Question 13

There are three subphyla in the phylum Chordata: ____, ____, and ____

Answer 13

Urochordata: tunicates, Cephalochordata: lancelets, Vertebrata

Question 14

There are four chordate synapomorphies:

Answer 14

Notochord, dorsal tubular nerve cord, endostyle, and muscular post anal tail.

Question 15

a dorsal, flexible support rod in chordates composed of cartilage, that is typically replaced by the jointed skeleton.

Answer 15

the Notochord

Question 16

this develops into the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) in chordates.

Answer 16

the Dorsal, tubular nerve chord

Question 17

this groove in the pharynx of chordates secretes mucus to trap food particles and becomes the thyroid in most chordates.

Answer 17

the Endostyle

Question 18

These structures are perforations or grooves in the pharynx, which are present in chordates as well a hemichordate and echinoderm ancestors. They allow suspension feeding in some invertebrate chordates, they form gill slits in aquatic vertebrates, and they form jaw structures in terrestrial vertebrates.

Answer 18

Pharyngeal slits/ pouches.

Question 19

This group of chordates is marine invertebrates called tunicates and salps. Their body is covered by a tunic. They are suspension feeders and retain food particles on the mucous net. They display chordate synapomorphies as larvae.

Answer 19

Urochordates

Question 20

When Urochordata larvae settle, they

Answer 20

undergo metamorphosis to lose their tail, notochord, and most of their nervous system.

Question 21

These chordates are marine invertebrates called lancelets or amphioxus. They display synapomorphies as larvae and adults. As adults, they burrow. Their anterior end is exposed to suspension feed. They swim fish-like. They lack fins, jaws, heart, brain, and sense organs.

Answer 21

Cephalochordates

Question 22

These chordates have a vertebral column made of cartilage or bony segments. Their brain is encased in cartilage or bony cranium. Vertebral column and cranium form part of endoskeleton. There is pronounced cephalization and well-developed sense organs, two pairs of appendages, a closed circulatory system, complete digestive tract, kidneys for excretion, and are typically diecious.

Answer 22

Vertebrates

Question 23

How many pairs of cranial nerves extend into the body in vertebrates?

Answer 23

10-12 pairs

Question 24

What does the circulatory system of vertebrates feature?

Answer 24

a ventral heart and hemoglobin

Question 25

This group of vertebrates lacks jaws, paired fins, and scales. They have a cartilaginous cranium, and the notochord forms the main body support.

Answer 25

Jawless fish

Question 26

This group of jawless fish are marine scavengers that lack vertebrae. They use slime glands to repel other scavengers and predators.

Answer 26

Myxini: hagfish

Question 27

This group of jawless fish are marine and freshwater, though the marine species return to freshwater to reproduce. They are mainly fish parasites, which clamp onto skin and use a rasping tongue to puncture the skin to ingest blood while secreting an anticoagulant.

Answer 27

Petromyzontida: lampreys

Question 28

This group of vertebrates are cartilaginous fish. They are primarily found in marine environments and have a paired jaw and two pairs of fins. They have 5-7 pairs of gills for gas exchange. Their skin and mouth contain placoid scales.

Answer 28

Chondrichthyes

Question 29

This group of vertebrates are powerful swimmers. They store oil in their liver for buoyancy but must continue to swim or they will sink. Most are carnivorous, but largest sharks are suspension feeders. They have well-developed senses. Electroreceptors detect electric currents generated by muscle activity and a Lateral line organ, which functions as a motion detector.

Answer 29

Chondrichthyes: Sharks, rays, and skates

Question 30

Chondrichthyes reproduce using ____ ____, Male transfers sperm using ____, eggs are handled in one of three ways: ___, ___, ____

Answer 30

Internal fertilization, claspers, oviparous, ovoviviparous, viviparous

Question 31

Lay eggs which hatch outside the mother

Answer 31

Oviparous

Question 32

eggs are retained within the mother and young hatch out of eggs in the uterus

Answer 32

Ovoviviparous

Question 33

young develop in the uterus, are born live

Answer 33

Viviparous

Question 34

This group of vertebrates have ossified endoskeletons with many vertebrae. Median and paired fins supported by rays of cartilage or bone. Bony, dermal scales cover the skin. A bony flap covers the gills.

Answer 34

Bony fish

Question 35

Bony fish reproduction

Answer 35

They are oviparous and fertilize externally.

Question 36

What is the bony flap covering the gills in bony fish and how many pairs of gills are there?

Answer 36

the Operculum, there are four or five pairs of gills.

Question 37

What is the bone of bony fish comprised of?

Answer 37

a Hard matrix of calcium phosphate

Question 38

These vertebrates have flexible fins supported by rays of bone. They have a modified lung that functions as a swim bladder, an internal air sac for buoyancy control.

Answer 38

Ray-finned fish

Question 39

These vertebrates have fins supported by rod-shaped bones with joints. They also have primitive lungs.

Answer 39

Lobe-finned fish

Question 40

These structures in lobe-finned fish have fleshy bases of muscle and bone and enable them to walk.

Answer 40

lobed fins

Question 41

These lobe-finned fish are marine nocturnal predators and there are only two species.

Answer 41

Actinistia: coelacanths

Question 42

These lobe-finned fish are found in Southern hemisphere freshwater. They breathe through lungs and gills. An Ancestral version of this thought to be a land vertebrate ancestor.

Answer 42

Dipnoi: lungfish

Question 43

Tetrapods evolved from ancient ____.

Answer 43

Lungfish

Question 44

Tetrapod ____ evolved from lobed fins

Answer 44

limbs

Question 45

transitional fossil between fish and tetrapods lived in 375 mya

Answer 45

Tiktaalik

Question 46

early tetrapod, four limbs but fully aquative with fills and tail fin

Answer 46

Acanthostega

Question 47

These vertebrates are usually found in damp habitats. They include salamanders, newts, caecilians, frogs, and toads.

Answer 47

Amphibians

Question 48

These amphibians have long tails

Answer 48

salamanders and newts

Question 49

these amphibians are legless and nearly blind and burrow into moist soil

Answer 49

caecilians

Question 50

These amphibians have hopping legs

Answer 50

frogs and toads

Question 51

Amphibians require damp skin for ____ ______

Answer 51

gas exchange

Question 52

Amphibians fertilize ____ in ____ habitat

Answer 52

externally, moist

Question 53

amphibian male or female may protect and carry eggs on ____, in ____, or even in stomach

Answer 53

back, mouth

Question 54

amphibian ____ larvae undergo metamorphosis

Answer 54

tadpole

Question 55

aquatic, ____ tadpole develops into ____, carnivorous adult

Answer 55

herbivorous, terrestrial

Question 56

a tadpole resorbs ____ and ___ then develops ____, ___ and ____

Answer 56

gills and tail; legs, lungs and external ear drums

Question 57

paedomorphosis

Answer 57

an adult which retains certain larval characteristics

Question 58

An amniotic egg has ___ membranes that protect the embryo.

Answer 58

four

Question 59

a membrane in an amniotic egg that forms a fluid-filled sac around the embryo

Answer 59

the amnion (allowed terrestrial vertebrates to complete life cycle on land)

Question 60

Membranes (other than the amnion) in amniotic eggs perform these functions:

Answer 60

store nutrients and wastes, carry out gas exchange

Question 61

Reptilian eggs have a ___ which slows desiccation.

Answer 61

shell

Question 62

Amniotes have skin with ____ in them, which is less permeable.

Answer 62

keratin

Question 63

Amniotes use their rib cage to ____ __ ____

Answer 63

ventilate the lungs

Question 64

Amniotes have more efficient ____ and ____ system

Answer 64

Heart and circulatory system

Question 65

Amniotes include

Answer 65

reptiles and mammals

Question 66

the Mesozoic era was from

Answer 66

250-66 million years ago

Question 67

flying reptiles

Answer 67

Pterosaurs

Question 68

lare marine reptiles

Answer 68

Ichthysosaurs

Question 69

Closest relative of birds

Answer 69

Saurischian dinosaurs

Question 70

"age of reptiles"

Answer 70

Mesozoic era 250-66 mya

Question 71

Reptile reproduction

Answer 71

internal fertilization; some species are viviparous.

Question 72

Reptiles are _____; their body temperature fluctuates with environment.

Answer 72

Ectotherms (except birds and dinosaurs)

Question 73

Reptiles are _____ with well developed sense organs.

Answer 73

carnivorous

Question 74

These reptiles have a bony shell with keratin scales with upper and lower shields. This shell is fused to the vertebrae, collarbone, and ribs. They lack teeth, and the marine species have forelimbs modified as flippers.

Answer 74

Testudines

Question 75

there are only two living species of this reptile. They are found only on New Zealand islands, can live 100+ years

Answer 75

Tuataras

Question 76

This group of reptiles includes lizards and snakes.

Answer 76

Squamata

Question 77

these reptiles have an elongated body with no limbs

Answer 77

snakes

Question 78

This snake retains vestigial hindlimb bones

Answer 78

Pythons

Question 79

this snake has heat-detecting pit organs

Answer 79

Vipers

Question 80

Snakes use a ____ to smell

Answer 80

forked tongue

Question 81

Snakes have fangs, _____ and a loosely articulated jaw.

Answer 81

hollow teeth connected to venom glands

Question 82

4 venomous snakes in the US

Answer 82

Rattlesnakes, Copperheads, Cottonmouths, and Coral snakes

Question 83

This reptile group is the largest living reptiles, up to 23 feet.

Answer 83

Crocodilia

Question 84

Type of Crocodilia found in Asia, Africa, and the Americas

Answer 84

Crocodiles

Question 85

Type of Crocodilia found in southern US and China

Answer 85

Alligators

Question 86

Type of Crocodilia found in Central America

Answer 86

Caimans

Question 87

Type of Crocodilia found in South Asia

Answer 87

Gavials

Question 88

Earliest birds retained some primitive reptile characteristics:

Answer 88

Teeth, Long tail, thick bones

Question 89

This reptile has enlarged pectoral muscles attached to a keeled sternum. They have no teeth, and hollow, air-filled bones. Their outer covering is made of keratin to help retain body heat and water. They have a more efficient circulatory and respiratory system, and they are endotherms and their visual and auditory centers are well developed.

Answer 89

Birds

Question 90

Portion of bird digestive tract are modified to the:

Answer 90

crop and gizzard

Question 91

In birds, the crop ____ and the gizzard ____.

Answer 91

stores food; grinds food

Question 92

In birds, the Cloaca stores

Answer 92

uric acid and feces

Question 93

Flightless birds, except penguins, lack

Answer 93

enlarged pectoral muscles.

Question 94

This phylum has mammary glands which produce milk. Their hair retains body heat. They are endotherms, and have a diaphragm to ventilate the lungs. They have large brains, specifically the cerebrum region. They have three middle ear bones that conduct vibrations, and cochlea in the middle ear. They have differentiated teeth.

Answer 94

Mammals

Question 95

Mammals evolved from a reptile-like ancestor about:

Answer 95

200 mya

Question 96

There are three major lineages of mammals:

Answer 96

placentals, marsupials, monotremes.

Question 97

Egg-laying mammals that lack nipples.

Answer 97

Monotremes

Question 98

Pouched mammals

Answer 98

Marsupials

Question 99

Mammals with a more complex placenta and a longer gestation period

Answer 99

Placentals