Exam 2 Flashcards
(201 cards)
1
Q
What is the insertion of cranial tibial?
A
Plant as surface of metatarsal I and II
2
Q
What is the origin of cranial tibial?
A
Proximal lateral tibia
3
Q
What is the action of cranial tibial? A. Flex tarsus B. Extend tarsus C. Flex digits D. Extend digits E. Rotate paw laterally F. Rotate paw medially G. A and F are correct
A
G. A and F are correct
4
Q
The cranial tibial is held down by what?
A
The crural extensor retinaculum
5
Q
What is the insertion of the long digital extensor?
A
Extensor processes of distal phalanges 2-5
6
Q
What is the origin of long digital extensor ?
A
Extensor fossa of femur
7
Q
The lateral digital extensor is held down by what?
A
The crural and tarsal extensor retinaculum
8
Q
What is the origin of the fibularis longus?
A
Lateral collateral ligament
9
Q
What is the insertion of the fibularis longus?
A
Tarsal bone IV and plantar aspect of metatarsals
10
Q
What is the action of the long digital extensor
A
Extend digits and flex tarsus
11
Q
What is the action of the fibularis longus?
A
Flex tarsus and rotate paw medially
12
Q
What is the origin of the gastrocnemius?
A
Medial and lateral supracondylar tuberosities of femur
13
Q
What is the insertion of the gastrocnemius?
A
Common calcaneal tendon tuber calcanei
14
Q
What is the action of the gastrocnemius?
A
Extend tarsus, flex stifle
15
Q
What is the origin of the superficial digital flexor?
A
Lateral supracondylar tuberosity of the femur
16
Q
What is the insertion of the superficial digital flexor?
A
Tuber calcanei, plantar aspect of middle phalanx of digits 2-5
17
Q
What is the action of the superficial digital flexor?
A
Extend tarsus, flex digits, flex stifle
18
Q
What is the origin of the deep digital flexor?
A
Proximal tibia and fibula
19
Q
What is the insertion of deep digital flexor?
A
Plantar aspect of distal phalanx of digits 1-5
20
Q
What is the action of the deep digital flexor?
A
Extend tarsus, flex digits
21
Q
What is the origin of the popliteus
A
Lateral condyle of femur
22
Q
What is the insertion of popliteus
A
Proximal tibia
23
Q
What is the action of the popliteus?
A
Flex stifle
24
Q
Which muscles origin from the sacrotuberous ligament?
A
Biceps brachii and superficial gluteal
25
Which muscles originate from the ischiatic tuberosity?
Biceps brachii
semitendinosus
Semimembranosus
26
Which muscles flex the hip?
Illiopsoas
Sartorius
Recurs femoris
Tensor fasciae latae
27
What are the small pelvic association muscle and what do they do?
```
Internal obturator
External obturator
Quadratus femoris
Gemelli
The all rotate lateral the hip
```
28
Where do the small pelvic association muscles insert?
trochanteric fossa
| Qudratus femoris inserts in intertrochanteric crest
29
What can we find between the tendon of middle gluteal and the greater trochanter?
Trochanteric bursa
30
The third trochanter is absent in the ox
True
False
True
31
What are the two ligaments that attach to the fovea capitis of the femur in the horse?
Accessory ligament of the femoral head
| Ligament of femoral head
32
The pelvic canal is clinically relevant for what?
Parturition
33
```
Which of these muscles is the main flex of the hip?
A. Sartorius
B. Quadriceps
C. Illipsoas
D. Gracilis
```
C. Illiopsoas
34
```
Which of these muscles is the main extensor of the stifle?
A. Sartorius
B. Illiopsoas
C. Quadriceps femoris
D. Gracilis
```
C. Quadriceps femoris
| Rectus femoris
35
What are the borders of the femoral triangle?
Cranial: caudal belly of sartorius
Caudal: pectineus
Base: inguinal ligament and abdominal wall
36
Which joint in the tarsus provides the most movement?
Tarsocrural joint
37
The pelvic limb can hold weight when
Hip is extended
Stifle is extended
Tarsus is extended
38
The meniscus are where?
Between the femoral and tibial condyles
39
Which 4 ligaments attach the femur to the other bones
Medial collateral ligament
Lateral collateral ligament
Cranial crucial ligament
Caudal cruciate ligament
40
Which meniscus is more prone to damage after CCL? And why
The medial because it has less movement than the lateral one
41
The patella is interposed by which muscle?
The quadriceps
| Rectus femoris
42
If the patella is engaged over the medial trochlear ridge then the stifle cannot flex
True
False
True
43
In the horse the reciprocal apparatus which joints flex and extend together?
Tarsus and stifle
44
Which two muscle make up the reciprocal apparatus in the horse?
Superficial deep digital flexor
| Peroneus tertius
45
The accessory ligament of the femoral head in the horse limits what?
Hip luxation
| Kick sideways
46
In the horse the peroneus tertius is deep to what muscle?
Long digital extensor
47
In the horse where does the long digital extensor and the peroneus tertius originate?
Extensor fossa of lateral condyle of femur
48
The cunean tendon is a palpable reference of the distal intertarsal Joint
True
False
True
49
What is the functional check ligament of the superficial digital flexor tendon in the horse?
Cap of the hock
50
In large animals what is the term hooks and pins mean?
Tuber coxae
| Tuber ischii
51
Inflammation of the trochanteric bursa is called?
Whorlbone
52
The third trochanter is present in the ox
True
False
False
53
Which species holds an accessory ligament of the femoral head?
Horse
54
What part of the femur helps lock the patella in the horse?
Trochlea tubercle
55
In the horse where does the long digital extensor and the peroneus tertius originate from?
Extensor fossa of lateral condyle of the femur
56
In the equine where does the superficial digital flexor originate from?
The lateral supracondylar fossa of femur
57
In which species do we have the malleolar bone?
Ox
58
In the ox we have a proximal and distal trochlea of the talus
True
False
True
59
What are the 3 synovial cavities in the stifle Joint of the equine?
Femoropatellar
Medial femorotibial
Lateral femorotibial
60
The tendon of the lateral digital extensor joins the tendon of the long digital extensor
True
False
True
61
The peroneus tertius is attached to the cranial surface of the cranial tibial
True
False
True
62
What is the name of the medial tendon of the cranial tibial?
Cunean tendon
63
We have faballae in the horse
True
False
False
64
What is the insertion of the gastrocnemius?
Calcanei tuber
65
The superficial digital flexor caps the hock to prevent flexion of the hock
True
False
True
66
The medial tendon of the deep digital flexor passes through the tarsal canal
True
False
False it is the lateral not the medial
67
What is the name of the extension of the medial patella that curves over the proximal trochlear tubercle?
Parapatellar fibrocartilage
68
Which 4 structures in resting surface form a loop around the trochlear tubercle?
Patella
Parapatellar fibrocartilage
Medial patellar ligament
Intermediate patellar ligament
69
In the horse where do the femoropatellar ligaments connect the patella? What is the difference in the dog?
In the horse they connect patella with femoral condyle
| In dog they connect patella with fabella
70
Which muscle originates from the collateral ligaments in the horse?
Popliteus
71
Which muscles are held down by the proximal extensor retinaculum?
Long digital extensor
Fibularis tertius
Cranial tibial
72
Which muscles are held down by the middle extensor retinaculum?
Long digital extensor
Lateral digital extensor
Fibularis tertius
Cranial tibial
73
Which muscles are held down by the distal extensor retinaculum?
Long digital extensor
| Lateral digital extensor
74
How can you differentiate the forelimb and the hindlimb in the horse?
By observing the the distal tendon of the lateral digital extensor
75
What is the vertebral formula for the dog
C7 T13 L7 S3 Cd 20
76
What is the vertebral formula for the horse
C7 T18 L6 S5 Cd20
77
What is the vertebral formula for the ox
C7 T13 L6 S5 Cd 20
78
What form the roof of the vertebral foramen?
Laminae
79
What forms the lateral walls of the vertebral foramen?
Pedicles
80
What forms the floor of the vertebral foramen?
The dorsal aspect of the vertebral body
81
What appears as concentric fibers in the intervertebral disk?
Annulus fibrosus
82
Dorsal to the intervertebral disk you have which ligament?
Intercapital ligament
83
Dorsal to the intercapital ligament dorsal to the vertebral body and ventral the vertebral canal we have which ligament
Dorsal logintudinal ligament
84
Ventral to the vertebral body you find which ligament?
Ventral longitudinal ligament
85
The supraspinatus ligament is on top of what?
The spinous process of the vertebrae T1 - caudal vertebrae
86
Vertebral bodies are connected via what?
Intervertebral discs
87
What forms the vertebral canal and passes through this canal?
Vertebral foramen
| Spinal cord
88
What unites to form the spinous process?
The laminae
89
What is unique to cervical vertebrae?
Transverse Foramina
90
Instead of a spinous process the atlas has?
A dorsal tubercle
91
Transverse processes in the at last are called what?
Wings of the atlas
92
From T1-T10 the spinous process incline? And T12-13 incline?
Caudally
| Cranially
93
What articulates with the head of the rib and what articulates with the tubercle of the rib?
Cranial and caudal Costal foveae
| Transverse costal fovea
94
How many sacral vertebrae does the dog have and how many does the horse/ox have?
3 and 5
95
How many pairs of ribs does the dog and the horse have?
13 and 18
96
What is the name of the joint between the bony part and the cartilaginous part of the ribs?
Costochondral joint
97
The first 9 ribs are called? What are the ribs 10-12 called and how is rib 13 called?
Vertebrosternal ribs
Vertebrochondral ribs
Vertebral rib
98
The sternum is compromised by how many sternebrae which are joined by what?
8
| Intersternebrae cartilages
99
What does the dorsal atlantoaxial ligament do?
Attach cranial part of spine of axis to dorsal arch of the atlas
100
What does the transverse ligament of the atlas attach and do?
Passes dorsal to dens and attaches to both side of internal walls of vertebral foramen, prevent dens from projecting dorsally
101
What does the apical ligament of the atlas do?
Extends from the apex of the dens to the occipital bone
102
What does the alar ligaments do?
Extend laterally from the dens to the occipital bone. Hold dens to the floor
103
Intervertebral discs is what type of Joint?
Fibrous Joint
104
The supraspinous ligament attaches where?
Caudal vertebrae to T1
105
The nuchal ligament extends from where to where?
C2-T1
106
In large animals the nuchal ligament has two 2 parts ?
Funicular (more dorsal)
| Laminar
107
In order mention the ligaments of the bodies
1. Ventral to body- ventral longitudinal ligament
2. Dorsal surface of vertebral body
3. Intercapital ligament
4. Dorsal longitudinal ligament
5. Spinal cord
108
Name some important clinical application spaces
Lumbosacral epidural anesthesia
Sacroccygeal epidural anesthesia
Atlanta occipital cerebrospinal fluid
109
Name the 3 epaxial muscles
```
Illiocostalis
Longissimus 4 parts
Transversospinalis
A. Splenius
B. Semisoinalis capitis
a. Complexus
b. Biventer cervicis
```
110
Which muscles are the extensor of the of the vertebral column and lie dorsal to the transverse processes of the vertebrae?
Epaxial muscles
111
What forms the linea alba?
The union of right and left aponeurosis of the external and internal abdominal oblique
112
What happens when the abdominal muscles contract?
Aid in urination, defecation, parturition, respiration and locomotion.
113
What is the boundary of the visceral space?
Dorsal: longus capitis, longus coli
Ventral: sternocephalicus,sternothyroideus
114
Which muscles make the abdominal wall?
External abdominal oblique
Internal abdominal oblique
Transversus abdominis
Rectus abdominis
115
The fibers direction of External intercostalis are?
Caudal ventrally down slope
116
The fibers of internal intercostalis have what direction?
Cranial ventralis up slope
117
When muscles of the abdominal wall contract the ribs do what?
Expand inspiration
118
Expiration is caused by what..
Muscle relax passive an others help pull ribs down
119
Muscles that are inspiratory are almost always directed ?
Caudal ventrally down slope
120
Name the 5 inpiratory muscles
```
External intercostalis
Serratus dorsalis cranialis
Scalenus
Rectus thoracis
Diaphragm
```
121
Name the 4 expiratory muscles
Internal intercostalis
Serratus dorsalis caudalis
Transversus thoracis
Abdominal muscles
122
Obstructive pulmonary disease is characterized by what?
Can’t get air out and abdominal muscles contract during forced expiration
Heaves lines are observed
Rectus abdominis forms the line
123
The abdominal wall has 4 quadrants from the lateral perspective
True
False
True
124
When the lineal alba tears what can be caused?
Umbilical hernia
125
Name the 4 abdominal muscles
External abdominal oblique
Internal abdominal oblique
Transversus abdominis
Rectus abdominis
126
External abdominal oblique fibers go ventral caudal down slope
True
False
True
127
The direction of the internal abdominal oblique is cranial ventral
True
False
True
128
Transversus abdominis fibers direction is almost vertical
True
False
True
129
The fibers direction of the rectus abdominis is longitudinal very ventral
True
False
True
130
The rectus abdominis is located between which two aponeurosis?
The ventral layer by external and internal abdominal oblique
| The dorsal later by the transversus abdominis
131
What is the most caudal part of the external and internal, abdominal muscles?
Inguinal ligament
132
What compromises the muscular lacuna ?
The illiopsoas
133
What compromises the vascular lacuna
Femoral artery
Vein
Nerve
134
The inguinal canal is more ventrally to the femoral triangle?
True
False
True
135
What is the opening of the inguinal canal?
Superficial inguinal ring
136
Name the boundaries for the superficial inguinal ring
Cranial: caudal border of internal abdominal oblique muscle
Medial: rectus abdominis
Lateral: inguinal ligament
137
In the large animal the internal oblique has a fan shaped and it’s attached to the tuber coxae
True
False
True
138
In the large animals handle weight with the tunica flava abdominis
True
False
True
139
The paralumbar fossa gives access to what?
Left rumen of the ox
| Right cecum of the horse
140
What are the borders of the paralumbar fossa
Cranial Ventral: last ribs
Caudal ventral: internal abdominal oblique
Base: lumbar transverse processes
141
Name the 3 boundaries for the superficial inguinal ring
Lateral: rectus abdominis
Media: inguinal ligament
Cranial: aponeurosis of external abdominal oblique
142
What are the borders of the jugular groove
Ventral: sternocephalicus
Dorsal: cleidocephalicus
143
What are the components of the cervical visceral space?
```
Traquea
Esophagus
Carotid sheath
Thyroid
Vagosympathetic nerve
Laryngeal nerve
```
144
The accessory ligament of the femoral head in the horse is a continuation of the pre pubic tendon
True
False
True
145
What is the rectus sheath?
The aponeurosis of the external and internal abdominal oblique (ventral) aponeurosis of the transversus abdominis (dorsal)
146
From where to where does the inguinal ligament go?
Tuber coxae to lateral border of prepublication tendon
147
What is the common name for the T11?
Anticlinal vertebra
148
Why is the superficial inguinal ring indistinc?
Is covered by the thoracolumnar fascia
149
What is the origin of the internal abdominal oblique?
Tuber coxae
| Thoracolumnar fascia
150
What is the insertion of the internal abdominal oblique?
Aponeurosis of costal arch
Linea alba
Pre pubic tendon
151
What is the origins and insertion of transversus abdominis?
Last ribs by thoracolumnar fascia to linea alba
152
What is the insertion and origin of the rectus abdominis?
Pecten of pubis to sternum
153
The Atlanto-occipital Joint is commonly known as the NO joint
True
False
False this one is the yes Joint the atlantoaxial Joint is the NO Joint
154
What are the boundaries of the pelvic inlet
Ventral: pectin of pubis
Dorsal: sacrum promontory
Lateral: arcuate line of ilium
155
What are the boundaries for the pelvic outlet?
Dorsal: 1 caudal vertebra
Ventral: Ischiatic arch
Lateral: sacrotuberous ligament
156
In the dog what is the origin of the popliteus?
Medial digital flexor belly of DDF
157
What hold the DDF in the tarsal canal?
Flexor retinaculum
158
There is no intervertebral discs between C1 and C2
True
False
True
159
In the hindlimb which muscle supinate and which one pronate?
Cranial tibial rotate paw laterally
| Fibularis longus rotate paw medially
160
There is a subtendinous bursa beneath internal obturator
True
False
True
161
What are the muscles of the thoracic wall?
```
External intercostalis
Internal intercostals
Serratus dorsalis cranialis
Serratus dorsalis caudalis
Scalenus
Rectus thoracis
Transversus thoracis
```
162
What happens to the volume in inspiration?
Increases and pressure decreases
163
Both intercostals muscles act during expiration and inspiration to hold the ribs
True
False
True
164
In force expiration you can see which muscle?
Rectus abdominis
165
What passes through the inguinal canal?
Vaginal process
Vaginal tunic
Genitofemoral nerve
Cremaster
166
Wich muscle fibers connects with the cremaster?
Internal abdominal oblique
167
The tunica flava is elastic tissue
True
False
True
168
What supports the weight of the abdomen in the horse?
Pre pubic tendon
169
What is the origin insertion and action of superficial gluteal?
O: sacrotuberous ligament
I: third trochanter of femur
A: extend hip, abduct hip
170
What is the origin insertion and action of the middle gluteal?
O: gluteal surface and tuber crest of ilium
I: greater trochanter of femur
A: extend hip abduct limb and rotate medially
171
Which muscle is associated with the trochanteric bursa?
Middle gluteal and greater trochanter of femur
172
What is the origin, insertion and action of the deep gluteal?
O: ischiatic spine
I: greater trochanter of femur
A: extend hip, abduct limb and rotate medially
173
What is the origin insertion and action of the illiopsoas?
O: lumbar vertebrae
I: lesser trochanter of femur
A: flex the hip
174
What is the origin insertion and action of the biceps femoris
O: sacrotuberous ligament and ischiatic tuberosity
I: patella cranial tibial by fascia lata and common calcanean tendon
A: extend hip weight extend stifle non weigh flex stifle extend tarsus
175
What is the origin insertion and action of the semimembranosus
O: ischiatic tuberosity
I: medial condyle of tibia medial aspect of femur
A: extend hip extend stifle weight and flex stifle non weight
176
What is the origin insertion and action of the semitendinosus?
O: ischiatic tuberosity
I: common calcanean tendon medial tibia
A: extend hip, flex stifle, extend tarsus
177
What is the origin insertion and action of the sartorius
O: ilium
I: patella and cranial tibia
A: flex hip extend stifle weight flex stifle non weight
178
What is the origin insertion and action of the gracilis
O: pelvic symphysis
I: Common calcanean tendon cranial tibia
A. Adductor limb, flex stifle, extend hip and tarsus
179
What is the origin insertion and action of the pectineus
O: pubis
I: medial femur
A: adduct limb
180
What is the origin insertion and action of the adductor
O: pelvic symphysis
I: lateral femur
A: adduct limb and extend hip
181
What is the origin insertion and action of the quadriceps femoris
O: all heads proximal femur, rectus femoris ilium
I: cranial tiberosity by patellar ligament
A: all head extend stifle rectus femoris flex hip
182
Name the 4 parts of quadriceps femoris
Vastus lateralis
Vastus medialis
Vastus intermediate
Rectus femoris
183
What is the origin insertion and action of the internal obturator
O: dorsal surface of ischium and pubis
I: trochanteric fossa
A: rotate limb laterally
184
What is the origin insertion and action of the gemelli
O: lateral surface of ischium
I: trochanteric fossa of femur
A: rotate limb laterally
185
What is the origin insertion and action of the external obturator
O: ventral aspect of ischium and pubis
I: trochanteric fossa
A: rotate limb laterally
186
What is the origin insertion and action of the quadratus femoris
O: ventral of ischium
I: intertrochanteric crest of femur
A. Rotate limb laterally
187
What is the origin insertion and action of the cranial tibial
O: extensor groove of lateral tibia
I: MT I and I
A: flex tarsus rotate paw laterally
188
What is the origin insertion and action of the long digital extensor
O: extensor fossa of femur
I: extensor processes of distal phalanx 2-5
A: flex tarsus extend digits
189
What is the origin insertion and action of the fibularis longus
O: lateral collateral ligament
I: tarsal bone IV
A: flex tarsus rotate paw medially
190
What is the origin insertion and action of the peroneus tertius
O: extensor fossa of femur with long digital extensor cranial surface of cranial tibial
I: lateral a medial of the hock
A: reciprocal apparatus
191
Which of these muscles share a common origin
A. Long digital extensor and fibularis tertius
B. Middle gluteal and deep gluteal
C. Biceps brachii and semitendinosus
D. SDF and gastrocnemius
E. A, C and D are correct
E. A, C and D are correct
192
What is the origin insertion and action of the gastrocnemius?
O: medial and lateral supracondylar tuberosities of femur
I: tuber calcanei
A: extend tarsus, flex stifle
193
Which muscle origin contain the faballae
Gastrocnemius
194
What is the origin insertion and action of the superficial digital flexor
O: supracondylar tuberosity of the femur
I: tuber calcanei and middle phalanx of digits 2-5
A: extend tarsus, flex stifle and flex digits
195
What is the origin insertion and action of the deep digital flexor
O: proximal tibial and fibula
I: distal phalanx 1-5
A: extend tarsus, flex digits
196
What is the origin insertion and action of the popliteus?
O: lateral condyle of femur
I: proximal tibia
A: flex stifle
197
Soles muscles is only present in the human cat and horse but not in the dog
True
False
True
198
The location of the popliteal lymph node is where
Caudal border of biceps femoris
199
Small pelvic association muscle all what?
Are lateral rotators of the hip
200
The internal obturator lies on the dorsal surface of obturator foramen
True
False
True
201
Medial meniscus has medial collateral ligament
True
False
True
