Exam 2 Flashcards
(127 cards)
1
Q
Epimysium
A
- surrounds entire muscle cell
2
Q
Hippocampus
A
- learning and memory (short term)
- sea horse shaped
3
Q
White muscle fiber
A
- glycolytic
- type II- has rapid short duration
- pale (chicken breast)
4
Q
Troponin
A
- affinity for calcium
5
Q
ATP
A
- only source used directly for contractile activities
- return of Na + and K+ after action potential in neuron/Sarcolemma
6
Q
Z line
A
- ends of the sarcomere
7
Q
Colostrum
A
- first milk
- contains antibodies or immunoglobulins(IgG or IgM)
- passive transfer of antibodies in many species
Not humans - placenta
Not birds - egg yolk
8
Q
Parietal lobe
A
- movement, orientation
9
Q
Plasticity
A
- brain can be remodeled or rewired
10
Q
Polarized at rest
A
- inside is negative with respect to outside of the cell
- resting potential = -60 to -90 mV
11
Q
Midbrain
A
- mesencephalon
- controls eye movements
- auditory and visual reflexes
12
Q
Hypophysis
A
- pituitary gland
13
Q
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)/ vasopressin
A
- produced by hypothalamus
- increases kidney pressure
- increases water uptake by the kidneys
- attempts to conserve water
- promotes reabsorption of water, less urine
14
Q
Melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)
A
- produced by pituitary gland
- causes darkening of the skin
- helps in camouflage
- production of summer coat in weasels, foxes
15
Q
Prion disease
A
- protein + infection
- transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE)
16
Q
ATP regenerated by 3 mechanisms
A
1) direct phosphorylation of ADP by creatine phosphate
- (10-15 seconds)
2) anaerobic pathway (glycolysis -> lactic acid)
- (30-40 seconds)
3) aerobic respiration
- minutes
17
Q
Hypothalamus
A
- controls food intake, water intake
18
Q
Amnesia
A
- loss of memory
19
Q
Adenohypophysis
A
- anterior pituitary gland
- glandular, or produces hormones
- growth hormone
- prolactin
- glycoprotein hormones (alpha and beta)
20
Q
Hypothalamus
A
- site of synthesis, NCB
- controls anterior/posterior pituitary glands
- regulates osmolarity, temperature, hunger, rage
21
Q
Cross section of brain
White vs gray matter
A
Gray on outside
White on inside
22
Q
3 nuclei inside cerebrum
A
1) amygdala
2) hippocampus
3) limbic system
23
Q
Supra normal period
A
- threshold to rest, since it’s above rest easier to reach threshold
24
Q
Depolarized
A
- when active reverses polarity
- Na + in, K+ out
25
Muscle cells
- are excitable (polarized at rest)
- conducts electricity (action potential over cell membrane)
- turns chemical potential energy into mechanical energy
26
Active Immunity
- you make the antibodies yourself
Ex: vaccinated
27
What makes neurons able to conduct electric potential?
- the whole cell is electrically charged AT REST
- negative on inside, positive on outside
- more potassium on inside, more sodium on outside
28
I band
- contains only actin
| - size changes
29
Pons
- bridge between spinal chord and brain
- relay between cerebrum and cerebellum
- also works with medulla to control respiration
30
Neurohypophysis (Pars Nervosa)
- posterior pituitary gland
- neural
- stores oxytocin and vasopressin
- hormones produced in hypothalamus and released from here
31
Right hemisphere of brain
- representational area (sensory info)
32
Frontal lobe
- problem solving, reasoning, planning
33
Somatomotor
- output
34
Reticular activating system (RAS)
- contains Reticular formation
- sleep disorders
- if you are narcoleptic or have insomnia have a problem with this
35
Gigantism
- excess of growth hormone
36
Vagues nerve
- cranial nerve #10
- goes to the heart, decrease heart rate
- major parasympathetic nerve that goes to heart
37
Red fiber muscle
- oxidative
- type I- slow sustained fibers
- dark (chicken legs)
38
Proprioceptive
- your body keeping track of you
| - input of where you are in space
39
Actin
- thin mylofilaments
- I band is made up of only this
- includes troponin and tropomyosin
40
Cardiac muscle
- have an intrinsic tone/rhythm even in the absence of nervous system
- pacemaker cells maintain rhythm
- striated, mono nucleated
- connected by intercalated disks, interdigitate
41
Tropomyosin
- covers active/myosin binding sites on actin
42
Amygdala
- emotions
43
Hyperpolarized
- when more polarized than at rest
44
Bovine spongiform encephalopathies
- type of prion disease
| - mad cow disease
45
Muscle memory
- motor learning (cerebrum-> cerebellum)
| - riding a bike, throwing frisbee
46
2 phases of neuron
- once membrane is partially Depolarized it is easier to reach threshold potential
Phase 1) depolarization to action potential= absolute refractory
Phase 2) repolarization to threshold=relative refractory
Phase 3) threshold to rest= supra normal
Phase 4) below rest= subnormal
47
M line
- center of H zone
48
Reflexive/Procedural Long term memory
- automatic, not conscious
- acquire slowly, repetitive
- muscle memory
- rules like a period at the end of a sentence
- Amygdala and cerebellum
49
Passive transport
- not doing any extra work just eating
| - when mother passes on immunoglobulins via colostrum
50
Subliminal stimulus
- one that does not reach threshold
51
Perimysium
- surrounds groups of muscle cells, fascicles
52
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
- gamete release
- glycoprotein hormone
- gonad stimulating (gonadotropin)
53
Liminal stimulus
- stimulus that reaches threshold
- rare
- ex: EPSP
54
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
- encircle and parallel to myofibrils
55
Chronic wasting disease
- type of prion disease
| - affects deer and elk
56
Homunculus
- "little person"
| - somatotropic representation of the cerebrum between the frontal(motor) and parietal(sensory) lobes
57
Cerebrum
- thought
58
Pineal gland
- sometimes called the third eye
| - melatonin reproduction(increases during scotophase) and circadian rhythms (seasonal effects and jet lag)
59
Meninges
- protects the brain from outside has 3 layers
1) dura mater- toughest outer layer of the skull
2) arachnoid- contains CSF (fluid filled)
3) pia mater- contains blood vessels
60
Axon
- output from the nerve cell body to the terminal end
61
Somatosensory
- input
62
Satiety
- when you are full
63
Cerebellum
- "little brain"
- coordinates movement with pons, spinal chord
- posture, muscle movements, rate and gait
- has arbor vitae
64
Endomysium
- surrounds individual skeletal muscle cells
65
Fast fibers
- produce rapid, powerful contractions of short duration
| - obtain their ATP from anaerobic glycolysis
66
Narcoleptic
- sleep during the day
67
Electro encephalogram (EEG)
- measures brain activity
68
Neurons vs electric wire
- neurons conduct electricity slower than the electric wire
| - neurons do not lose any energy in conduction
69
Central nervous system
- encased in bone
| - consists of the brain and spinal chord
70
Cerebellum
- motor movements
71
Specific Dynamic Action (SDA)
- post prandial (after a meal)
- meal is digesting and body temperature goes up
Which affects most?
1. Proteins
2. Fat
3. Carbohydrates
72
Neuron
- single cell
| - functional unit of the nervous system
73
Subnormal period
- below rest in the refractory period area
74
Thyrotropin releasing hormone
- released by the hypothalamus for regulation
75
Smooth muscle
- non striated
- involuntary muscles found in the walls of organs
- each smooth muscle has one nucleus (mono-nucleated)
76
Temporal lobe
- perception and recognition of auditory and olfactory stimuli, memory and speech
77
Sarcoplasm
- cytoplasm of myocyte, contains myoglobin and calcium ions
| - inside muscle cell membrane
78
Brain stem
1) medulla oblongata
2) pons
3) midbrain
79
Olfactory nerve
- cranial nerve #1/12 (sensory)
| - sense of smell
80
Order of muscle cell
1) epimysium
2) perimysium
3) muscle bundles (fascicles)
4) endomysium
5) muscle fiber surrounded by Sarcolemma*
6) sarcomere
7) myofibril
8) myofilaments
81
Occipital lobe
- visual processing
| - very important in birds
82
Absolute refractory period
- amount of time the action potential takes
| - no stimulus, no matter how strong will illicit a response
83
Threshold potential
- usually -30 to - 50 mV
- all or none once reached there WILL be an action potential
- opens voltage gated Na channels, allows it to flow in
- decreases membrane resistance, increases conductance
84
Myosin
- thick mylofilaments
| - H zone is made up of ONLY this
85
Sarcolemma
- the membrane surrounding the muscle fibers
| - muscle cell membrane
86
Dwarfism
- deficiency in growth hormone
87
H zone
- contains only myosin
| - size changes
88
Schwann cells
- separated by nodes of ranvier or intermodal spaces
- myelin sheath
- produce myelin
- in the PNS
89
Ipsilateral
- same side
90
Slow fibers
- can contract for long periods of time
- fatigue resistant
- abundant mitochondria
- extensive capillary supply
- high concentration of myoglobin
91
Nodes of ranvier
- intermodal spaces
| - separate Schwann cells
92
Sarcomere
- functional unit of skeletal muscle
| - length is not constant
93
T-tubules
- perpendicular to myofibrils
| - indentations of the Sarcolemma
94
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
- stimulates adrenal cortex with cortisol
| - glycoid protein hormone
95
Insomnia
- difficulty falling asleep
96
Afferent nerves
- go TO the CNS
97
Optic nerve (chiasma)
- cranial nerve #2 (sensory)
| - connects eye nerves to brain, vision
98
Temporal neurons
- one stimulus after another
99
Efferent nerves
- AWAY from the CNS
100
Ataxia
- when we have problems with the cerebellum, or movement
| - normally ipsilateral
101
Trigeminal nerve
- cranial nerve # 5
| - has to do with all of your facial movement and chewing
102
Creutzfeldt-Jason Disease
- occurred in humans, cannibals
| - type of prion disease
103
Spatial neurons
- stimulus converge on each other
104
A band
- contains both actin and myosin
| - size does not change
105
Anterograde amnesia
- cannot form new memories
| Ex: Diazepam(Valium) or halcion
106
Left hemisphere of the brain
- interpretive and speech area (reading, writing, speaking)
107
Oxytocin
- produced by hypothalamus
- milk letdown, milk ejection
Females: uterine contractions
Males: ejaculation
108
Association areas
- put things together differently
| - long term memories are stored in the appropriate sections of this
109
Repolarized
- when returned to resting potential
| - Na+ out, K+ in
110
Thyroid stimulating hormone
- release of thyroid hormone
| - glycoprotein hormone
111
Retrograde amnesia
- lose long term memory
112
Prefrontal lobotomy
- removes tensions, worry
- frontal lobe
- problem is that people would not worry about stopping walking before reaching a wall for ex
113
Skeletal muscle
- striated, multinucleated
- voluntary
- muscle attached to the Skeleton for voluntary movement
114
Nuclei
- collection of neurons with common functions
115
Reticular formation
- what wakes you up, makes you alert and conscious
- activates the entire brain, wakes brain up
- activates cerebral cortex Via thalamus
116
Leptin
- produced by fat cells
- eating drive is off, metabolism increase
- delays puberty bc super thin don't have body reserves to support another life
117
Limbic system
- Amygdala + hippocampus
- link between cognitive (reason) and emotions (fear)
- long term memory is stored in association areas
118
Dendrite
- input through the cell
119
Terminal cistarnae
- bulbous ends of the Sarcoplasmic reticulum
120
Nerve cell body
- where the nucleus is
| - soma
121
Peripheral Nervous System
- spinal nerves (to and from spinal chord)
- cranial nerves (to and from the brain)
- autonomic nervous system (sympathetic and parasympathetic)
122
Medulla oblongata
- involved in reflex/vegetative functions such as breathing, HR, vomiting, crying, swallowing, righting yourself
- control of involuntary centers (nuclei)
- without this you are vegetative, will need life support
123
Declarative/Explicit long term memory
- requires conscious attention for recall
| - temporal lobe
124
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
- conversion of androgen to estrogen
- glycoprotein hormone
- gonad stimulating (gonadotropin)
125
Relative refractory period
- during repolarization phase until reaches the threshold
| - a larger than usual stimulus is required to start a new action potential
126
Cerebrum
- has sensory, motor and association areas(memory)
| - has 4 lobes
127
Andrenergic receptors
- alpha and beta
| - SNS
