Exam 2 Flashcards
(171 cards)
1
Q
What happened in the New Economy?
A
corporate consolidation and concentration of wealth
2
Q
Consumerism
A
20’s, dominant part of economy, middle and working class purchased consumer items (fueled economic boom)
3
Q
New consumer products made in 20’s
A
cigarette lighters, wrist watch, oil furnace, fresh fruit, vegetables, telephones, radios, sewing machines
4
Q
Installment buying
A
plans that allowed you to buy goods over period of time but you don’t have to put down that much money at the time of a purchase
because of this people fell into debt
5
Q
Best example of consumerism
A
The movies
6
Q
Another example of consumerism
A
Automobile
7
Q
Cameras
A
1890’s; full working motion cameras
8
Q
Edison
A
took credit for the camera, made films lasting 30 seconds costing nickel, sent thugs to destroy other peoples equipment
9
Q
Where were first cameras projected
A
France
10
Q
France Films
A
black and white silent films lasting 30 mins
11
Q
hollywood
A
center of US film industry, perfect weather for making films
12
Q
The biggest hit film history in that time
A
The birth of a nation, 2 and 1/2 hours, DW Griffith, Racist movie
13
Q
Three reasons for US dominance of film making
A
WW1, Studio system, Technological development
14
Q
Two reasons Edison had trouble with sound
A
Synchronization, Amplification
15
Q
Censorship
A
hollywood self-censor itself in early 30’s called “The Code”, couldn’t make films criticizing police or the economic system
16
Q
Most popular sport
A
Baseball
17
Q
Black sox scandal
A
actually named white sox, best team in baseball, washed uniforms once a week, paid cheaply, 8 players paid to lose by gamblers
18
Q
Home runs
A
John homerun baker had record set at 12, George Herman Babe Ruth permanently changed the game hit 29 home runs in 1919, 54 in 1920
19
Q
Tourism
A
only high class, automobile allowed this, 1/3 population took one vacation in the car a year
20
Q
Radio
A
radios popular hobby you built yourself, Pittsburgh made first official radio broadcast, end of decade 40% of families had radios
21
Q
Jazz
A
blacks created music, whites appropriate it, devils music that emphasized sex, grew in popularity, end of decade Americas popular music
22
Q
Courtship system
A
1970’s, man came to home and met the parents and went out to dinner with a chaperone, every couple was under adult supervision
23
Q
Two ways women made themselves more attractive
A
Rise and use of cosmetics and beauty treatments, clothing women wore
24
Q
Modern dating
A
unescorted
25
Louis brookes
dancer, flapper girl, drank so much gin she smelt like it
26
Sex
common for young people, married the person they had sex with, 20's Americas because publicly with the subject of sex
27
Prohibition
banning of alcoholic beverages, 1919-1934, popular in rural town america
28
3 states that didn't ban alcohol during prohibition
Nevada, Pennsylvania, New Jersey
29
what did the 18th amendment (liquor outlaw) do for America
progressive movement, created efficiency, control social behavior
30
Volstead Act
congress passed in 1919, manufacture, sale, transportation of alcoholic beverages banned, if you had alcohol before prohibition you could drink it only inside your house, limited amount of wine could be manufactured, banned 99% of the alcohol industry
31
Prohibition fails
too many people in urban america drinking alcoholic, alcohol did not disappear
32
Two ways to get alcohol
smuggle alcohol from Europe over Canadian border and Puget sound or, make it themselves
33
Jamaican Ginger
paralyze you
34
Jackass Brandy
internal bleeding
35
Soda pop moon
poisonous isotope alcohol
36
Rise of Mobs
prohibition led to rise of mobs, before prohibition they were small and localized
37
Automobile
provided mobility
38
Sub machine gun
great fire power
39
Al Capone
strongest powerful gangster in Chicago, made 100 million a year, beat several conspiring police officers to death,ordered execution of his rival criminals, sent to jail for tax evasion, died of syphilis refused treatment because he was afraid of needles
40
Prohibition repeal
1934, ended americans first drug war
41
Result of Prohibition
alcohol assumption declined, death of alcohol declined, arrest of alcohol drunkenness declined, drove millions to break law to drink, wrecked democratic party
42
Protestant fundamentalism
focused its energy on attacking new sciences, evolution of natural selection
43
Town fathers of Dayton
town declining economically, asked scopes to claim he taught evolution, arrested after made this claim, Scopes trial all over nation wide publicity
44
What made Scopes trial so famous
The lawyers. Prosecution side; william jennings bryan was chief spokes man, another famous lawyer clarence darell
45
Scopes trial
judge found scopes guilty, fines 100$ smallest penalty that could be given, defeat for fundamentalism
46
Who controlled congress for entire decade
Republicans
47
Warren G. Harding
handsome, 20's republicans nominated him for president, many mistresses, long time affair with Carry Philips
48
Two scandals while Hardin was president
Veterans adminstration; harding hires Charles Fold and he commits alot of crimes, Teapot Dome; Albert Fall set aside for the US navy war, leased the Teapot dome, paid bribe of 40,000, first cabinet organizer sent to jail
49
Harding's death
had chest pains while in west coast, died that night of heart attack, rumors that his wife poisoned him for messing with other women
50
Calvin Coolidge
"silent cow" never talked, vice president to Harding, honest, restored dignity and trust to the presidency after the scandals, conservative, died 1933
51
Andrew Mellon
secretary of the treasury, wealthiest man, famous for art collection, promoted business interest, cut taxes for wealthy but not middle class
52
Al Smith
Governor of New York, nominated for president, first catholic official, religious attacks, ugly campaign
53
Herbert Hoover
emphasized Voluntarism, self made man, orphan, during war gave food to Europe, was a progressive, intelligent, efficient
54
Who was most famous engineer
Herbert Hoover
55
Who was most beloved man of 1920's
Herbert Hoover
56
The Great Bull Market
market that's growing, 7% Americans invested in this market
57
Black tuesday
market crashed, shares fell by the records, then severe cut backs on tires, automobiles and other things leading to the great depression began
58
Causes of Great Depression
rapid income and inequality in 20's, over production by industry, declining farm prices, lack of regulation, weak labor movement, nation was in the midst of an economic transition, economic problems from WW1
59
Effects of depression
wiped out economic gains of the 20's, businesses and banks collapsed, unemployment was 25%, farm incomes wiped out
60
Hoovers response to depression
too little to late, Hawley-Smoot Tariff made depression worse, Voluntarism failed, Reconstruction finance corporation (RFC) when depression was at its worse, 1932 economy got worse
61
Bonus Army
1920's made law to give WW1 veterans a bonus for their service, veterans asked for their bonus early and congress and Hoover refused, 20,000 bonus army went to Washington DC to protest
62
hooverville
Bonus army built a hooverville outside the white house, Hoover told General McArthur to take care of them so 1,000 soldiers, tear gas to evict the protesters
63
Results of Bonus Army
Hoover was most hated man in American 1932, Hoover looked like a fool destroying his reputation
64
Hoover re-election
Republicans re-nominated Hoover, Democrats nominated Franklin Roosevelt who pledged to repeal prohibition, he won by a landslide
65
Franklin D. Roosevelt (cousin of Theodore Roosevelt)
got a monthly allowance from his mom for life, assistant secretary of the navy under Wilson, struck with polio paralyzed waist down, first make use of radio
66
Who did Franklin Roosevelt marry?
His cousin Eleanor Roosevelt
67
Who did Franklin Roosevelt have an affair with?
Lucy Mercer
68
In 1920 what did FDR run for?
ran as democratic nominee for vice president but he lost to Harding, but was elected governor of New York
69
The New Deal which is series of ideas of?
Relief: prevent starvation
Recovery: finding an end to the depression
Reform: preventing future depressions
70
What happened during the first new deal
Capitalism entered its death, banks collapsed, Hoover refused to do anything
71
Emergency Banking act
signed by Roosevelt, closed every bank in country, they were inspected and healthy banks were kept open, this enthused confidence in Roosevelt throughout country
72
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)
provided federal insurance for individual bank accounts, increased peoples confidence in the banking system
73
Glass-Steagall Act
separated commercial from investment banking, banks could no longer take peoples savings account money, remained in place until 1990's
74
Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)
stock market riddled with fraud and corruption late 1920's, SEC regulates the stock market, prevent insider trading and fraud
75
Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)
designed to employ jobless male youths, outdoor jobs, employed half a million men both white and black but in segregated camps, closed in WW2
76
What was most popular new deal program?
Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)
77
Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)
Built dams, and power plants in Tennessee valley, provided cheap electric power, its construction provided lots of jobs
78
Public Works Administration (PWA)
build dams, bridges, public buildings, provided jobs for many men, designed to prevent starvation and provide immediate relief
79
Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)
designed to fix weak agriculture economy, paid farmers to produce less, raised food prices, but they only paid land owners not tenants and sharecroppers
80
National Recovery Administration (NRA)
tried to stimulate recovery, created cooperation between businesses, created committees in each industry made up of management, labor and government, relied on voluntary compliance thus it failed
81
Major Critic from the right
American Liberty league; made up of conservation business leaders and politicians, saw new deal as threat to capitalism, they believed new deal restricted individual freedom
82
Three important critics from the left
Father Charles Coughlin, Francis E. Townsend, Huey P. Long
83
Father Charles Coughlin
had radio show initially supported FDR later thought he was liar, wanted to nationalize the banks not just regulate them
84
Francis E. Townsend
worried about poverrtty of elderly, reitred some of poorest people in America, proposed that federal government pay 200$ a month to reitred citizens over 60, plan was very popular
85
Huey P. Long
Most dangerous threat to Roosevelt, politician from Louisiana, wore pink suits, red ties, two tone shoes, pastel shirts, killed by assassination,
86
Who are two most dangerous men in America
Huey P. Long, Douglas Mcarthur
87
Second New Deal
1935, more radical than the first, it reflected the attempt to deal with the critics from the left side
88
Works Progress Administration (WPA)
MAIN second new deal relief agency, provided work for 8 1/2 million americans
89
Wagner Act
Allowed labor to organize unions, establish the national relations labor board (NRLB), led to unionization, increase political and economic power of the working middle class
90
Social Security Act
Create limited national welfare state, limited health care because it didn't include health insurance, limited social safety net, 60% of blacks excluded
91
The court-packing scheme
plan to add more justices to supreme court, FDR forced to abandon plan, FIRST political defeat, first step of ending the new deal
92
1937 recession
unemployment raised, Austerity was not accepted, Keynesian economics was fully embraced, used to pay for WW2
93
John Maynard Keynes
Created Keynesian economics
94
Menacing International Situation
New deal end in the 40's due to foreign policy in Europe and Asia, 1939 Roosevelt let little new reform situation
95
Fair Labor standards act
established national minimum wage, average work week of 40 hours, paid over time
96
Significance of the New Deal
Saved capitalism, built modern america, did not spend enough money to end the depression, stimulated an economic boom, government must take responsibility of citizens, and management of the economy, enlarge the power and size of the federal government, made it impossible to return of the era of inactive president
97
Washington Treat System
after WW1 US did not join league of nations, still remained active in world affairs, began to be constructed at the Washington Naval conference
98
Charles Hughs
secretary, said to scrap two million tons of battle ships, delegates agreed
99
Three treaties emerged
5 power treaty, 4 power treaty, 9 power treaty
100
5 power treaty
nations agreed to reduce the number of battle ships
101
4 power treaty
which the major powers in the pacific agree to respect each others holding
102
9 power treaty
signatories agreed to the open door in china
103
Dawes Plan
designed to maintain a healthy world financial system, private american business and banks agreed to loan money to Germany so she could pay reparations to the British and French and restart her industry, also inspired that France and Britain would pay off the debts they owe the US
104
Smoot-Hawley tariff
closed american market to foreign made goods, other nations retaliated made their own tariffs, international trade came to an end
105
1931 Japan invaded manchuria
quickly conquered it, destroyed the washington treaty system
106
London Economic conference
attempt to find an international solution for the depression, FDR sent US representatives, refused to endorse the plan, FDR ordered US reps to come home
107
Adopted the Good Neighbor Policy in Latin America
removed and repudiated US political and military policies toward Latin America, Era of US intervention , united western hemisphere
108
Isolation
US should avoid all alliances, US protected by Atlantic and Pacific Ocean
109
Nye Committee
investigated why the US entered WW1, committee concluded that arms manufactures pulled the US into the war so they could increase their profits
110
Neutrality Acts
these were designed to prevent the repeat of the events that led the US into WW1
111
Neutrality Acts did 4 things
americans could not ship weapons to any belligerent nation, US ships could not deal in the arms traffic, american travelers sailed on belligerent ships at their own risk, cash and carry
112
The Ludlow amendment
proposed constitutional amendment, Roosevelt fought against this immensely
113
Japan
banned jazz music, Japanese empire replaces European empire, invasion of Manchuria
114
What was the first fascist nation
Italy
115
Fascism
ruled by a all power national leader, opposition is suppressed, civil liberties are banned, characterized by militarism and ultra-nationalism
116
War led by Benito Mussolini
20's started fascist party, seized power in Rome, imposed one-man rule, 1935 invaded Ethiopia
117
Adolf Hitler
leader of Nazi's, served in German army WW1, repudiated the treaty and changed the Germany government
118
Foreign Policy
mid 30's Hitler reclaimed the Rhineland, Annexed Austria, took apart of Czechoslovakia
119
World War 2
Hitler demanded that Poland return to Germany, French British tried form alliance with Soviets to surround Hitler, Hitler invades poland, France and Britain then declare war on Germany
120
Nazi-Soviet non aggression act
public part; agreed to not attack each other. Private part; agreed to divide eastern Europe between themselves including Poland
121
Germans conquered land 1939-1941
Denmark, Norway, Netherlands, Belgium, and France, Hitler's Germany dominated most of Europe
122
Hitlers greatest mistake in 1941
broke the pact and invaded Soviet Union
123
US during WW2
US mobilization after fall of France, Roosevelt despised Hitler, Roosevelt seeked his 3rd term, Roosevelt gave British destroyers to exchange for British military bases in America
124
American first
Isolationist created this organization, goal to prevent further US aid to Britain, keep US out of european war
125
Charles lindberg
First man to fly solo across the pacific ocean 1927, his wife was a Nazi, he didn't like Jews
126
FDR proposed Lend lease
united states would lend or lease war materials to any country fighting Germany, increase industrial production
127
US navy patrols Atlantic
Roosevelt ordered US ships to patrol halfway across the Atlantic, Ordered to report any Uboat sitings
128
Henry Luce
first person to define war aims, rich and powerful
129
FDR met with Winston Churchill
US and British alliance, issued the Atlantic charter; freedom of seas, creation of post war general security system, war being fought to protect self-government
130
Japan and China fight
Japan invades china, sought to occupy chinese coast and major cities, saw resources and markets, japanese forces won most battles, japan stuck in china because china far too big for japan to occupy
131
Japan attack on US
couldnt reach US demands, attacked because US claimed the Philippines, Dec 7th Japan strikes Pearl Harbor
132
US enters the war
US declares war on Japan but not germany since germany didnt attack the US but days later Hitler declared war on the US
133
US britain alliance
attack mediterranean, africa, italy, sicily, liberated France
134
Nazi Soviet war
greatest war, most of germany army destroyed
135
Collapse of Germany
1944 war stale-mated, battle of the bulge, germany open to invasion from all directions
136
Death of Hitler
him and his wife committed suicide, their bodies torched and burned
137
War in the Pacific
stopping the Japanese advance, 4 boats sank
138
south pacific offensive
invasion of philippines
139
central pacific offensive
attack japanese islands, invasion of murrieta islands, most ships were laid down
140
Atomic bomb
Einstein told Roosevelt it was impossible to create but they made it, first bomb dropped in Hiroshima, and second in Nagasaki after this japan surrendered
141
manhattan project
code name for the atomic bomb program, program successfully detonated
142
Postwar world three big powers were?
US-roosevelt
Britian- Churchill
USSR-Stalin
143
Three powers alliance
US, Britian, USSR agreed Hitler and Nazi's needed to be crushed
144
Two key war time conferences
Bretton Woods, Yalta Conference
145
Bretton Woods
western allies agreed to post war economic system, dominate by the US, created post war capitalist state
146
Yalta conference
Roosevelt, Churchill, Stalin met, final meeting, determined key decisions, agreements for post war world
147
5 agreements post war 3 powers decided on
stalin agreed to attack japan for land, agreed to divide germany into 4 parts, hold trials of japanese and german leaders, improved plans for the united nation, stalin agreed to include noncommunist in their governments
148
Franklin Roosevelt's Death
1944 ran for 4th election, he visited Lucy Mercer in Georgia while there he died of a stroke and then Harry Truman became president
149
significance of WW2
US emerges most powerful nation, communism won facism lost, world entered the nucelar age, war ended the depression
150
What was most destructive war in human history?
WW2, 4 trillion dollars of property destroyed, 50 million people killed
151
America in 1945
All of US rivals destroyed, Britain bankrupt begging US for money, China was having Civil war, USSR bad agricultural producers
152
Harry Truman
President after FDR died, supporter of new deal, believed Soviets were violating the Yalta conference
153
Harry Truman As President
henry vice president was gonna be selected but no on liked him, FDR agreed to have Truman, he did not confide and tell Truman anything, Truman didnt even know about the atomic bomb
154
Stalins post war goals
dominate Europe, extend power into middle east, this was the start of cold war
155
Containment
George Kennan's telegram outlined the strategy of containment, US needs to contain soviet power where it already existed and to prevent soviets from spreading to other parts of europe, containment was the corner stone of US foreign policy
156
Truman Doctrine
he annoucned this in front of congress, this made containment official, 4 millon dollars to aid greece and turkey to prevent the spread of communism there
157
1947 Greece Turkey problems
British could no longer afford to support them, British told truman that the americans have to support them or else communism will spread to greece and turkey
158
George Marshall
secretary of state, proposed a plan to deal with the undeveloped shambles of Europe, to prevent communism from taking control there
159
Marshall Plan
13 billion$ plan, rebuilt Europe, 17 europe nations accepted, Western europe formed an alliance with US vs eastern europe and soviets
160
What was the single greatest success of post war foreign policy?
Marshall plan, most successful plan ever taken by any nation
161
Berline Airlift
soviets cut off all access to berlin, Truman used an airlfit to fly supplies into western zone to feed 2 million, stalin couldve challenged airlift with his air force but didnt want war
162
NATO
treaty between western europe and US, created a military, political, economic alliance, all members pledged attack agaisnt one was an attack against them all
163
Warsaw pact
bounded Soviet union with eastern europe, military alliance
164
First commander of NATO
Dwight Eisenhower (Ike)
165
First event of cold war; Chinese communist revolution
US cut all ties with communist China, US forced United nations to give nationalist in Taiwan a seat in the council
166
Monolithic communism
all communist countries are the same, same goals, think alike, US treated them all the same, did not recognize differences in history culture or race
167
Second event of cold war; Russian atomic bomb
built the bomb incredibly fast, Stalin new about US atomic bomb before Truman did because he had spies in the nuclear program, Nuclear arms race between US and USSR, made cold war more dangerous
168
NSC-68 (US response to first two events of cold war)
document said could not negotiate with stalin, us needed to build up its non-nuclear military forces, and build a thermal nuclear bomb more powerful than nuclear weapon
169
Third event of cold war; Korean War
North Korea strikes first invading south korea backing from Stalin and China, Truman ordered US to stop the invasion and drive it back, they sucessful intervene
170
Worse moment in military history
chinese cross into north korea and attack unprepared Americans
171
Truman meets with Douglas MacArthur (troop leader)
truman wants to elimate war and macarthur wants to expand it and attack china, macarthur ignores truman and orders chinese to surredner, truman has had enough and fires macarthur so now he can have control over military, Trumans popularity plummets
