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Nutri Sci 431 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

(89 cards)

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1
Q

Preterm birth

A

less than 37 weeks

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2
Q

Low birth weight

A

less than 2500 grams, primary factor associated with neonatal death

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3
Q

Neonatal

A

First 28 days of life

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4
Q

Full term size

A

3500 g and 20in long

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5
Q

Average GA

A

bt 10th and 90th percentile

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6
Q

Large GA

A

greater than 90th percentile

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7
Q

Small GA

A

wt less than 10th percentile

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8
Q

dSGA

A

disproportionately- thin but height and head normal (2/3 of SGA) (Diminished nutrition in last trimester, can catch up

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9
Q

pSGA

A

proportionately- stunted (adapted to diminished nutrition, cant catch up)

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10
Q

Leading causes of infant mortality

A

1) congential anomalies (birth defects)
2) Preterm/LBW
3) Maternal complication
4) Sudden infant death syndrome

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11
Q

The bigger the mom

A

the bigger the baby

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12
Q

Obese moms have big babies regardless of

A

how much they weigh/gain

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13
Q

More weight gain equals

A

bigger baby

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14
Q

Line is steepest for underweight mom, this means

A

the weight they gain goes to the baby the most

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15
Q

Dutch Famine Birth Cohort

A

people exposed to famine at diff parts of pregnancy vs those not
Exposed early had most effects- defects, cancer, diabetes

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16
Q

Hyperplasia

A

cells dividing

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17
Q

Hypertrophy

A

cells growing in size

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18
Q

Brain keeps doing _____ (hyperplasia/hypertrophy) after birth

A

hyperplasia (Increase in DNA bc of cells dividing)

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19
Q

Pregnancy is detected by

A

gonadotropin hormone in blood

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20
Q

The medical world counts 2 weeks post conception as

A

4 weeks

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21
Q

Insults during embryogenesis (60 days after conception) may result in

A

permanent defects

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22
Q

Study: mental development of stunted babies, given social or milk supplement or both Results?

A

Social helped more, best was both and the babies almost caught up

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23
Q

Most congenital anomalies have an unknown cause the other 35% are caused by

A
  • genetics
  • twinning
  • environmental (alc)
  • genetics+environment
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24
Q

Iodine deficiency results in

A

hypothyroidism= profound mental and physical retardation in baby, most preventable cause

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25
Closure of neural tube happens at day
19-28
26
Anencephaly is characterized by
the brain not forming-- lethal
27
Spina bifida is characterized by
an open spine, results in varying degrees of paralysis
28
Most neural tube defects are caused by
folate deficiency
29
Obese women have greatest chance of NTDs Why?
we dont know, maybe genetic polymorphism that increases folate requirement
30
RDA for folate in preg
600 ug lactation:500
31
RDA vita A
preg: 770 Lactation:1300
32
High vita A intake has similar effects to the baby as
alcohol
33
baby and moms blood never directly mixes instead
things are transported by mechanisms
34
Placenta uses ___ % of glucose baby receives
30-40
35
Placenta uses ___ % of the CO
10
36
Glucose is received based on
conc gradient, simple and facilitated diffusion
37
How are vitas and mineral transported across placenta
ADEK-passive | Water soluble- active
38
hCG is responsible for
implantation
39
progesterone is responsible for
relaxation of GI muscles (heartburn, constipation), mediates fat disposition
40
Estradiol is responsible for
relaxes ligaments in pelvic area
41
hPL is responsible for
insulin resistance
42
Insulin resistance is
decreased ability of insulin to stimulate glucose uptake, results in increased glucose and insulin/glucose ratio
43
T/F: In preg women glucose and insulin shoot up way more than normal women
T
44
Accelerated starvation
baby takes up lots of glucose in the morning after fasting
45
Gestational diabetes is characterized by
body cant make extra 30% of insulin required bc they already have insulin resistance and high amounts
46
Total body water increases ___ and blood volume increases ____
7-10 Liters, 1.5 Liters
47
Edema occurs in
60-75%
48
Increased Na retention via
increased aldosterone
49
Hemodilution
Plasma vol increases 50% and RBC mass increases 25% which decreases Hb conc.
50
CO increases by
30-50%
51
Blood pressure decreases in
first half of preg, returns to normal 2nd half
52
Recommended weight gain
underweight: 28-40 lbs normal: 25-25 lbs overweight: 15-25 lbs Obese: 11-20 lbs Twins: 25-54 lbs
53
Rate of weight gain
3-5 lbs in 1st tri | gradual and consistent gains thereafter
54
How many more calories a day
300 kcal/day average (no change in 1st tri, +340 in 2nd tri, +452 in 3rd tri)
55
Protein requirement
+25g/day = 70-75g pro/day or 1.1 g pro/day (twins=+50 g)
56
Minimum amount of carbs
175 grams
57
Dietary fiber requirement
28 grams
58
Linolenic requirement
13g/day
59
alpha linolenic requirement
9.4 g/day
60
DHA and EPA
300mg/day
61
Total Iron need in preg and RDA
1000mg, 18-27mg/day
62
what is suppressed in the 2nd/3rd tris to make Fe more bioavailable
hepcidin
63
Diagnosis of anemia in preg
``` 1st and 3rd: Hb under 110 g/L 2nd tri: Hb under 105 g/L Serum Ferritin ug/L normal: >35 depleted: <20 deficiency: 12-15 ```
64
Why is there no increase in Calcium requirement
absorption increases, so RDA stays at 1000mg (under this may result in release of lead)
65
Vita D RDA
No increase for preg- 15 ug or 600 IU
66
Choline RDA
450 mg - eggs and meats (avg intake=270mg)
67
Pica
eating things not normally considered food
68
Nutrients of concern in teen pregnancy
Ca, Fe, Zn, folate, D
69
RDA for Ca in teen preg
1300 mg
70
Leading cause of maternal mortality
Hypertensive disorders
71
Systolic BP
when left ventricle contracts
72
Diastolic BP
when ventricles are filling
73
Normal BP
120/80
74
Hypertensive BP
>140 systolic or >90 diastolic
75
Gestational hypertension detected for first time
at 20 wks, no proteinurea
76
Preeclampsia
occurs after 20 wks in previously normotensive women (increased BP or HT and proteinuria (>.3g protein in 24hr in urine)
77
Eclampsia
seizures in women with preeclampsia
78
Preeclampsia superimposed on chronic
women w chronic who develop proteinuria
79
Preeclampsia etiology
abnormal implantation of placenta, decreased placenta blood flow biomarker Associated with immune dysregulation = increased maternal inflammatory state
80
Preg is pro-oxidative state, things that increase oxidative stress?
``` fe supplement >30 Increased fat intake Increased blood glucose Excess body fat Physical inactivity ```
81
Antioxidants
vita C and E, selenium, plant phytochem-anthocyanins, carotenoids
82
Normal blood glucose
60-100
83
Diabetes mellitus is characterized
increased blood glucose to defects in insulin secretion/action hyperglycemia and glucose intolerance
84
babies of mothers with diabetes are more at risk for _____ at birth
hypoglycemia bc BS drops and insulin increases but no glc source
85
Screening for undiagnosed type 2 diabetes
Hb (Alc): >6.5 % fasting glc: >126 mg/dL 2 hr: >200 after 75g oral random glucose: >200
86
Glycosylated hemoglobin
amount of glu bound to Hb reflects conc. glc in blood over 2-3 months Nondiabetic=4-6% Diabetes= HbAlc >6.5
87
Diagnosis of diabetes- all preg tested at 24-48 wks gestation
Made by any one value exceeded fasting: >92 1 hr: >180 2 hr: >152
88
2 hypothesis of enhanced fetal growth
Pederson hypothesis: mom ^ BS, baby ^ B S=fetal ^ insulin =growth Fuel mediated teratogenesis: ^glc, decreased insulin, placenta responds differently(make more fat and RBCs bc of high insulin)
89
Exercise benefits for GDM
aerobic decreases insulin resistance and blood glc - bike 45 min, 3x wk - Lift w arms 20 mins, 3x a wk - brisk walking 30 mins a day

Nutri Sci 431 (8 decks)

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