Exam 2

Question 1

The study of arbitrary vocal symbols we use to encode our experience of the world

Answer 1

Language

Question 2

The scientific study of language

Answer 2

Linguistics

Question 3

Those characteristics of language that, when take. Together, differentiate it from other known animal communication systems

Answer 3

Design feature

Question 4

A term coined by linguist Noam Chomsky to refer to the mastery of adult grammar

Answer 4

Linguistic competence

Question 5

A term coined by anthropological linguist Dell Hymes to refer to the mastery of adult rules for socially and culturally appropriate speech

Answer 5

Communicative competence

Question 6

A position, associated with Edward Sapir and Benjamin whorf, that assets that language has the power to shape the way people see the world

Answer 6

Linguistic relativity principle

Question 7

A set of rules that aim to describe fully the patterns of linguistic usage observed by members of a particular speech community

Answer 7

Grammar

Question 8

The study of the sound of language

Answer 8

Phonology

Question 9

In linguistics, the study of the minimal units of meaning in a language

Answer 9

Morphology

Question 10

The study of meaning

Answer 10

Semantics

Question 11

Study of language in the context of its use

Answer 11

Pragmatics

Question 12

Stretch of speech longer than a sentence untied by a common theme

Answer 12

Discourse

Question 13

Study of language use that relies on ethnography to illuminate the ways in which speech is both constituted by and constitutive of social interaction

Answer 13

Ethnopragmatics

Question 14

Language with no native speakers that develops a single generation between members of communities that possess distinct native languages

Answer 14

Pidgin

Question 15

A marker of struggles between social groups with different interests, revealed in what people say and how they say it

Answer 15

Language ideology

Question 16

Attempts by linguists and activists to preserve or revive languages with a few native speakers that appear to be on the verge of extinction

Answer 16

Language revitalization

Question 17

A framing that is 1. Consciously adopted by the players 2. Somehow pleasurable 3. Systematically related to what is no play by alluding to the no play world and by transforming the objects, roles, actions, relations of the ends and means characteristic of the nonplay world

Answer 17

Play

Question 18

Communication about the process of communication itself

Answer 18

Metacommunication

Question 19

A cognitive boundary that marks certain behaviors as “play” or “ordinary life”

Answer 19

Framing

Question 20

Critically thinking about the way one thinks; reflecting on ones own experience

Answer 20

Reflexivity

Question 21

A physical exercise activity that is aggressively competitive within constraints imposed by definition and rules. Sport is a component of culture that is ritually patterned and game like and consists of varying amounts of play, work, and leisure

Answer 21

Sport

Question 22

Play with form producing some aesthetically successful transformation representation

Answer 22

Art

Question 23

The process in which experience is transformed as it is represented symbolically in a different medium

Answer 23

Transformation-representation

Question 24

The patterns of production, distribution, and consumption that members of a society employ to ensure the satisfaction of the basic material survival needs of humans

Answer 24

Subsistence strategies

Question 25

Those who gather, fish, or hunt for food

Answer 25

Food collectors

Question 26

Those who depend on domesticated plants or animals for food

Answer 26

Food producers

Question 27

A form of cultivation based on the technique of clearing uncultivated land, burning the brush, and planting the crops in the ash-enriched soil, which required moving farm plots every few years as the soil becomes exhausted

Answer 27

Extensive agriculture

Question 28

A form of cultivation that employs plows, draft animals, irrigation, fertilizer, and such to being much land under cultivation at one time, to use it year after year, and to produce sufficient crop surpluses

Answer 28

Intensive agriculture

Question 29

Large scale farming and animal husbandry that is highly dependent on industrial methods of technology and production

Answer 29

Mechanized industrial agriculture

Question 30

The part of discipline that debates issues of human nature that relate directly to the decisions of daily life and making a living

Answer 30

Economic anthropology

Question 31

Stable and enduring cultural practices that organize social life

Answer 31

Institutions

Question 32

The transformation of natures raw materials into a form suitable for human use

Answer 32

Production

Question 33

The allocation of goods and services

Answer 33

Distribution

Question 34

The using up of material goods necessary for human survival

Answer 34

Consumption

Question 35

A formal attempt to explain the workings of capitalist enterprise, with particular attention to distribution

Answer 35

Neoclassical economics

Question 36

Patterns according to which distribution takes place: reciprocity, redistribution, and market exchange

Answer 36

Modes of exchange

Question 37

The exchange of goods and services of equal value. There are three forms: generalized, balanced, and negative

Answer 37

Reciprocity

Question 38

Mode of exchange that requires some form of centralized social organization to receive economic contribution from all members of the group and to redistribute them in such way that every group member is provided for

Answer 38

Redistribution.

Question 39

The exchange of goods (trade) calculated in terms of a multipurpose medium of exchange and standard of value (money) and carried on by means of supply-demand-price mechanism (the market)

Answer 39

Market exchange

Question 40

The activity linking human social groups to the material world around them, from the point view of Karl Marx, labor is therefore always social labor

Answer 40

Labor

Question 41

A specific, historically occurring set of social relations which labor is deployed to wrest energy from nature by means of tools, skills, organization, and knowledge

Answer 41

Mode of production.

Question 42

The tools, skills, organization, and knowledge used to extract energy from nature

Answer 42

Means of production.

Question 43

The social relations linking the people who use the given means of production with tin a particular mode of production

Answer 43

Relations of production

Question 44

A worldview that justifies the social arrangements under which people live

Answer 44

Ideology

Question 45

The study of the ways in which living species relate to one another and to their natural environments

Answer 45

Ecology

Question 46

The particular mix of plant and animal species occupying any region of the earth

Answer 46

Ecozone

Question 47

The condition of having more than enough of whatever is required to satisfy consumption needs

Answer 47

Affluence