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Human Development > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

apgar

A

quickly assess condition of the newborn

1 min and 5 min after birth

heart rate, respiratory effort, reflex irritability, muscle tone, color

0 - 10 7 < is good

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2
Q

kangaroo care

A

in countries where poor postnatal care

keep baby close to mother or father on chest

keep baby warm

gentle stimulation

improved survival rate

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3
Q

Infant and neonatal mortality

A

infant mortality - death within the first year

neonatal mortality - death within the first month

  • unexpectedly high in the US due to poor maternal and paternal leave policies
  • major causes of neonatal death are physical birth defects (consistant across SES and nationality) and low birthweight (higher in african american and native americans)
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4
Q

Toxemia

A
  • preeclampsia
  • high blood pressure
  • swelling in the mother
  • bed rest and low blood pressure medication
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5
Q

Rh factor incompatibility

A

mother Rh negative

baby Rh positive

fetus blood crosses to mother and mother makes antibodies

In future pregnancy the antibodies could enter Rh positive fetus

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6
Q

teratogens

A

environmental agent that causes damage during the prenatal period

-dependent on dose, heredity, other negative influences, age

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7
Q

thalidomide

A

in canada and europe

used to treat morning sickness

lead to deformities and lack of limbs

diehtyl stilbestrol - mothers took to prevent miscarriages. children were less fertile and had reproductive cancers

-currently most common teratogen is accutane (acne)

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8
Q

Cocaine during pregnancy

A

-limits blood flow and oxygen for 15 min

Can effect neurons and chemicals in the brain

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9
Q

Smoking during pregnancy

A

low birth weight

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10
Q

Alcohol during pregnancy

A
  • fetal alcohol spectrum disorder

– fetal alcohol syndrome - effect physical appearance and functionality

–partial fetal alcoholl syndrome - fewer abnormalities

–alcohol related neurodevelopment disorder - only mental effects

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11
Q

folic acid

A

-folic acid supplements reduce neural tube deformaties by 70%

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12
Q

Growth spurts

A
  • 50% greater height at one year than at birth
  • 75% greater height at two years than at birth
  • 5 months weight double
  • 1 year weight triple to 22lbs
  • 2 years quadruple to 30lbs
  • grow in spurts, may be very irratble the day before large growth. Not continuous
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13
Q

Growth trends

A
  • fat and less muscle development
  • asians slow, african americans fast
  • skeletal age is used to determine physical maturity
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14
Q

cephalocaudal trend

A

head develops more rapidly than the rest of the body

largest proportion at birth

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15
Q

proximodistal trend

A

near to far

infancy and childhood - arms and legs grow ahead of the feet and hands

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16
Q

neural prunning

A

neurons not used are returned to the uncommitted state and future development can occur

40% of synapses are pruned

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17
Q

lobes

A

prefrontal cortex - develops to make synaptic connections

lateralization - left and right brain

–left - processing information, analytical

–right - emotion, holistic, integrated

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18
Q

brain plasticity

A
  • high capacity for learning when synapses are not committed
  • other parts can take over the task
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19
Q

experience - expectant brain growth

A

young brains rapid developing organization, which depends on ordinary experiences, opportunites to explore the environment, interact with people, and hear language and other sounds

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20
Q

experience - dependent brain growth

A

occurs throughout our lives. consists of additional growth and refinement of established brain structures as a result of specific learning experiences that vary widely across individuals and cultures

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21
Q

Marasmus and Kwashiorkor

A

malnutrition diseases

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22
Q

language acquisition device

A

innate system contains universal grammar or rules that enables childrent to pick up on language they hear and speak as soon as they pick up the words

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23
Q

Attachment

A

strong affectionate tie we have with special people in our lives that leads us to feel pleasure when we interact with them and to be comforted by their nearness in times of stress

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24
Q

ethologiacl theory of attachment

A

infants emotional tie to the caregiver as an evolved response that promotes survival, is the most widely accepted view

  • preattachment phase - birth to 6 wks
  • attachment in the making phase - 6wks to 8 months
  • clear cut attachment phase - 8 months to 2yrs
  • formation of a reciprocal relationship - 2yrs +
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25
Internal working model
set of expectations allow child to understand attachment figures schedule -serves as guide for future relationships
26
strange situation
8 episodes of events that tested attachment baby in a room with caregiver. introduce new adult
27
secure attachment
infants use the parent as a secure base. when seperated may or may not cry when parent returns, actively seek contact and crying is reduced -highest prevalence in America
28
avoidant attachment
infants seem unresponsive to the parent when she is present. when she leaves, they usually are not distressed they react to strangers much the same way as a parent
29
resistant attachment
before seperation, infants seek closeness to parents. fail to explore. distressed when parent leaves. upon return they cling. may continue to cry or be aggressive
30
disorganized attachment
greatest insecurity at reunion, show confused and contradictory behaviors. dazed facial expressions few cry out unexpectedly after calming down
31
nonorganic failure to thrive
child under 2 has poor/low growth but no physical reason why
32
Primary sexual characteristics
reproductive organs
33
secondary sexual characteristics
breasts, underarm and pubic hair
34
boys vs girls
boys mature later early maturing boys are more confident than later maturing boys early maturing girls - self conscious, prone to depression Both drink, drugs, sex more if early maturing Late maturing girls are more accepted
35
anabolic steroids
2% of seniors. mostly boys
36
functional age
actual competence and performance. NOT chronological age
37
ADL
activies of daily living basic self care tasks required to live alone. bathing, getting dressed, eating
38
IADL
Instrumental activities of daily living shopping, cooking, housekeeping, paying bills
39
assistive technology
devices that permit people with disabilities to improve their functionality
40
compression of morbidity
desire to decrease the morbidity before death - shorter end of life care - shorter ill health and suffering
41
life expectancy crossover
around age 87, surviving members of the low SES ethnic minority groups live longer than the white majority. -members of these groups only the biologically sturdiest survive that long
42
Over 85 mens vs woman
once 85, the life expectancy for males and females is about 1 year difference at age 100 life expectancy is the same
43
Competency and Performance
performance - the actual act competency - the psychological expectation and perception of an act
44
Secular Trend
Puberty is occuring earlier
45
Alzeimer
most common form of dementia. structural and chemical change in the brain. loss of thoughts and behavior
46
Dementia
set of diorders occuring almost entirely in old age. Aspects of thought and behavior are so impaired that everyday activities are disrupted
47
amyloif plaques
dense deposits of deteriorated protein (amyloid) surrounded by clumps of dead nerve and glial cells
48
Neurofibrillary Tangles
inside the neuron, bundles of twisted threads that are the product of collapsed neural structures -contain abnormal forms of tau (a protein)
49
frailty
weakened functioning of diverse organs and body systems, yielding symptoms that interfere with everyday competence -vulnerable to infection, hot and cold weather, injury
50
primary aging vs secondary aging
- primary - biological aging, genetically influenced. take place even in good health - secondary - due to hereditary defects and negative environmental effects (diet, exercise, drugs, stress)
51
Arthritis
osteoarthritis - most common, deteriorating cartilage at ends of bones rheumatoid - whole body, autoimmune response, causes inflammation
52
Type 2 diabetes
- not enough insulin, or body is insulin resistant - causes host of other problems
53
Eye problems, elderly
-cataracts - cloudy areas in the lens resulting in foggy vision macular degeneration - central vision blurs and gradually lost. light sensitive cells break down
54
sleep apnea
breathing ceases for 10 seconds or longer, results in many brief awakenings
55
prepared childbirth
natural techniques aimed at reducing pain and medical intervention and making childbirth rewarding - classes - relaxation and breathing labor coach
56
isolette
enclosed preterm baby bed
57
Infant reflexes
* eye blink * rooting * sucking * moro * plamar grasp * tonic neck * stepping * babinski
58
states of arousal
* regular - full rest, little activity * REM - irregular - gentle limb movement, breathing irregular * much greater amount of time than adults * drowsiness - falling asleep or waking up * quiet alertness - inactive, eyes open and attentive * waking activity - frequent uncontrolled body movement. irregular breathing
59
visual acuity
* fineness of discrimination * limited at birth
60
intermodal perception
make sense of light, sound, tactile, odor, and tast infomrtaion perceiving them as intergrated wholes
61
contrast sensitivity
-early pattern preferences =difference in amount of light between adjacent regions in a pattern
62
dynamic systems theory
-mastery of motor skills involves acquiring increasingly complex systems of action
63
stages of grasping
prereaching ulnar grasp transfer hand to hand pincer grasp
64
interactional synchrony
- seperate secure from insecure babies - caregiver responds to infant signals in a wel timed, rhythmic fashion

Human Development (3 decks)

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