Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

GM Nutrition > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

How were vitamins first discovered

A

While searching for cures for common diseases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What vitamin micronutrients are measured in micrograms

A

RDA’s measured in mcg: vit. A, B12, D, K, folate and biotin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the functions of vitamins

A

Membrane stabilizer, hormones, coenzymes, H+and e- donor/acceptors (antioxidants)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are identifiers of vitamin clinical deficiency

A

Pellagra, burning feet syndrome, keshan’s disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is subclinical deficiency (insufficiency) associated with

A

Increased risk of chronic diseases such as HTN, CA, and atherosclerosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Which vitamin metabolism is associated with being absorbed as part of micelles

A

Fat soluble vitamins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Which vitamin metabolism is associated with being transported in the portal vein

A

Water soluble

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Which vitamin metabolism absorption is enhanced with fat intake

A

Fat soluble

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How are fat soluble vitamins transported

A

In lipoproteins in lymphatic system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Why are water soluble vitamins less likely to be toxic

A

Most are not stored in appreciable quantities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Why is fat soluble vitamins more likely to be toxic

A

Its stored in liver/adipose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What do water soluble vitamins rely on to meet requirements

A

Daily intake

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are fat soluble vitamins

A

ADEK

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Which vitamin A retinoid is associated with reproduction and growth

A

Retinol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Which vitamin A retinoid is associated with vision

A

Retinal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Which vitamin A retinoid is associated with cell differentiation

A

Retinoic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Which type of vitamin A is preformed plant or animal

A

Animal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Where is preformed (active) vitamin A found

A

Animal products

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is a retinol ester

A

Retinol with fatty acid attachment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is one type of retinal ester and also a storage form of Vitamin A

A

Reinyl Palmitate (vit A palmitate)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are proformed vitamin A

A

Plant products (orange, yellow, red colors)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are precursors to vitamin A

A

Carotenoids (antioxidants)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Which type of vitamin A is used only when we don’t get enough preformed in the diet

A

Proformed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How many carotenoids are known and how many can be converted to retinol

A

> 600 known carotenoids; <10% can be converted to retinol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are the structures of carotenoids

A

B-carotene and lycopene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Where is vitamin a highly concentrated

A

In the rods of the retina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is important for vision in dim light

A

Rhodopsin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

How do you get rhodopsin

A

Retinol converts to retinal and added with opsin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What will a decrease in vitamin a produce in regards to rhodopsin

A

Decrease in rhodopsin = night blindness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

A decrease in vitamin A does what to keratin producing cells

A

Keratin producing cells replace mucus secreting cells in respiratory, GI, and urinary tracts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What causes hyperkeratinization

A

Vitamin a deficiency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What do keratinocytes along with vitamin A (retinoic acid) become

A

Mature epidermal cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What are 2 carotinoid funx

A

Antioxidant and cell growth/differentiation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What do carotenoid antioxidants do

A

Quench reactive oxygen species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What carotenoid antioxidants are concentrated in the macula and what is their funx

A

Lutein and xeaxanthin that prevent UV induced eye damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What do carotenoids have to do with cell growth/differentiation

A

Specific carotenoids may inhibit growth and proliferation of several cancer lines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Supplemental carotenoids can cause what

A

Increased risk of several cancers due to cell growth and differentiation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What do carotenoids consist of

A

Carotenes (no oxygen) and xanthophylls (contain oxygen; ex lutein)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What is vitamin A RDA measured as

A

Retinol activity equivalents (RAE)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What is the RAE for men

A

900

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What is the RAE for women

A

700

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What stores 70% of the body’s vitamin A

A

The liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What can toxicity of vit A affect

A

Can cause liver damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What is the primary cause of vitamin a deficiency

A

Inadequate intake

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What is the secondary cause of vit a deficiency

A

Fatty malabsorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What is the leading cause of preventable blindness in children

A

Vit a deficiency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What are two common vit a deficiency symptoms besides vision problems

A

Depressed immune system, skin problems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What does vit a deficiency cause in the immune system

A

Depressed system, more infx with higher mortality rates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What type of skin problems come from vit a deficiency

A

Follicular hyperkeratosis caused by plugs of keratin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What causes hypervitaminosis A

A

Due to preformed only (not carotenoids)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What happens when someone takes in excessive vitamin A during pregnancy

A

It becomes teratogenic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What is the TUL for carotenoids

A

No TUL set, considered low toxicity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Chronic carotenoid consumption can lead to what

A

Yellow/orange skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Supplements of carotenoids promote what

A

Oxidative damage, cell division and destruction of other forms of vitamin A

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

What are good sources of vit a preformed

A

Liver, fish, fortified dairy, eggs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

What are good sources of proformed vit a

A

Carrots, dark green leafy veggies, sweet potatoes, tomatoes, cantaloupe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

When does vit a become unstable

A

When exposed to heat and oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

What does vitamin a absorption require in order to be absorbed

A

Emulsification by bile salts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

What is the bioavailability of preformed vitamin a

A

75-100%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

What is the bioavailability of proformed carotenoids

A

3-90%(cooking increases)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

What type of absorption takes place with vitamin A

A

Absorbed via passive diffusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

Where is vitamin a absorbed

A

Duodenum and jejunum as part of micelles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

What is retinol bound by during vitamin A absorption

A

Cellular retinol binding protein (CRBP)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

Retinol is reesterified to a ____ in _____ by ____

A

RE (retinol ester), enterocyte, lecithin and retinol acyl transferase (LRAT)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

How much of RE is absorbed

A

80%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

RE are incorporated into what and transported in what

A

Incorporated into chylomicrons and transported in the lymphatic system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

What handles and stores vit A

A

Liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

What circulates in the blood bound to thyroxine T4

A

RBP-retinol-TTR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

How much cellular vit a is stored in the liver

A

50-80%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

What is the retinol ester (storage) for vit a

A

CRBP retinol by LRAT, retinol by ARAT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

What is the animal form of vitamin D

A

Cholecalciferol (vit D3)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

Where is cholecalciferol made from

A

Made from cholesterol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

What is the plant form of vitamin D

A

Ergocalciferol (vitamin D2)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

What is the half life of cholecalciferol

A

82 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

What is the half life of ergocalciferol

A

33 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

Is vitamin D a vitamin

A

Technically a prohormone, rather than a vitamin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

What are problems of vitamin D insufficiency

A

Soft/spongy bones, rickets, osteomalacia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

How does hypovitaminosis D present itself in children

A

Rickets = bowed legs, bilateral knee pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

What does hypovitaminosis D look like in adults

A

Osteomalacia = muscle weakness, bone pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

Hypovitaminosis D can present itself in osteoporosis, osteomalacia, rickets what can happen as a result

A

Stress fractures, low back pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

What is the best biomarker for vitamin D assessment

A

25- hydroxyvitamin D (calcidol)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

What is vitamin d deficiency considered

A

<20 ng/mL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

How many americans are vitamin D deficient

A

50% of americans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

When does vitamin D toxicity happen

A

Arise with daily doses of 10,000 IU or more for more than 6 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
85
Q

What happens when someone has vitamin D toxicity

A

Calcification of soft tissues. Hypercalcemia, hyperphosphatemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
86
Q

Where does vitamin D regulation take place

A

Found in high concentration in the kidneys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
87
Q

Vitamin D regulation limits the amount of what

A

Active calcitriol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
88
Q

What gene mutation can lead to hypercalcemia

A

Gene coding from 24-hydroxylase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
89
Q

Whee is 24-hydroxylase found

A

In all cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
90
Q

What conditions where vitamin D supplementation should be cautioned

A

Hyperparathyroidsim, granulomatous disorders (sarcoidosis, TB), some lymphomas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
91
Q

Where do most vitamin D sources come from

A

Fish, fortified dairy, egg yolk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
92
Q

What are poor sources of vit d

A

Breast milk, unfortified dairy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
93
Q

When is vitamin d stable

A

Heat, age, storage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
94
Q

How was vit E originally discovered

A

Discovered it was necessary for animal reproduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
95
Q

Vit E donates H to what to protect what in membrane

A

Donates H to free radicals to protect PUFA in membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
96
Q

Dietary intakes of vitamin E has been shown to decrease risk of what

A

Heart disease, cancer, age related macular degeneration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
97
Q

What is the ratio of vitamin E to unsaturated FA in cell membrane

A

9:1000-2000

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
98
Q

What is important for vitamin E functions

A

Regeneration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
99
Q

What is vit E main funx

A

Antioxidants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
100
Q

What does hypovitaminosis E produce

A

Tocopherols producing symptoms like hemolytic anemia (infants), neuropathy, retinopathy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
101
Q

Why does vitamin E deficiency produce neuropathy

A

Due to disturbance in myelin production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
102
Q

Is hypovitaminosis E rare

A

Yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
103
Q

Who is most at risk for hypovitaminosis E

A

Patients with fat malabsorption, and premature infants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
104
Q

What do vitamin E supplements inhibit

A

Vitamin K activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
105
Q

Vitamin E inhibiting vitamin K activity produces what

A

Increase bleeding and iimpaired bone mineralization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
106
Q

What is the overall best source of vitamin E

A

Plant oils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
107
Q

What is only present in natural vitamin E

A

Only biologically active isomers

108
Q

What is synthetic vitamin e composed as

A

FA attached, racemic mixture of isomers

109
Q

What is natural vitamin e a mixture of

A

Tocopherols and tocotrienols

110
Q

What are vitamin E supplements made of

A

Alphatocopherols only

111
Q

Vitamin E supplements do not have what benefits of naturals

A

Do not prevent cancer, heart disease, all cause mortality

112
Q

When is vitamin E instable

A

With heat and basic pH

113
Q

What age should one consume B12 fortified foods/supplements

A

Anyone over 50

114
Q

What is the primary cause of vitamin B12 deficiency

A

Poor absorption

115
Q

What does vitamin B12 need for absorption

A

Requires intrinsic factor

116
Q

Where is intrinsic factor secreted

A

From parietal cells of stomach

117
Q

What is vitamin B12 bound to in food

A

R proteins

118
Q

Where are R proteins secreted

A

Saliva and stomach

119
Q

What removes R protein in B12 digestion

A

Proteases in SI

120
Q

Where does intrinsic factor bind B12

A

In ileum

121
Q

How does intrinsic factor complex and absorb B 12

A

Receptor mediated endocytosis

122
Q

Where is vitamin B12 released by intrinsic factor

A

In the enterocyte

123
Q

What condition decreases vitamin B12 digestion/absorption due to too much HCL

A

Zollinger ellison syndrome

124
Q

What medication cause decreases vitamin B12 digestion/absorption

A

Histamin blockers glucophage and protein pump inhibitors

125
Q

What condition decreases vitamin B12 digestion/absorption that deals with not enough proteases to release B12 from R proteins

A

Pancreatic insufficiency

126
Q

What malabsorption syndromes decrease vitamin B12 digestion/absorption

A

Celiac’s, crohn’s, IBS, cystic fibrosis

127
Q

What causes vitamin B12 deficiency megaloblastic macrocytic anemia

A

Due to decreased DNA synthesis

128
Q

What are symptoms of vitamin b12 deficiency megaloblastic macrocytic anemia

A

Fatique, ha, difficulty concentrating, shortness of breath, peripheral neuropathy

129
Q

What type of megaloblastic anemia is an autoimmune condition where antibodies attack gastric parietal and mucosal cells

A

Pernicious anemia

130
Q

What causes decrease in HCL secreation, impaired IF secreation, and needs treating with B12 injections

A

Pernicious anemia

131
Q

How long can it be till vegans may not develp b12 deficiency

A

5-10 years

132
Q

What do vegans do to combat vitamin b12 deficiency

A

15% deficient take by IM injection or nasal spray

133
Q

Is there a toxicity issue with vitamin b12

A

No

134
Q

Is there a TUL set for b12

A

No

135
Q

What are vitamin b 12 sources

A

Bound to protein in food, shellfish, meat, poultry, fish, dairy, fortified cereal

136
Q

What is a vitamin b12 supplement name

A

Cyanocobalamin

137
Q

What causes b12 instability

A

Water during cooking

138
Q

What are pantothenic acid (B5) a part of

A

Coenzyme A and acyl carrier protein

139
Q

What is a funx of coA pantothenic acid

A

Metabolism of macros and synthesis of FA, cholesterol, heme

140
Q

What carrier protein contains pantothenic acid

A

Fatty acid synthase acyl carrier protein

141
Q

When can pantothenic acid sources become unstable

A

May be lost while thawing frozen meats, otherwise stable

142
Q

What syndrome indicates pantothenic acid deficiency

A

Burning feet syndrome

143
Q

What are symptoms of burning feet syndrome

A

Numb toes, burning feet, depression, fatigue, insomnia, weakness

144
Q

What are two biotin functions

A

Coenzyme and non coenzyme roles

145
Q

Which biotin function is bound to several carbodylases

A

Coenzyme biotin

146
Q

What biotin function deals with FA synthesis, gluconeogenesis, metabolism of propionate and leucine

A

Coenzyme biotin funcion

147
Q

What biotin functions as transcription of several enzymes/genes

A

Noncoenzyme roles

148
Q

When is biotin extracted

A

Easily in water

149
Q

What is a biotin chelator in raw egg whites that will bind and prevent absorption

A

Avidin

150
Q

Biotin defieciency can occur if a person consumes excessive amounts of what

A

Raw egg whites

151
Q

What is the rare genetic condition of inborn error of metabolism of biotin

A

Biotinidase deficiency

152
Q

What condition expresses in dermatitis, anorexia, depression, alopecia, muscle pain, lethargy, hallucinations

A

Biotin deficiency

153
Q

What makes up 50% of all of the phospholipids in the human body

A

Lecithin (phosphatidylcholine)

154
Q

What choline function deals with cell membrane integrity and lipid transport

A

Lecithin

155
Q

What choline funx is a part of acetylcholine

A

Cholines

156
Q

What are good sources of choline

A

Soy, eggs, liver, meats

157
Q

What is choline easily extracted in

A

Water

158
Q

How does choline deficiency present

A

Fatty liver disease, cancer, CVD, neural tube defect, dementia

159
Q

Choline toxicity is presented by

A

Low bp, fishy body odor, excessive sweat/saliva, decreased growth

160
Q

What are 4 phytochemical funx

A

Antioxidants, hormonal activity, DNA replication, antibacterial

161
Q

Diets high in what are protective against CVD, cancer, and other chronic diseases

A

Phytochemicals

162
Q

What is a life cycle nutritional need of pregnancy and lactation

A

Folate

163
Q

What is a life cycle nutritional need of infants, children, adolescents

A

Vitamin D

164
Q

What is a life cycle nutritional need of older adults

A

B12, vitamin D

165
Q

What lifestyle habit makes one need more vitamin C

A

Smoking

166
Q

What lifestyle habit makes one need more vitamin b 12 supplements

A

Vegans

167
Q

What lifestyle habit makes one need more supplements

A

Restrictive diets

168
Q

What lifestyle habit makes a person need more thiamin, folate, B6

A

Chronic alcohol intake

169
Q

What vitamin is named for dutch word koagulation

A

Vitamin K

170
Q

What is the majority of vitamin K and is found in green plants

A

Phylloquinone (K1)

171
Q

What vitamin K is made by bacteria

A

Menaquinone (K2)

172
Q

What is vitmain K main function as

A

Coenzyme

173
Q

What is vitamin K funx

A

Coenzyme that adds carboxylic acid to glutamate residues in proteins to make carboxylglutate

174
Q

What are the carbodylglutamates from vitamin K used for

A

Calcium binding sites

175
Q

Where are carboxylglutamates from vitamin K found

A

Found on clotting factors (7, 9 ,10), prothrombin and osteocalcin (secreted by osteoblasts)

176
Q

What is carbodylglutamate required for

A

Clotting and bone formation

177
Q

How does vitamin K funx in bone formation

A

Osteocalcin synthesis is stimulate by vit D and carboxylated by vit K to facilitate calcium binding

178
Q

Most of our requirements for vitamin K is met through synthesis where

A

In the gut

179
Q

Who is most at risk for vit K deficiency

A

Newborns, patients with fat malabsorption disorders, patients chronically treated with antibiotics

180
Q

What are the symptoms of vitamin K deficiency

A

Increased bleeding, poor bone growth

181
Q

What are 3 functions that vitamin C is required for

A

Connective tissue, coenzyme, antioxidants

182
Q

Why is vitamin C required for connective tissue

A

For collagen synthesis and necessary for hydroxylation of proline/lysine

183
Q

Who needs the most vitamin C

A

Smokers

184
Q

What are the 4 H’s of scurvy

A

Hemorhaggic signs, hyperkeratosis of hair follicles, hypochondriasis, hematologic

185
Q

Who would we most likely find scurvy in now days

A

Poor diet of alcoholics or drug abusers

186
Q

What are some physiological anomalies caused by scurvy

A

Corkscrew hairs and bleeding gums

187
Q

Why would unabsorbed vitamin C cause diarrhea

A

From LI fermentation

188
Q

What would high does of vitamin C cause in the kidneys

A

Kidney stones

189
Q

Why would vitamin C toxicity cause iron toxicity

A

Impaired iron metabolism b/c vit c helps with non heme iron absorption

190
Q

What makes vit c unstable

A

Oxygen, heat, basic pH

191
Q

What cooking affects impact vitamin c

A

Easily extracted water, veggies kept in fridge, frozen contain more than fresh

192
Q

Why is vitamin c one of the most unstable vitamins

A

Due to oxidation

193
Q

Which energy production of thiamin is used by dehydrogenases

A

Energy production pyruvat e to acetyl coA

194
Q

What coenzyme thiaminn funx uses NADPH and pentos synthesis

A

Part of transketolase

195
Q

What is the noncoenzyme funx of thiamin (TTP)

A

Regulates sodium channels and chloride transport in nerve transduction in the nervous system

196
Q

What are the major targets of thiamin deficiency

A

Peripheral nerves, heart, brain

197
Q

What is chronic thiamin deficiency

A

Beriberi common where diet is polished rice

198
Q

Which beriberi is categorized by low thiamin + high carb intake creating muscle weakness, cacexia, periph neuropathy, tender calf muscles

A

Dry beriberi

199
Q

What type of beriberi creates an enlarged heart, rapid heart beat, peripheral edema, and high BP

A

Wet beriberi

200
Q

What beriberi is a chronic infant deficiency, breastfed mothers with low thiamin intake, anorexia, nausea, vomit, lactic acidosis

A

Acute beriberit

201
Q

What is the name for chronic thiamin deficiency in alcoholics

A

Wernicke korsakoff syndrome

202
Q

What is the most common nutritional deficiency in alcoholics

A

Thiamin

203
Q

When do issues arise such as HA, convulsions, cardiac arrythmia, shock for thiamin

A

100x RDA given by IV

204
Q

What contains thiaminases and what does it do

A

In raw fish/shellfish, thiamin destroyed by sulfits

205
Q

How does thiamin become unstable

A

Neutral/basic pH, water during cooking

206
Q

What are coenzymes from riboflavin

A

FAD and FMN

207
Q

FAD and FMN are coenzymes for what

A

Dehydrogenase

208
Q

What does riboflaviin have to do with retinal

A

FAD/FMN convert retinal to retinoic acid

209
Q

The flavin ring in FAD/FMN is important for what rxn

A

Redox

210
Q

Initially what are symptoms of riboflavin deficiency

A

Photophobia, burning/itching of eyes, soreness of mouth

211
Q

Severe riboflavin deficiency inhibits what

A

Vitamin B6 and NAD synthesis (also vit B deficiency signs)

212
Q

What riboflavin deficiency symptom causes cheilosis and is also found with other B vitamin deficiencies

A

Ariboflavinosis

213
Q

What are other symptoms of ariboflavinosis

A

Cheilosis, angular stomatitis, glossitis/magenta tongue,photophobia/ corneal vascularization, anemia, peripheral neuropathy, seborheic dermatitis

214
Q

What dose of riboflavin is useful for treating migraines

A

400 mg

215
Q

What causes riboflavin instability

A

Light, water during cooking (milk cooked with water)

216
Q

What does niacin mainly funx as

A

Coenzyme

217
Q

What are niacins funx in redox rxn

A

H acceptors

218
Q

What is NAD used in as a coenzyme from niacin

A

Glycolysis, krebs, b oxidation, ethanol metab

219
Q

What is NADPH used in as a coenzyme from niacin

A

Used in FA synthesis, cholesterol synthesis, folate synthesis

220
Q

Where does most of our niacin requirement come from

A

Tryptophan

221
Q

How does tryptophan become NAD

A

In the liver

222
Q

Who discovered the condition pellagra from niacin deficiencys

A

Dr joseph goldberger

223
Q

Whatt are the 3(4) D’s of pellagra

A

Dermatitis, dementia, diarrhea, death

224
Q

What causes pellagra

A

Niacin or tryptophan deficiency

225
Q

Where is pellagra common

A

Where corn is the staple

226
Q

What deficiencies are found together

A

Pellagara(niacin) and ariboflavinosis (riboflavin)

227
Q

Gram doses of nicotinic acid have been used for what

A

Lower triglycerides/LDL and raise HDL

228
Q

What are side affects of nicotinic acid

A

Flushing (histomine) heartburn, liver damage, gout, impaired blood glucose

229
Q

What causes niacin instability,

A

Basic pH and water during cooking

230
Q

What does vitamin B 6 function as

A

Coenzyme PLP

231
Q

What is vitamin B6 coenzyme required for

A

Amino acid metabolism

232
Q

Vitamin b6 coenzyme is needed for synthesis of what

A

Heme, sphingolipids in myelin sheath, steroids, niacin

233
Q

Needs of vitamin b6 will depend on what

A

Protein intake, more protein = more b6 required

234
Q

What are the main problems from vit b6 deficiency

A

Rare but peripheral neuropathy hypochromic microcytic anemia

235
Q

Vitamin b 6 is the only one with deficiency and toxicity that causes what

A

The nervous system

236
Q

There is a higher bioavalability of vit b6 in what

A

From animal rather than plant

237
Q

What causes vit b 6 instabiity

A

Basic pH, light, water during cookiing

238
Q

Why is the most stable form of folic acid special

A

Does not require digestion it is 100% absorbed

239
Q

What is folate also called

A

B9

240
Q

What is the oxidized form of folate in supplements

A

Folic acid

241
Q

Folate contains what which are removed by conjugase in brush border

A

Glutamic acid residues

242
Q

What are some conjugase inhibitors

A

Legume, orange, cabbage, chronic alcohol consumption

243
Q

When is folate important in embryogenesis

A

Donor and acceptor in 1 carbon metabolism

244
Q

When else is coenzyme folate funnx in

A

DNA synthsis/repair, formation of RBC/WBC, AA metabolism

245
Q

Without b12 THF cannot be regenerated and folate is trapped as

A

5-methyl THF (called methyl folate trap)

246
Q

What is folate important for

A

Preventing neural tube defects

247
Q

What can occur with folate deficiency

A

Megaloblastic macrocytic anemia - large RBC due to inadequate DNA synthesis

248
Q

Who is most likely to experiency polymorphism in MTHFR gene

A

Mexicans

249
Q

High supplemental doses of folate can mask what

A

B12 deficiency, bind with zinc in GI causing zinc deficiency

250
Q

What is instability in folate caused by

A

Heat and water during cooking

251
Q

What vitamin comes in several forms that our body can convert into the active coenzyme

A

Vit b 12

252
Q

Vitamin b 12 main function

A

Myelination, folate pathway, homocysteine remove, heme synthesis

253
Q

How does vitamin b 12 function as a coenzyme

A

Threonin/isoleucine metabolism. Or metabolism of odd chain FA

254
Q

What life cycle needs pregnancy and lactation

A

Folate

255
Q

What life cycle needs vitamin D

A

Infants children and adolescents

256
Q

What life cycle needs b12 and vitamin d

A

Older adults

257
Q

What are megadoses

A

More than 10 times the RDA of a micronutrient

258
Q

How do high doses of supplements act

A

More like drugs (liver damage, pregnancy prob)

259
Q

Large doses of supplements can cause what

A

Deficiency in other micronutrients (absorption/increased excretion)

260
Q

What is a deficiency that can also occur whenn a person suddenly stops overdosing

A

Rebound effect

261
Q

What is another name for ascorbic acid

A

Vitamin C

262
Q

What are the fat soluble vitamins

A

ADEK

263
Q

What is vitamin K instability caused by

A

Light, irradiation

264
Q

What is toxic, causes jaundice in infants and was banned in the 1960’s

A

Synthetic menadione (vit K)

265
Q

In babies which is more likely to experience atresia from vitamin K deficiency oral or IM groups

A

Oral

GM Nutrition (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions