exam 2 Flashcards
1
Q
What are the five major function of the skeletal system?
A
Support- structural support and framework for attachment of soft tissues and organs.
Storage- maintains normal concentrations of calcium and phosphorus ion, stores energy reserves in the form of lipid in yellow marrow
Blood cell production- (hematopoiesis) red, white, and other blood cells elements produce within red marrow.
Protection- protect soft tissues and organs.
Movement- skeletal muscles attached to bones by tendons, use as a levers to move.
2
Q
Calcium (calcium phosphate)
A
- most abundant mineral in the body.
- accounts for almost 2/3 of the wight of bone
3
Q
four general shapes of bones
A
- Long bones, longer than wide (femur)
- Short bones, cube shape, contain mostly spongy bone. (carpal)
- Flat bones, thin, flattened usually cured. (parietal, mandible, clavicles)
- Irregular bones, complex do not fit into any other category(vertebra)
4
Q
Sesamoid bones
A
-short bone forms within tendons. Patella
5
Q
Diaphysis
A
- central shaft of the long bone.
- surrounds central marrow cavity also know as yellow marrow cavity or medullary cavity.
- serves primarily as storage area for adipose tissue
6
Q
epiphyses
A
- expanded portions at each end of the long bone.
- covered by articular cartilage (hyaline), and articulates with adjacent bones
7
Q
Cancellous bone
A
- SPONGY bone, resembles a network of bony rods, struts separated by space.
- fills epiphyses
8
Q
Trabecular bone
A
- SPONGY bone, resembles a network of bony rods, struts separated by space.
- fills epiphyses
9
Q
Compact bone
A
- compact bone (dense bone)
- forms diaphysis
10
Q
Red marrow
A
- forms blood cells
- confined to cavities in spongy bone of flat bones and epiphyses of long
11
Q
Epiphyseal plates
A
- allow the lengthwise growth of a long
bone. - growth plate
12
Q
periosteum
A
- outer surface of a bone.
- fibers of tendons and ligaments intermingle with periosteum and attach skeletal muscle to bone and one bone to another
13
Q
Perforating fibers or Sharpey’s fibers
A
connective tissue fibers,secure the periosteum to the underlying bone.
14
Q
periosteum
A
isolates the bone from surrounding tissues, provides a route for circulatory and nervous supplies, and participates in bone growth and repair.
15
Q
osteocytes
A
bone cells
16
Q
lacunae
A
small pockets, house osteocytes
17
Q
lamellae
A
- narrow sheets of calcified matrix where lacunae is located
- cylindrical and oriented parallel to the long axis of the central canal.
18
Q
canaliculi
A
- Small channels, radiate through the matrix, and interconnect lacunae, and link them to nearby blood vessels.
- nutrients and waste products from osteocytes deffuse through extracellular fluid that surrounds these cells.
19
Q
osteon
A
or Haversian system, basic functional and structural unit of compact bone
20
Q
Haversian system
A
basic functional and structural unit of compact bone
21
Q
Haversian canal
A
-Central canal,contains nerves, blood vessels, and lymphatics.
22
Q
Compact Bone
A
- covers bone surfaces everywhere, EXEPT inside joint capsules, where articular hyaline
cartilages protect opposing surfaces. - usually found where stresses come from a
limited range of directions.
23
Q
Spongy Bone
A
- has a different lamellar arrangement and no osteons
- instead, the lamellae form rods or plates called trabeculae.
- much lighter than compact bones and found where are not heavily stressed.
24
Q
Cells in Osseous Tissue
A
Osteocytes
osteoclasts
osteoblasts
25
Osteocytes
- mature bones cells
- maintain normal bone structure by recycling the calcium in bony matrix
- assisting in repairs
26
Osteoclasts
- dissolve the bony matrix by secreting acids and enzymes in order to release the stored minerals through OSTEOLYSIS (resorption).
- helps regulate calcium and phosphate concentrations in body fluids.
- REMOVING MATRIX
- after epiphyseal cartilages have closed normaly activities are balanced, as one forms another is destroyed.
27
Osteoblasts
- responsible for the production of new bone (osteogenesis).
- produce new bone matrix and promote the deposition of calcium salts in the organic matrix.
- ADDING TO IT
28
osteogenesis
production of new bone
29
metaphysis
- narrow portion of the long bone between the epiphysis and diaphysis.
- contains the growth plate
30
ossification
- process of replacing other tissues with bone.
| - During development, cartilage or other connective tissues are replaced by bone
31
calcification
deposition of calcium salts, occurs during ossification, but it can also occur in tissues other than bone.
32
articular hyaline
| cartilages
inside joint capsules, protects opposing surfaces
33
endochondral ossification
- Most of the bones of the body are formed through.
| - bone replaces existing hyaline cartilage, which develops first
34
two major forms of ossification
1. Intramembranous Ossification
- In membrane
2. Endochondral Ossification
- inside cartilage
35
intramembranous ossification,
-bone develops within
sheets or membranes of connective tissue.
-The flat bones of the skull, the lower jaw (mandible), and the collarbones (clavicles) form this way.
36
Bone formation first occurs at
shaft surface
37
articular cartilage
- thin cap of the original cartilage model remains exposed to the joint cavity.
- its a smooth white tissues that covers bone ends and forms joints.
- allows bones to glide over each orther.
- articular hyaline
38
epiphyseal line
In adults, the former location of the epiphyseal cartilage
39
epiphyseal closure
The end of epiphyseal growth
40
appositional growth
-While the bone elongates, its diameter also enlarges at
its outer surface.
-occurs as cells of the periosteum develop into
osteoblasts, and produce additional bony matrix.
41
a typical human body contains how much calcium?
- 2 1/4 to 4 1/2 pounds
| - 99% is deposited in the skeleton
42
Vitamin D3
- after processed in the liver, the kidneys convert a derivative of this vitamin into
calcitriol, which is a hormone that stimulates the
absorption of calcium and phosphate ions in the
digestive tract.,
43
calcitriol
stimulates the
absorption of calcium and phosphate ions in the
digestive tract.
44
Normal bone growth and maintenance cannot occurwithout a reliable source of minerals, especially?
calcium salts
45
Most abundant mineral in the human body?
calcium
46
parathyroid hormone (PTH)
```
-When blood calcium levels drop below homeostatic levels, the parathyroid glands are stimulated to release
parathyroid hormone (PTH)
- PTH activates osteoclasts to break down bone matrix, and release calcium ions into the blood.
(negative feedback)
```
47
calcitonin
When blood calcium levels are too high, the thyroid glandreleases calcitonin, which causes calcium to be
deposited in bone matrix as hard calcium salts.
48
what helps maintain calcium homeostasis in body fluids
The skeleton by providing calcium reserves
49
what two controlling mechanisms work together?
```
calcium regulation
(uptake & release), and bone remodeling
```
50
what determines where bone matrix is to be
| broken down or formed?
The stresses of muscle pull and gravity
51
osteopenia.
Inadequate ossification
52
Osteoporosis
Produces a reduction in
bone mass great enough to compromise normal
function.
53
what are the four general types of skeletal and joint injuries?
Sprain
Subluxation
Dislocation
Fracture
54
Sprain
injury that stretches or tears one or more
| ligaments within a joint.
55
Subluxation
also called a partial dislocation, is a partial
displacement of a bone end, from its position within a joint
capsule.
56
Dislocation
complete displacement of bone ends from their
normal position within a joint. This injury is at risk of
entrapping, compressing or tearing nearby blood vessels and
nerves.
57
Fracture
injury that disrupts the structural integrity of
| a bone.
58
fracture hematoma
- large blood clot
| - forms after a break and extensive bleeding around the fracture
59
internal callus
forms, as a network of spongy bone
| unites the inner edges after a break
60
external callus
cartilage and bone stabilizes the outer edges after a break
61
The cartilage of the external callus is replaced by?
bone, and struts of spongy bone unite the broken ends.
62
what initially marks the location of the fracture?
Swelling
63
closed fracture
the skin is not broken, and there is no communication between the fracture site and the environment.
64
open fracture
the skin is broken and a
communication exists between the fracture site and
the environment.
- usually taken to the operating room,
where the fracture site is exposed, cleansed, and
irrigated to prevent infection
65
greenstick fracture
(seen almost exclusively
in children) is caused when an angular force is
applied to a long bone, resulting in bowing of
one side of the cortex, and fracture of the
other side of the cortex
66
torus fracture
(also seen almost exclusively
in children) there is localized buckling or a
bulge of the cortex of the bone, with little or
no displacement of the bone itself.
67
transverse fracture
fracture line that is
| perpendicular to the long axis of the bone.
68
oblique fracture
break extends obliquely to
| the long axis of the bone.
69
spiral fracture
also called a torsion fracture, occurs when a twisting force is applied to a long bone, and the fracture line traverses the shaft in more than one
plane.
70
torsion fracture
also called a spiral fracture- occurs when a twisting force is applied to a long bone, and the fracture line traverses the shaft in more than oneplane.
71
Comminuted fractures
where the bone at the
| fracture site has three or more bone fragments
72
segmental fracture
injury where there are
multiple fracture sites along the axis of the bone, which leaves a free-floating segment of bone between
the two fracture sites.
73
impacted fracture
injury where an axial loading force is applied to the bone, which drives the bone ends at the fracture site together.
74
reduction
- realignment of the broken bone ends.
| - how a fracture is treated
75
closed reduction,
bone ends are coaxed back into their normal position by the provider’s hands.
76
what is the healing time for a simple fracture?
6 to 8 weeks, but it is much longer for large bones, and for the bones of older people, due to their poorer circulation
77
open reduction,
surgery is performed and the bone
| ends are secured together with pins, plates, or wires
78
physis
-cartilaginous epiphyseal plate
- readily injured because it is weaker than ossified
bone or ligaments
-(growth plate)
79
Articulations
or joints, exist where two bones meet
80
what two ways are joints classified?
structurally or functionally
81
structural classification
is based on the anatomy of
| the joint, and in this framework
82
joints are classified as?
- fibrous
- cartilaginous
- synovial
83
what joints reflect the type of connective tissue that binds them together?
- Fibrous and cartilaginous
| - permit either no movement or slightmovements.
84
Synovial joints
- surrounded by fibrous tissue, and the ends of bones are covered by cartilage that prevents bone-to-bone contact.
- Such joints permit free movement.
85
fibrous joints
- the bones are united by fibrous tissue
| - Best example are the sutures in the head
86
syndesmoses
- connecting fibers are longer than those of the sutures; thus the joint has more “give”.
- joint connecting the distal ends of the tibia and fibula is a syndesmosis.
87
cartilaginous joints
- the bone ends are connected by fibrocartilage
- pubic symphysis of
the pelvis, and the intervertebral joints of the spinalcolumn
- connected by pads or discs
88
The hyaline-cartilage epiphyseal plates of growing long bones, and the cartilaginous joints between the first ribs and the sternum, are immovable cartilagenous joints are referred to as?
Synchondroses
89
Synovial joints
account for all joints of the limbs.
90
What are the four distinguishing features of Synovial Joints?
- Articular (Hyaline) Cartilage
- Articular Capsule
- Joint Cavity
- Reinforcing Ligaments
91
Articular (Hyaline) Cartilage
covers the ends of the bones forming the joint.
92
Articular Capsule
the joint surfaces are enclosed by a sleeve, or layer of fibrous connective tissue.
93
Joint Cavity
the articular capsule encloses a cavity which contains lubricating synovial fluid.
94
Reinforcing Ligaments
the fibrous layer of the capsule is usually reinforced with ligaments.
95
functional classification joints are classified?
according to the amount of movement the joint allows
96
An immovable joint is called?
synarthrosis
97
A slightly movable joint is called?
amphiarthrosis
98
A freely movable joint is called a?
diarthrosis, or synovial joint
99
suture
-bones of the skull are interlocked and bound together by dense connective tissue.
100
gomphosis
a ligament binds each tooth in the mouth within a bony socket.
101
Suture and Gomphosis are are examples of?
fibrous immovable joints
| synarthrosis
102
syndesmosis
fibrous joint connected by a ligament.
103
symphysis
cartilaginous joint, because the bones are separated by a broad disc or pad of fibrocartilage
104
Diarthroses
- or synovial joints, permit a wide range of motion.
| - typically found at the ends of long bones such as those of the arms and legs.
105
Under normal conditions, the bony surfaces do not
contact one another, because they are covered
with special?
- articular cartilages
| - synovial membrane
106
menisci
shock absorbing, fibrocartilage pads
107
Based on the type of movement allowed, synovial joints can be classified as?
1. Gliding (Plane) Joint
2. Hinge Joint
3. Pivot Joint
4. Ellipsoidal (Condyloid) Joint
5. Saddle Joint
6. Ball-and-Socket Joint
108
Gliding (Plane) Joint
Nonaxial – limited movement in all directions
109
Hinge Joint
Uniaxial – moves in only 1 axis
110
Pivot Joint
Uniaxial – moves in only 1 axis
111
Ellipsoidal (Condyloid) Joint and Saddle Joint
Biaxial – moves in 2 axes
112
Ball-and-Socket Joint
Multiaxial – moves freely in all directions
113
Gliding joints
- relatively flat articular surfaces which allow them to slide across one another
- movement is very slight.
114
Gliding joints are found at?
the ends of the clavicles,
between the carpal and tarsal bones, and between the facets of adjacent vertebrae
(between clavicle and manubrium)
115
Hinge joints
permit angular movement in a single plane, like opening a door.
116
hinge joints expample
Elbow, knee, ankle, interphalangeal
| (between humerus and ulna+
117
Pivot joints
permit rotation only.
118
Pivot joint examples
atlas and axis enable the head to be rotated, and likewise, between the head of the radius and the proximal shaft of the ulna permits pronation and supination of the palm
(between ulna and Radius)
119
ellipsoidal
- or condyloid joint, an oval articular face nestles within a depression on the opposing surface
- connect the radius with the proximal carpal bones, and the phalanges with the metacarpal or metatarsal bones.
(scaphoid to radius)
120
Saddle joints
-have articular faces that fit together like a rider in a saddle.
-carpo-metacarpal joint at the base of the thumb.
(trapezium and metacarpal of the thumb)
121
ball-and-socket joint
-the round head of one bone
rests within a cup-shaped depression in another bone
-Examples are the shoulder and hip joints.
-humerus
122
greater the mobility of a joint?
-weaker the joint, because
mobile joints rely on support from muscles and
ligaments, rather than solid bone-to-bone connections
-A joint cannot be both highly mobile and very strong.
123
shoulder joint
-permits the greatest range of motion
of any joint in the body.
- most frequently dislocated joint
- example of the demonstration that stability must be sacrificed in order to obtain mobility.
124
bone markings
-or surface features
- are landmarks such as elvations, (tendons and ligaments attach, and where adjacent bones articulate at joints)
- projection, depression, opening, (blood vessels
and nerves run alongside or penetrate the bone.)
125
process
Any projection or bump on a bone
126
Processes that are formed where tendons or ligaments
| attach include:
Trochanter
Tuberosity
Tubercle
127
Trochanter
a large, rough projection
128
Tuberosity
a smaller, rough projection
129
Tubercle
a small, rounded projection
130
condyle
smooth, rounded articular process.
131
fossa*
is a shallow depression
132
sulcus
is a narrow groove.
133
foramen*
* is a rounded passageway for blood vessels or
| nerves.
134
Pelvis is part of
appendicular skeleton
135
Sternum is part of
axial skeleton
136
Bones of sternum:
manubrium, body, xiphoid process
137
Frontal bone forms
forehead and roof of orbits
138
Foramen magnum
in base of skull connects cranial & spinal cavities
139
Zygomatic bone
forms lateral wall of orbit
140
Fetal skull has fibrous connections called
fontanels
141
Weight bearing part of the vertebra is
the vertebral body, solid bone
142
Clavicle articulates with
the manubrium & sternum
143
Bone of the brachium is the
humerus
144
Olecranon is associated with
ulna
145
Bones of the wrist are
carpal bones
146
Medial malleolus on
tibia
147
lateral malleolus
is on the fibula
148
vomer
unpaired facial bone
149
Hyoid
anchors tongue & doesn’t articulate with any other bone
150
Atlas
first cervical vertebra
151
Rib order
true, false, floating
152
axial skeleton
- makes up our central axis and consists of the following bones: skull, vertebrae, ribs and sternum
- 80 bones
153
appendicular skeleton
consists of the limbs and girdles.
| -126 bones
154
sella turcica
saddle-shaped depression in the body of the sphenoid bone of the human skull
- contains the pituitary gland
155
intervertebral disc
or intervertebral fibrocartilage) lies between adjacent vertebrae in the vertebral column. Each disc forms a fibrocartilaginous joint (a symphysis), to allow slight movement of the vertebrae, and acts as a ligament to hold the vertebrae together.
156
soft palate
- also known as the velum or muscular palate
- soft tissue constituting the back of the roof of the mouth. The soft palate is distinguished from the hard palate at the front of the mouth in that it does not contain bone.
157
hard palate
a thin horizontal bony plate of the skull, located in the roof of the mouth. It is formed by the palatine process of the maxilla and horizontal plate of palatine bone, and spans the arch formed by the upper teeth.
158
osseous tissue
The distinctive texture of bone, results from the deposition of calcium salts within the
matrix
159
Long bones
- Starts out as cartilage
- serves as model
- cartilage does not turn
into hard bone,cartilage is replaced by hard
bone.
160
Hyaline
- articular cartilage
| - articulates with adjacent bone at a joint
161
ossification center
- where ossification first occurs
| - Bone growth is an active process, and osteoblasts require oxygen and a reliable supply of nutrients.
162
endochondral ossification
- bone replaces existing hyaline cartilage, which develops first.
- starts as chondrocytes within the cartilage model enlarge, and the surrounding matrix begins to calcify.
163
Bone formation first occurs at the?
-shaft surface
164
secondary centers of ossification
1 osteoblast form spongy bone within center of shaft, bone development proceeds toward either end
2 osteoclast break down some spongy bone and create a marrow cavity, and begin to calcify.
3 oseteoblast enter these areas, SECONDARY CENTERS OF OSSIFICATION form, become filled with spongy bone
