Exam 2 Flashcards
To drop a 100% on this net parasitology exam (134 cards)
1
Q
How do you diagnose Leishmania braziliensis?
A
Finding L-D bodies in affected tissues, culturing the parasite in vitro is also a valuable technique when L-D bodies cannot be determined in routine microscope examination
2
Q
Describe T. tenax trophozoite
A
relatively small about 10 um by 6 um, with 4 flagella and a fifth fused to undulating membrane that extends about 2/3 of cell length. Divides by binary fission. Commonly found in teeth and gums, tooth cavities, and lungs and trachea
3
Q
More than 90% of the visceral leishmaniasis infections take place in__,___,___,___,and____
A
Bangladesh, Brazil, India, Nepal, and Sudan
4
Q
What two leishamniasis produce cutanous leishmaniasis unlike leishmaniasis donovani’s visceral leishmaniasis?
A
Leishmania tropica and Leishmania major
5
Q
Describe epidemiology of Giardia lamblia
A
- distributed universally
- most common flagellate of human digestive tract
- One of the most prevalent intestine parasites in humans and causes the condition called giadiasis which is highly contagious
- Transmission depends on swallowing of mature cysts
- Infection may easily become established when water supply is accidentally crossed with a sewage line
6
Q
This group is responsible for misery of enormous proportions. In Africa ~4.5 million squarre miles (more than entire U.S.) are incapable of supporting agriculture because domestic livestock up to 10,000 a day by some estimates are killed.
A
Trypanosoma
7
Q
What are the two ways to diagnose T. cruzi?
A
Diagnosis: Exam of fresh blood within the 1st month following infection may reveal T. cruzi trypomastigotes, particularly if blood is drawn during the acute phase
Xenodiagnosis: uninfected, lab-reared kissing bugs are forced to feed on the suspected patient and then examine the bugs’ feces or gut contents 3 or 4 weeks later. If T. cruzi is detected, the patient tests +
8
Q
Give steps of Dientamoeba fragilis life cycle
A
- Trophozoites in feces
- No cyst-stage has been identified transmitted via fecal-oral route
2b. possibly transmitted by being carried via helmintes eggs such as Ascaris and Enterobius - Once ingested and live and binary fission in large intestine
- When present in water, they swell, and form many numerous cytoplasmic granules that exhibit Brownian movement
9
Q
P. malariae causes ___
A
quartan malaria
10
Q
What is a chagoma?
A
Analogous to a chancre (Trypanosoma brucei gambiense) is an inflammatory rx of 1-2 days’ duration occurs at the site of the bite from parasite Trypanosoma cruzi
11
Q
What are the 3 morphological trypomastigotes of T.b. brucei and T.b. gambiense?
A
- Long, slender trypomastigotes with a long free flagellum extending from the undulating membrane
- Short stumpy, lacking a free flagellum
- Intermediate form
12
Q
What disease is caused by Trypanosoma cruzi?
A
Chagas’ diease after the parasites discoverer Carlos Chagas
13
Q
What are 3 common human pathogens in Trichomonas
A
- Trichomonas tenax
- Trichomonas vaginalis
- Trichomonas hominis
14
Q
Pathology in human malaria is manifested in two forms____ (this is the point where you answer the questions)
A
Host inflammatory reactions
Anemia
Sorry if youre stressed out doing these flashcards I am making them at 2 am Tuesday night and I need to entertain my insomnia and anxiety
15
Q
If someone is infected with L. braziliensis in MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA where would the secondary lesions be and what is the disease name?
A
Secondary lesions usually appears on the EAR, causing CHICLERO ULCER
16
Q
What are two big differences about T. cruzi from other trypanosomes?
A
- It never reproduces in mammalian blood
2. It cannot produce variable surface antigens
17
Q
Describe symptoms of Chagas disease (also restate what parasite causes it) (4 things!)
A
Trypanosoma cruzi
- 1st sign of infection may be a swelling at the site of the bite, analogous to a chancre, called a CHAGOMA
- If infection occurs via the conjunctiva, a chagoma involving the eye, called a Romana’s sign, may develop
- In acute cases, that may result 1-3 weeks after infection, fever, headache, and weakness may follow which is never fatal. The disease then settles down into its chronic phase
- During the chronic phase, although signs may not be apparent, the repeated cycles of intracellular multiplication continuously destroys cells, especially neurons
18
Q
What type of Plasmodium forms Ziemann’s dots, what are they
A
Ziemann’s dots: cytoplasm of the trophozoite is compact and appears as a BAND ACROSS INFECTED CELLS
19
Q
What is a pellicular microtubules?
A
Part of the hemoflagellates, it spirals around the body beneath the plasma membrane and provides limited structural support
20
Q
What 4 Plasmodium species cause malaria?
A
P. vivax
P. falciparum
P. malariae
P. ovale
21
Q
How are members of the genus of trypanosome that infect humans divided?
A
Members of the genus that infect humans can be divided into 2 major categories accoridng to geographical distribution and nature of pathogenicity
22
Q
Which Plasmodium and malaria form causes Maurer’s dots?
A
Maurer’s dots or clefts (cytoplasmic precipitates in the cytoplasm of erythrocytes infected with P. falciparum),
Malignant tertian malaria
23
Q
What is Romana’s sign and what parasite and what disease?
A
(Trypanosoma cruzi) If infection occurs via the conjunctiva, a chagoma involving the eye, called a Romana’s sign, may develop CHAGAS disease
24
Q
What drugs are used in the treatment of malaria?
A
: 4-aminoquinolines, chloroquine, quinine
25
What Plasmodium causes malignant tertian malaria, whats the significance of this form of malaria?
Plasmodium falciparum, it is responsible for >80% of cases of malaria worldwide... yeah big deal bro
26
Describe symptoms of both T.b rhodesiense and T.b gambiense
After introduction of metacyclic trypomastigote via Tsetse fly bite, an anti-inflammatory reaction occurs in 1-2 days at the site of the bite called CHANCRE. Includes reddening of the skin, swelling of 2-5 cm diameter and enlargement of adjacent lymph nodes
27
What is treatment for visceral leishmaniasis?
Chemotherapy using intramuscular injections of antimony compounds but with caution from serious side effects. Proper nursing and bed rest are also essential, as well as blood transfusion
28
What occurs in P falciparum that causes severe anemia
leads to small blood vessel blockage which leads to anoxia of the surrounding tissues
29
How do you treat L. braziliensis?
Similar to kala-azar, antimonal compounds are applied on the lesions or injected intramuscularly
30
What are symptoms of visceral leishmaniasis?
Begins slowly, with fever up to 104 F, vomiting, weakness, followed by anemia, protrusion of the abdomen from enlarged liver and spleen, weight loss, and death in 1-2 years
31
What is important about the secondary lesions in regards to identification of L. braziliensis?
Secondary lesions appear elsewhere on the body and the sites are always distinctive based on geographic location
32
What are 3 orders of subphyla mastigophora that parasitize humans?
- Retortamonadida
- Trichomonadida
- Diplomonadida
33
If severe blockage from malaria occurs in the brain what is it called?
Cerebral malaria
34
Describe why T. cruzi treatment is ineffective
Once the flagellate invades the host cell, it apparently is shielded from the action of any drug and the chronic phase cannot be treated
35
What is the intermediate host and vector of infection for genus leishmania?
SANDFLIES, ONLY FEMALES FEED ON BLOOD
36
What is the term for swollen cervical glands and what parasite is it a classical diagnostic tool for?
"Winterbottoms sign" T.b gambiense and T.b rhodesiense
37
Describe parasite location symptoms of cutaneous leishmaniasis produced by Leishmania tropica
Found in densely populated areas of Middle East, India, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil, and Mexico
-Forms lesion that is dry, persist for months before ulcerating and has numerous mastigotes within it, causes cutaneous leishmanisis
38
P. falciparum causes___
malignant tertian malaria
39
Schnuffer's dots are found in ___ and ___
P. ovale and P vivax
40
What is heteroxenous? give example
Many protozoans are heterozenous, life cycle includes 2 stages
1. in blood/tissue (spleen, liver, etc.)
2. In the intestines of blood sucking invertebrates
41
Give example of parasite from order retortamonadida?
Chilomastix mesnili
42
Of the 4 species of Plasmodium that cause malaria which is the most severe causing the most #FATALITIES (MORTAL KOMBAT VOICE)
Plasmodium falciparum with the K.O.
43
Describe order diplomonadida?
- 2 equal nuclei lying side by side 1 to 4 pairs of flagella
44
Describe order retortamonadida?
-2 to 4 flagella, 1 turned posteriorly and associated with ventrally located cytosomal area, cysts present
45
Who discovered T. tenax and on what?
-Muller in 1773 when examining cultures of tartar from teeth
46
Describe the T.b. rodesiense form of sleeping sickness
- East African Sleeping sickness
- more aggressive than West African Sleeping sickness
- Patient often passes away before any symptoms on the CNS occur
47
____is an infection of the nose, throat, mouth, and pharynx. If untreated can destroy nasal passages and soft palate. Disease most common in S. America, specifically Brazil, Bolivia, and Peru
Mucosal Leishmaniasis
48
Plasmodium Ovale:
- Presence of Schnuffer's dots?
- Size of infected cells?
- #of merozoites in schizont?
- Gametocyte shape?
- Fever periodicity?
```
Schnuffer dots: Yes
Size:ENLARGED
#of merozoites:4-16
Gametocytes: ROUND
Fever Periodicity:48 hours
```
49
P. vivax and P. ovale cause
benign tertian malaria
50
What is diagnosis of L. braziliensis?
Identification of L-D bodies in affected tissues, or culturing the parasite in vitro.
51
What is the definitive stage in the genus Leishmania?
Amastigote, it is the form the parasite takes in the vertebrate host
52
Give example of parasite from order Diplomonadida?
Giardia lamblia
53
Describe parasite location and symptoms of cutaneous leishmaniasis produced by Leishmania major
- Confined to sparsely populated areas of Africa.
| - Ulceration is moist, quick, contains few amastigotes
54
____affects the entire body. This form occurs 2-8 months after a person is bitten by the sandfly. Most people do not remember having a skin sore. This form can lead to deadly complications
Systemic or Visceral leishmaniasis
55
What is critical density as it relates to malaria?
the average # of bites/person/night may yield the critical density (CD). CD is influenced by environmental factors that affect breeding of mosquito vectors
56
What is the sexual phase of Plasmodium called? What organism does it occur in?
Gamogony; mosquito (Anopheles)
57
Plasmodium Malariae:
- Presence of Schnuffer's dots?
- Size of infected cells?
- #of merozoites in schizont?
- Gametocyte shape?
- Fever periodicity?
```
Schnuffer dots: NO
Size:SMALLER to normal
# of merozoites: 6-12
Gametocytes: Round
Fever Periodicity:72 hours
```
58
Describe T.b Gambiense form of sleeping sickness
West African sleeping sickness,
- 1-2 wks after the tsetse fly bite red sores appear at the site of bite
- weeks to months later other symptoms occur :fever headache swelling around eyes and hands and lymph nodes
- possible symptoms: personality changes, loss of concentration, difficulty walking and talking
59
Describe symptoms epidemiology, and control of T. Tenax
- can live in mouth, can't survive passage to digestive tract
- transmisssion is direct by kissing or sharing eating or drinking utensils
- resistant to change in temperature can survive in drinking water for hours
- harmless commensal, flourishes in unhealthy mouths
- controlled by practicing proper oral hygiene
60
Describe Giarda lamblia trophozoites?
- round at anteior end, tapered posteriorly, and flattened dorso-ventrally. Size is between 12-15 micrometers
- ventral surface bears a concave, bilobed adhesive disc with a nucleus in center of each half
- 1 pair of flagella extend down cell midline, 1 anteriolaterally, 1 laterally, 1 ventral pair emerges at posterior edge of adhesive disk
- Pair of large curved transverse, dark-stained median bodies of unknown function lie behind adhesive disc
61
How does infection occur from Panstrongylus megistrus of the parasite T. cruzi?
The infection forms with the bug’s feces when the bug takes the blood meal from mammalian host
Infection occurs when infected fecal material is rubbed into the bite wound or eyes
62
What is treatment for L. braziliensis?
Antimony compounds are applied on the lesions or injected intramuscularly. Secondary bacterial infections treated with antibiotics. Once a person is cured they usually have lifelong immunity.
63
What are the two forms of sporozoites formed by Plasmodium species?
Short prepatent sporozoites (SPP)
| Long Prepatent Sprozoites (LSP) also known as hypnozoites
64
Mosquito populations with high CD are linked w/ ____
unstable malaria
| Disease pattern in such areas is noticeably affected by drastic transient environmental or climatic changes
65
Describe the promastigote stage of hemoflagellates
Kinetoplast is in front of nucleus, near anterior end of the body
It differs from amastigote in 2 ways:
a) it is more elongated
b) its long flagellum is free anteriorly; functions in locomotion and attachment to the insect gut wall
66
____are elongated electron-dense bodies also located within the polar rings and extend posteriorly from the cell membrane (Malaria merizoite)
Rhoptries
67
What are the 2 genera of hemoflagellates?
Leishmania and Trypanosoma
68
Describe the heterozenous nature of Leishmanians
Part of their life cycle is spent in the gut of intermediate host SANDFLIES, The remainder of life cycle is completed in vertebrate tissues, where only the amastigote form is found
69
Describe epidemiology of T. Vaginalis
- pH range for reproduction is 5-6, acidity of Vagina is 4-4.5. Discourages infection, exploits changed environment
- Once it is in host, shifts pH towards alkaline (5-6)
- Transmission by direct contact, usually through sexual intercourse
70
What is the infective form of Plasmodiumthat occurs in humans?
Slender elongated Sporozoite about 10-55 um in length
71
Describe the two types of Trypomastigotes of hemoflagellates
Type A: the long slender trypomastigote is characterized by a) lengthening of the body
b) elongation of the undulating membrane and flagellum
c) migration of the K-B complex to a site posterior to the nucleus
Type B, the stumpy trypomastigote is relatively shorter and thicker in form and has either a shorter flagellum or none at all
72
If someone is infected with L. braziliensis in south Brazil, where would the secondary lesions be and what is the disease name?
Secondary lesions will appear in nasal and buccal tissues are most often affected, causing ESPUNDIA OR UTA
73
Describe the morphology of trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense and T.b. gambiense
- trypanosomes are elongated organisms with a single flagellum
- large amount of mDNA aggregated into a single mass of kinetoplast
74
What is the invertebrate vector of T.b. rhodesiense and T.b. gambiense. What is special about the vector?
Tsetse fly belonging to genus Glossina
- Unlike mosquitoes, BOTH sexes of Glossina feed exclusively on blood and during the daytime hours (persistent feeders)
- Insect vector Glossina papalis and G. tachinodes.
75
Plasmodium Vivax:
- Presence of Schnuffer's dots?
- Size of infected cells?
- #of merozoites in schizont?
- Gametocyte shape?
- Fever periodicity?
```
Schnuffer dots: yes
Size: ENLARGED
#of merozoites:16-24
Gametocytes: Round or oval
Fever Periodicity:48 hours
```
76
What is the treatment option for T. cruzi?
-There is no really effective treatment for Chagas disease. The drug Nifurtimox has shown some promise in treating early chronic and acute cases and the course of this treatment is long
77
_____radiate from the polar rings parallel to the cell membrane. Provide support (Malaria merozoite)
Subpellicular microtubules
78
Describe chilomastix mesnili trophozoite and cyst
Trophozoite: ranges between 5-20 micrometers long. It has a blunt anterior end from which extends 3 free flagella. Trophozoite has 4th flagellum located near anterior end as well as the large nucleus.
Cyst: Stage is uninucleated, thick wall around 8 micrometers and lemon shaped. Cyst stage occurs in humans, trophozoite cant withstand the hosts gastric juices
79
Describe how Systemic or Visceral leishamniasis affects human host pathogenically
The parasites damage the immune system by decreasing the number of disease fighting cells
80
What is the disease name of Leishmania donovani infections
Dum-Dum fever, kala-azar, visceral leishmaniasis
81
Why are female Anopheles the only source of infection of human hosts?
the mouthparts of males cannot penetrate human skin; hence they feed solely on plant juices
82
T.b. gambiense is transmitted by___and___
Glossina palpalis and Glossina tachinoides
83
In P. malariae infection, following entry into eryhtrocytes (old erythrocytes)___
early trophozoites begin to accumulate hemozoin and the pink-stained Ziemann’s dots: cytoplasm of the trophozoite is compact and appears as a band across the infected cell
84
Describe trophozoites of Trichomonas vaginalis
- lives inside of vagina in females and urethra and prostate glands in males
- large 7-32 micrometers long 5-12 micrometers wide with short undulating membrane which extends only 1/3 length of cell
- occasionally produces pseudopodia. Mass of hydrogenosome extends along both costa and axostyle
- reproduces by binary fission
85
What is the asexual phase of Plasmodium called? What organism does it occur in?
Schizogony; human host
86
Describe Trichomonas hominis trophozoite
- size is 10 micrometers by 8 micrometers
- harmless commensal of intestinal tract (colon)
- 5 anterior flagella present and arranged as 4+1
- 5th flagellum originates beats independently of others
- 6th recurrent flagella is fused to undulating membrane and extends length of cell
- 6th flagellum protrudes beyond end as a trailing flagellum
87
P. vivax and P. ovale are attracted to___
immature erythrocytes (reticulocytes) Young RBC's
88
T.b. rhodiesiense is transmitted by the vector __
Glossina morsitans
89
What are signs of visceral leishmaniasis in endemic areas?
In endemic areas, signs of enlarged spleen and liver suggests visceral leishmaniasis
90
Describe Dientamoeba fragilis trophozoites (only has trophozoites)
- 2 nuclei but lack flagella and median bodies
- range 6-12 um in diameter, possess single lobopod
- food vacuole contain bacteria, starch granules and cell debris
91
Plasmodium falciparum:
- Presence of Schnuffer's dots?
- Size of infected cells?
- #of merozoites in schizont?
- Gametocyte shape?
- Fever periodicity?
```
Schnuffer dots:NO
Size:Normal
# of merozoites: 8-32
Gametocytes:CRESCENT
Fever Periodicity:36-48 hours
```
92
Describe amastigote stage of hemoflagellates
- Round shape
- Develops in VERTEBRATE host cells
- 1 nucleus
- maybe short flagellum or no flagellum
- flagellum rises from basal body of DNA-rich KINETOPLAST
93
In the infection by T. cruzi, a group of amastigotes clumped up in cardiac muscle fibers is termed what?
When a bunch of amastigotes occur in cardiac muscle fiber, the mixture is called pseudocyst. These “cysts” can also form elsewhere
94
What genus of sandfly causes Leishmania braziliensis?
Lutzomyia
95
What is the insect vector of Plasmodium parasites known to cause malaria?
Anopheles
96
Describe the morphology of T. cruzi trypomastigotes
- Trypomastigotes of T. cruzi differ morphologically from African trypanosomes. They are shorter (~ 20 µm long, not 40 µm)
- show a characteristic “U” or “C” shape in stained blood preparations
97
Once inside the macrophae amastigotes of genus leishmania do what?
They become established in an endocytic vacuole (surround themselves by a layer of host endoplasmic reticulum forming a vacuole) called a parasitophorous vacuole.
PARASITES LIVE AND REPRODUCE WITHIN THIS VACUOLE MF!!
98
Give description of Genus Trichomonas
-members of this genus recognized by anterior tuft of flagella, a stout median rod called the axostyle, and an undulating membrane along the recurrent flagellum. Lack cyst stage
99
How is chilomastix mesnili transmitted?
Transmission: ingestion of cysts, fecal contamination of drinking wateri s important means of transmission, nonpathogenic but can cause diarrhea
100
What is the asexual phase of Plasmodium known as that occurs in mosquitos?
Sporogony
101
Victims of vivax and ovale malarias, after apparent recovery, may suffer ___
relapse
102
In Phylum Apicomplexa Apical complex is found in ___and_____stages (never during gametocytic stages) of the life cycle of these organisms.
sporozoite & merozoite stages
103
Describe cutaneous leishmaniasis and how it infects host
Cutaneous leishmaniasis is an infection of the skin that produces multiple, often painful ulcers or sores. The sores can lead to permanent scarring. This form affects the skin and mucous membranes.
104
Describe the Epimastigote stage of hemoflagellates
Kinetoplast-basal body (K-B complex) is situated somewhat posteriorly but remains anterior to the nucleus
-flagellum originates near the K-B complex and is enclosed by and attached to the pellicle, producing an undulating membrane
105
Describe life, symptoms and transmission of T. hominis
- heavy infection may cause stomach upsettness
- divides by binary fission
- present but no contribution in diarrheic stool
- transmission occurs via trophozoites, thru contaminated food and water
- can withstand acidic conditions of stomach en route to intestine
- reservoir host in dogs, cats, mice, and other rodents
106
Describe secondary lesions of L. braziliensis in Brazil, What is the disease name?
Secondary lesions usually appear on nasal and buccal tissues causing ESPUNDIA or UTA
107
This parasite produces a disease known as American leishmaniasis, chiclero ulcer, espundia, uta, or mucocutaneous leishmaniasis
Leishmania braziliensis
108
Describe order Trichomonadida?
-members have an anterior tuft of flagella, a stout median rod called the axostyle, and undulating membrane along the recurrent flagellum. Cyst formation ABSENT
109
P malariae has an affinity for ____
older red blood cells or eryhtrocytes, affecting about 0.2% of a hosts erythrocyte population
110
What is the vector of T. cruzi?
"kissing bug" Panstrongylus megistrus
111
What is black-water fever and which form of Plasmodium causes this
ahh you guessed it MF PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM AGAIN!??!?!??
Blackwater fever is massive intravascular hemolysis resulting in the excretion of high levels of hemoglobin in the urine, which is very dark
112
What is the 2nd deadlist parasite disease behind malaria?
Leishmaniasis
113
What is xenodiagnosis?
Direct inoculation of lab animals (hamsters, etc.) with tissue homogenates from the patient. Signs of infection in the animal within 1 month constitute positive diagnosis
114
Describe symptoms of Giardia lamblia infection
- severe intestinal disorders, intestinal diarrhea
- damages mucosa
- causes degeneration of vili (shrivel up) this causes mal absorption of fats and fat soluble vitamins
- if they swim up the bile duct to gall bladder, nausea, vomiting, severe abdominal pain, weight loss, and jaundice may develop
115
In all plasmodium two types of granules are found ___ and ___
Schnuffer's dots and hemozoin granules
116
What is the genus of the sandfly that causes Leishmania braziliensis?
Lutzomyia
117
Why is it common in Gambian sleeping sickness to have fluctuating #s of parasites in the blood?
Results from the ability of the organism to change the chemical composition of its surface coat (glycocalyx,) producing Variant Antigenic Types (VAT's) in the vertebrate host
118
Describe the temperature and disease types associated with it of Leishmania donovani
- Leishmania parasites with a preference for a temperature around 35C cause CUTANEOUS OR MUCOCUTANEOUS manifestation
- Leishmania parasites that grow best at 37C cause the VISCERAL MANIFESTATION
119
What can occur from Cerebral malaria if it be severe?
Ischemia can occur (block of capillaries)
120
What is the disease caused by T.b. rhodesiense and T.b.? In animals too?
Sleeping sickness in humans
| Nagana in pigs camels goats and sheeps (caused by Trypanosoma brucei)
121
Describe life cycle of Giardia lamblia (4 steps)
1. Cysts ingested with contaminated water or food
2. Cysts "excysts" and trophozoites colonize the small intestine
3. Cysts are passed in feces
122
____are located laterally and act as cell mouth. Host cytoplasm is drawn through it, food vacuole forms and food is digested
Cytosomes
123
What disease is caused by Leishania braziliensis
American leishmaniasis, chiclero ulcers, espundia
124
Why is P. falciparum the only form of malaria that causes #FATALITY?
It is because parasitaemias (# of parasites in the blood) is HIGH, anemia is much more severe, parasitized erythrocytes adhere to capillary walls and to each other....this BLOCKS small blood vessels
125
Describe symptoms of mucocutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmaniasis braziliensis
-Amastigotes found in macrophages in ulcerations of the skin. A primary lesion appears as a small red nodule on the skin, following the bite of an infected sandfly of the genus Lutzomyia
126
What are the 4 species of Leishmania we discussed in lecture?
Leishmania donovani
Leishmania tropica
Leishmania major
Leishmania brazielis
127
Mosquito populations in areas of low CD produce a pattern known as ____
stable malaria, , a low-grade infection with little symptoms, if any. Population’s immunity level is unaffected by env. & climatic changes
128
Describe symptoms of T. vaginalis in symptoms?
- In men rarely pathogenic may cause prostatitis or urethritis
- In most women, non pathogenic, but heavy infection (associated with reduction in acidity of vaginal secretions from pH 4.5 to >5) may occur
- Produces deterioration of cells of vaginal mucosa, causes disease called vaginits or trichomoniasis
- becomes evident from genital inflammation, intesne vaginal itching and burning, bad odor, and profuce white, yellow, or greenish discharge (leukorrhea) that swarm with parasites
129
Describe secondary lesions of L. braziliensis in Central America and Mexico, what is the disease name?
Secondary lesions usually appear on EAR causing CHICLERO ULCERS
130
What are the trypanosomes that cause disease in Africa what about the one that causes disease in Western hemisphere?
Africa: T brucei rhodesiense and T.b gambiense
Western Hemisphere: Trypanosoma cruzi
131
Why are hemoflagellates called hemoflagellates?
Because these protozoans require hematin obtained from blood hemoglobin for aerobic respirations, they are called hemoflagellates
132
What is the treatment for T.b rhodesiense and T.b gambiense
In the early stage of infection (prior to CNS involvement), African human trypanosomiasis is usually treated with suramin
-After parasites have entered the CNS, the only effective treatment (& not always effective) is the arsenic drug Melarsen Oxide (Mel B). Highly toxic, must be given under strict medical supervision
133
What are the 4 distinctinve morphologic forms of hemoflagellates?
Amastigote, Promastigote, Epimastigote, and Trypomastigote
134
What is the definitive stage of the genus Trypanosoma (hemoflagellate)
Trypomastigote
